Ethnic variation in gender-STEM stereotypes and STEM participation: An intersectional approach

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 169-180

  O'Brien, Laurie T ^a   Blodorn, Alison ^b   Adams, Glenn ^c   Garcia, Donna M ^d   Hammer, Elliott ^e  

^a Tulane University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e XAVIER UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender stereotypes; Intersectionality; STEM

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; COLLEGE; COLLEGE STUDENT; ENGINEERING; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNICITY; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; MATHEMATICS; SCIENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; STEREOTYPY; TECHNOLOGY; UNITED STATES; UNIVERSITY; ADOLESCENT; CULTURAL FACTOR; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATION; ETHNIC GROUP; GENDER IDENTITY; MASCULINITY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STEREOTYPING; YOUNG ADULT;

ACCULTURATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CAREER CHOICE; ENGINEERING; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MASCULINITY; MATHEMATICS; MIDDLE AGED; SCIENCE; STEREOTYPING; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; TECHNOLOGY; UNIVERSITIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84926355853     PISSN: 10999809     EISSN: 19390106     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037944     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602-614. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602
2. Binion, V. J. (1990). Psychological androgyny: A Black female perspective. Sex Roles, 22, 487-507. doi:10.1007/BF00288166
3. Black, A., & Peacock, N. (2011). Pleasing the masses: Messages for daily life management in African American women's popular media sources. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 144-150. doi:10.2105/AJPH .2009.167817
4. Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (Eds.). (2007). Why aren't more women in science? Top researchers debate the evidence. Washington, DC: APA Books. doi:10.1037/11546-000
5. Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2009). Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 1045-1060. doi:10.1037/a0016239
6. Chiu, C., Gelfand, M. J., Yamagishi, T., Shteynberg, G., & Wan, C. (2010). Intersubjective culture: The role of intersubjective perceptions in crosscultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 482-493. doi:10.1177/1745691610375562
7. Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170-180. doi:10.1037/a0014564
8. Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299. doi:10.2307/1229039
9. Diekman, A. B., Brown, E. R., Johnston, A. M., & Clark, E. K. (2010). Seeking congruity between goals and roles: A new look at why women opt out of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers. Psychological Science, 21, 1051-1057. doi:10.1177/0956797610377342
10. Diekman, A. B., Clark, E. K., Johnston, A. M., Brown, E. R., & Steinberg, M. (2011). Malleability in communal goals and beliefs influences attraction to stem careers: Evidence for a goal congruity perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 902-918. doi:10.1037/a0025199
11. Eccles, J. S. (2007). Where are all the women? Gender differences in participation in physical science and engineering. In S. J. Ceci & W. M. Williams (Eds.), Why aren't more women in science: Top researchers debate the evidence (pp. 199-210). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11546-016
12. Eisenhart, M. A., & Holland, D. C. (1992). Gender constructs and career commitment: The influence of peer culture on women in college. In T. Whitehead & B. V. Reid (Eds.), Gender constructs and social issues (pp. 142-180). Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
13. Galinsky, A. D., Hall, E. V., & Cuddy, A. C. J. (2013). Gendered races:Implications for interracial dating, leadership selection, and athletic recruitment. Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/0956797612457783
14. Gasman, M. (2011, March 8). Black colleges' success in STEM. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com
15. Gilbert, P., O'Brien, L. T., Marx, D., & Garcia, D. (2014). Not the sum of its parts: Decomposing implicit academic stereotypes to understand academic outcomes for men and women. Unpublished manuscript.
16. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B.,... López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763-775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763
17. Goff, P., Thomas, M. A., & Jackson, M. (2008). "Ain't I a woman?:" Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and groupbased harms. Sex Roles, 59, 392-403. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9505-4
18. Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. (2002). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 659-670. doi:10.1177/0146167202288010
19. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
20. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
21. Guthrie, R. V. (1976/2004). Even the rat was white: A historical view of Psychology. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
22. Hanson, S. L. (2006). African American women in science: Experiences from high school through the post-secondary years and beyond. In J. Bystydzienski & S. Bird (Eds.), Removing barriers: Women in academic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (pp. 123-141). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
23. Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). The effects of social category norms and stereotypes on explanations for intergroup differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 723-735. doi:10.1037/0022-3514 .80.5.723
24. Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61-83. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
25. Hill, C., Corbett, C., & St. Rose, A. (2010). Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. American Association of University Women Report.
26. Hurtado, S., Eagan, M., Tran, M. C., Newman, C. B., Chang, M. J., & Velasco, P. (2011). "We do science here:" Underrepresented students' interactions with faculty in different college contexts. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 553-579. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01714.x
27. Kane, E. W. (2000). Racial and ethnic variations in gender-related attitudes. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 419-439. doi:10.1146/annurev .soc.26.1.419
28. Kiefer, A. K., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007a). Implicit stereotypes, gender identification, and math-related outcomes: A prospective study of female college students. Psychological Science, 18, 13-18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01841.x
29. Kiefer, A. K., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007b). Implicit stereotypes and women's math performance: How implicit gender-math stereotypes influence women's susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 825-832. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.08.004
30. Landrine, H. (1985). Race × class stereotypes of women. Sex Roles, 13, 65-75. doi:10.1007/BF00287461
31. Levin, S., Sinclair, S., Veniegas, R. C., & Taylor, P. L. (2002). Perceived discrimination in the context of multiple group memberships. Psychological Science, 13, 557-560. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00498
32. Livingston, R. W., Rosette, A., & Washington, E. F. (2012). Can an agentic Black woman get ahead? The impact of race and interpersonal dominance on perceptions of female leaders. Psychological Science, 23, 354-358. doi:10.1177/0956797611428079
33. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420-430. doi:10.1177/1745691610375557
34. Miller, D. T., Taylor, B., & Buck, M. L. (1991). Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 5-12. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.5
35. Mohanty, C. T. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. doi:10.1215/9780822384649
36. Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., & Graham, M. J. (2012). Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 16474-16479. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211286109
37. Murphy, M. C., Steele, C. M., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychological Science, 18, 879-885. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x
38. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2009). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2009 (Special Report NSF 09-305). Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/women/
39. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2013). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: 2013 (Special Report NSF 13-304). Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/2013/pdf/nsf13304_full.pdf
40. Nosek, B., Banaji, M., & Greenwald, A. (2002). Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 44-59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.44
41. Nosek, B. A., & Smyth, F. L. (2011). Implicit social cognitions predict sex differences in math engagement and achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 1124-1154. doi:10.3102/0002831211410683
42. Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., Devos, T., Lindner, N. M., Ranganath, K. A.,... Banaji, M. R. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36-88. doi:10.1080/10463280701489053
43. Nosek, B., Smyth, F., Sriram, N., Lindner, N., Devos, T., Ayala, A.,... Greenwald, A. G. (2009). National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 10593-10597. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809921106
44. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
45. Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377-391. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4
46. Ramsey, L. R., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2011). Changing stereotypes, changing grades: A longitudinal study of stereotyping during a college math course. Social sychology of Education, 14, 377-387. doi:10.1007/s11218-010-9150-y
47. Riegle-Crumb, C., & King, B. (2010). Questioning a White male advantage in STEM: Examining disparities in college major by gender and race/ethnicity. Educational Researcher, 39, 656 - 664. doi:10.3102/0013189X10391657
48. Robinson, C. R. (1983). Black women: A tradition of self-reliant strength. Women and Therapy, 2, 135-144. doi:10.1300/J015v02n02_14
49. Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Barquissau, M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain. Sex Roles, 50, 835-850. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000029101.74557.a0
50. Shields, S. A. (2008). Gender: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles, 59, 301-311. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9501-8
51. Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility:Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00111
52. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28. doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
53. Stout, J. G., Dasgupta, N., Hunsinger, M., & McManus, M. A. (2011). STEMing the tide: Using ingroup experts to inoculate women's self-concept in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 255-270. doi:10.1037/a0021385
54. Syed, M. (2010). Developing an integrated self: Academic and ethnic identities among ethnically diverse college students. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1590-1604. doi:10.1037/a0020738
55. Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Stereotype Lift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 456-467. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00019-2
56. Zou, X., Tam, K., Morris, M. W., Lee, S., Lau, I., & Chiu, C. (2009). Culture as common sense: Perceived consensus versus personal beliefs as mechanisms of cultural influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 579-597. doi:10.1037/a0016399