Non-invasive estimation of aortic blood pressures: A close look at current devices and methods

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 709-718

  Millasseau, Sandrine ^a   Agnoletti, Davide ^b  

^a Pulse Wave Consulting   (France)

^b Medicine University Paris 13   (France)

Author keywords

Aortic pressure; Applanation tonometry; Central pressure; Echotracking; Pulse wave analysis; Transfer function

Indexed keywords

CENTCHROMAN;

AORTA PRESSURE; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CAROTID ARTERY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; NON INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR; OSCILLOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE PRESSURE; PULSE WAVE; SPHYGMOMANOMETER; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TONOMETRY; AORTA; BLOOD PRESSURE; DEVICES; PHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SYSTOLE;

AORTA; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAROTID ARTERIES; HUMANS; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; PULSE WAVE ANALYSIS; SYSTOLE;

EID: 84925855696     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666141023163748     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Mahomed FA. The Physiology and clinical use of the sphygmograph. Medical Time Gazette 1872; 1: 62.
2. Marey EJ. Recherches sur le pouls au moyen d'un nouvel appareil enregistreur: le sphygmographe. Paris: Thunot et Cie 1860.
3. Mackenzie J. The study of the the pulse: arterial, venous and hepatic, and of the movements of the heart. Edinburgh: Young J. Pentland 1902.
4. Sagawa K, Lie RK, Schaefer J. Translation of Otto Frank's paper "Die Grundform des Arteriellen Pulses" Zeitschrift fur Biologie (1899). J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 22: 253-77.
5. O'Rourke MF. Pressure and flow waves in systemic arteries and the anatomical design of the arterial system. J Appl Physiol 1967; 23: 139-49.
6. Temmar M, Jankowski P, Peltier M, et al. Intraaortic pulse pressure amplification in subjects at high coronary risk. Hypertension 2010; 55: 327-32.
7. Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF. McDonald's blood flow in Arteries: Theorical, experimental and clinical principles. 5th ed. London: Oxford University Press 2005.
8. Davies JE, Shanmuganathan M, Francis DP, Mayet J, Hackett DR, Hughes AD. Caution using brachial systolic pressure to calibrate radial tonometric pressure waveforms: lessons from invasive study. Hypertension 2010; 55: e4.
9. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1753-60.
10. Kelly RP, Millasseau SC, Ritter JM, Chowienczyk PJ. Vasoactive drugs influence aortic augmentation index independently of pulsewave velocity in healthy men. Hypertension 2001; 37: 1429-33.
11. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006; 113: 1213-25.
12. Matsui Y, Eguchi K, O'Rourke MF, Ishikawa J, Shimada K, Kario K. Association between aldosterone induced by antihypertensive medication and arterial stiffness reduction: the J-CORE study. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215: 184-8.
13. Boutouyrie P, Achouba A, Trunet P, Laurent S. Amlodipine-Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure More Effectively Than the Amlodipine-Atenolol Combination. The EXPLOR Study. Hypertension 2010; 55: 1314-22.
14. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O'Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1865-71.
15. Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier B, et al. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2002; 39: 735-8.
16. Chirinos JA, Zambrano JP, Chakko S, et al. Relation between ascending aortic pressures and outcomes in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 645-8.
17. Jankowski P, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Czarnecka D, et al. Pulsatile but not steady component of blood pressure predicts cardiovascular events in coronary patients. Hypertension 2008; 51: 848-55.
18. Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007; 50: 197-203.
19. Wang KL, Cheng HM, Chuang SY, et al. Central or peripheral systolic or pulse pressure: which best relates to target organs and future mortality? J Hypertens 2009; 27: 461-7.
20. Pini R, Cavallini MC, Palmieri V, et al. Central but not brachial blood pressure predicts cardiovascular events in an unselected geriatric population: the ICARe Dicomano Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 2432-9.
21. Dart AM, Gatzka CD, Kingwell BA, et al. Brachial blood pressure but not carotid arterial waveforms predict cardiovascular events in elderly female hypertensives. Hypertension 2006; 47: 785-90.
22. Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the framingham heart study. Circulation 2010; 121: 505-11.
23. Papaioannou TG, Protogerou AD, Stamatelopoulos KS, Vavuranakis M, Stefanadis C. Non-invasive methods and techniques for central blood pressure estimation: procedures, validation, reproducibility and limitations. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15: 245-53.
24. Avolio AP, Cockcroft JR, O'Rourke MF. Use of arterial transfer functions for the derivation of central aortic waveform characteristics in subjects with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2564-5.
25. Horvath IG, Nemeth A, Lenkey Z, et al. Invasive validation of a new oscillometric device (Arteriograph) for measuring augmentation index, central blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 2068-75.
26. Wassertheurer S, Hametner B, Mayer CC, Eber B, Weber T. Invasive assessment of aortic pressure waves: comparison between pressure wire and fluid filled catheter. Artery Research 2009; 9: 37.
27. O'Brien E, Atkins N, Stergiou G, et al. European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010 for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15: 23-38.
28. O'Brien E, Petrie J, littler W, et al. The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure meauring devices. J Hypertens 1993; 11: S43-62.
29. American National Standard for Electronic or Automated Sphygmonometers. ANSI/AAMI SP10-1992. Arlingthon: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 1992.
30. Smulyan H, Sheehe PR, Safar ME. A Preliminary Evaluation of the Mean Arterial Pressure as Measured by Cuff Oscillometry. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 166-71.
31. American National Standard for Electronic or Automated Sphygmonometers. ANSI/AAMI SP10-1992. Arlingthon: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 1992.
32. American National Standard for Electronic or Automated Sphygmonometers. ANSI/AAMI SP10-1992. Arlingthon: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 1992.
33. Umana E, Ahmed W, Fraley MA, Alpert MA. Comparison of oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures in lean, overweight, and obese patients. Angiology 2006; 57: 41-5.
34. Umana E, Ahmed W, Fraley MA, Alpert MA. Comparison of oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures in lean, overweight, and obese patients. Angiology 2006; 57: 41-5.
35. Chen Y, Zhu Y, Chen C, et al. Relationship between noninvasive and invasive blood pressure values in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis. Blood Press Monit 2014.
36. Cheng HM, Lang D, Tufanaru C, Pearson A. Measurement accuracy of non-invasively obtained central blood pressure by applanation tonometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167: 1867-76.
37. Pucci G, Cheriyan J, Hubsch A, et al. Evaluation of the Vicorder, a novel cuff-based device for the noninvasive estimation of central blood pressure. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 77-85.
38. Laugesen E, Rossen NB, Peters CD, et al. Assessment of central blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a comparison between sphygmocor and invasively measured values. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27: 169-76.
39. Weber T, Wassertheurer S, Rammer M, et al. Validation of a brachial cuff-based method for estimating central systolic blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 58: 825-32.
40. Kelly RP, Karamanoglu M, Gibbs H, Avolio AP, O'Rourke MF. Noninvasive carotid pressure wave registration as an indicator of ascending aortic pressure. J Vasc Med Biol 1989; 1: 241-7.
41. Chen CH, Ting CT, Nussbacher A, et al. Validation of carotid artery tonometry as a means of estimating augmentation index of ascending aortic pressure. Hypertension 1996; 27: 168-75.
42. Salvi P, Lio G, Labat C, Ricci E, Pannier B, Benetos A. Validation of a new non-invasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressure wave and pulse wave velocity: the PulsePen device. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 2285-93.
43. Van Bortel LM, Balkestein EJ, van der Heijden-Spek JJ, et al. Non-invasive assessment of local arterial pulse pressure: comparison of applanation tonometry and echo-tracking. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1037-44.
44. Pauca AL, O'Rourke MF, Kon ND. Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension 2001; 38: 932-7.
45. Pauca AL, Wallenhaupt SL, Kon ND, Tucker WY. Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure? Chest 1992; 102: 1193-8.
46. Sztrymf B, Jacobs F, Chemla D, Richard C, Millasseau SC. Validation of the new Complior sensor to record pressure signals noninvasively. J Clin Monit Comput 2013.
47. Pereira T, Maldonado J, Andrade I, et al. Reproducibility of aortic pulse wave velocity as assessed with the new Complior Analyse. Blood Press Monit 2014; 19: 170-5.
48. Stea F, Bozec E, Millasseau SC, Khettab H, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S. Comparison of the Complior Analyse device with SphgymoCor and Complior SP for pulse wave velocity and central pressure assessment. J Hypertens 2014.
49. Pereira T, Maldonado J, Coutinho R, et al. Invasive validation of the Complior Analyse in the assessment of central artery pressure curves: a methodological study. Blood Press Monit 2014; epub ahead of print.
50. Greenfield JC, Jr., Patel DJ. Relation between pressure and diameter in the ascending aorta of man. Circ Res 1962; 10: 778-81.
51. Hoeks APG, Brands PJ, Smeets FAM, Reneman RS. Assessment of the distensibility of superficial arteries. Ultrasound in Med & Biol 1990; 16: 121-8.
52. Watanabe H, Kawai M, Sibata T, Hara M, Furuhata H, Mochizuki S. Noninvasive measurement of aortic pressure waveform by ultrasound. Heart Vessels 1998; 13: 79-86.
53. Beulen BW, Bijnens N, Koutsouridis GG, Brands PJ, Rutten MC, van d V. Toward noninvasive blood pressure assessment in arteries by using ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37: 788-97.
54. Cunha RS, Benetos A, Laurent S, Safar ME, Asmar RG. Distension capacity of the carotid artery and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Effects of age and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 343-52.
55. Graf S, Gariepy J, Massonneau M, et al. Experimental and clinical validation of arterial diameter waveform and intimal media thickness obtained from B-mode ultrasound image processing. Ultrasound Med Biol 1999; 25: 1353-63.
56. Leone N, Ducimetiere P, Gariepy J, et al. Distension of the Carotid Artery and Risk of Coronary Events. The Three-City Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1392-97.
57. London GM, Pannier B. Arterial functions: how to interpret the complex physiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 3815-23.
58. Adji A, O'Rourke MF, Namasivayam M. Arterial stiffness, its assessment, prognostic value, and implications for treatment. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 5-17.
59. McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR, Roman MJ, Franklin SS, Wilkinson IB. Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 1719-25.
60. O'Rourke MF, Adji A. Noninvasive studies of central aortic pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14: 8-20.
61. Karamanoglu M, O'Rourke MF, Avolio AP, Kelly RP. An analysis of the relationship between central aortic and peripheral upper limb pressure waves in man. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 160-7.
62. Ding FH, Fan WX, Zhang RY, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang JG. Validation of the Noninvasive Assessment of Central Blood Pressure by the SphygmoCor and Omron Devices Against the Invasive Catheter Measurement. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 1306-11.
63. Sharman JE, Lim R, Qasem AM, et al. Validation of a generalized transfer function to noninvasively derive central blood pressure during exercise. Hypertension 2006; 47: 1203-8.
64. Zuo JL, Li Y, Yan ZJ, et al. Validation of the central blood pressure estimation by the SphygmoCor system in Chinese. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15: 268-74.
65. Wassertheurer S, Kropf J, Weber T, et al. A new oscillometric method for pulse wave analysis: comparison with a common tonometric method. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24: 498-504.
66. Nurnberger J, Michalski R, Turk TR, Opazo SA, Witzke O, Kribben A. Can arterial stiffness parameters be measured in the sitting position? Hypertens Res 2011; 34: 202-8.
67. Brett SE, Guilcher A, Clapp B, Chowienczyk P. Estimating central systolic blood pressure during oscillometric determination of blood pressure: proof of concept and validation by comparison with intraaortic pressure recording and arterial tonometry. Blood Press Monit 2012; 17: 132-6.
68. Weiss W, Gohlisch C, Harsch-Gladisch C, Tolle M, Zidek W, van der GM. Oscillometric estimation of central blood pressure: validation of the Mobil-O-Graph in comparison with the SphygmoCor device. Blood Press Monit 2012; 17: 128-31.
69. Luzardo L, Lujambio I, Sottolano M, et al. 24-h ambulatory recording of aortic pulse wave velocity and central systolic augmentation: a feasibility study. Hypertens Res 2012; 35: 980-7.
70. Gunjaca G, Jeroncic A, Budimir D, et al. A complex pattern of agreement between oscillometric and tonometric measurement of arterial stiffness in a population-based sample. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1444-52.
71. Climie RE, Schultz MG, Nikolic SB, Ahuja KD, Fell JW, Sharman JE. Validity and reliability of central blood pressure estimated by upper arm oscillometric cuff pressure. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25: 414-20.
72. Mahieu D, Kips J, Rietzschel ER, et al. Noninvasive assessment of central and peripheral arterial pressure (waveforms): implications of calibration methods. J Hypertens 2009; 28: 300-5.
73. Agnoletti D, Zhang Y, Salvi P, et al. Pulse pressure amplification, pressure waveform calibration and clinical applications. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224: 108-12.
74. Kips JG, Schutte AE, Vermeersch SJ, et al. Comparison of central pressure estimates obtained from SphygmoCor, Omron HEM-9000AI and carotid applanation tonometry. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1115-20.
75. Guilcher A, Brett S, Munir S, Clapp B, Chowienczyk PJ. Estimating central SBP from the peripheral pulse: influence of waveform analysis and calibration error. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1357-66.
76. Cloud GC, Rajkumar C, Kooner J, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Estimation of central aortic pressure by SphygmoCor requires intra-arterial peripheral pressures. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 105: 219-25.
77. Papaioannou TG, Lekakis JP, Karatzis EN, et al. Transmission of calibration errors (input) by generalized transfer functions to the aortic pressures (output) at different hemodynamic states. Int J Cardiol 2006; 110: 46-52.
78. Ott C, Haetinger S, Schneider MP, Pauschinger M, Schmieder RE. Comparison of two noninvasive devices for measurement of central systolic blood pressure with invasive measurement during cardiac catheterization. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14: 575-9.
79. Davies JI, Band MM, Pringle S, Ogston S, Struthers AD. Peripheral blood pressure measurement is as good as applanation tonome try at predicting ascending aortic blood pressure. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 571-6.
80. Segers P, Mahieu D, Kips J, et al. Amplification of the pressure pulse in the upper limb in healthy, middle-aged men and women. Hypertension 2009; 54: 414-20.
81. Verbeke F, Segers P, Heireman S, Vanholder R, Verdonck P, Van Bortel LM. Noninvasive assessment of local pulse pressure: importance of brachial-to-radial pressure amplification. Hypertension 2005; 46: 244-8.
82. Hope SA, Meredith IT, Tay D, Cameron JD. 'Generalizability' of a radial-aortic transfer function for the derivation of central aortic waveform parameters. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1812-20.
83. Siebenhofer A, Kemp C, Sutton A, Williams B. The reproducibility of central aortic blood pressure measurements in healthy subjects using applanation tonometry and sphygmocardiography. J Hum Hypertens 1999; 13: 625-9.
84. Filipovsky J, Svobodova V, Pecen L. Reproducibility of radial pulse wave analysis in healthy subjects. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1033-40.
85. Crilly M, Coch C, Bruce M, Clark H, Williams D. Repeatability of central aortic blood pressures measured non-invasively using radial artery applanation tonometry and peripheral pulse wave analysis. Blood Press 2007; 16: 262-9.
86. Frimodt-Moller M, Nielsen AH, Kamper AL, Strandgaard S. Reproducibility of pulse-wave analysis and pulse-wave velocity determination in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 594-600.
87. Williams B, Lacy PS, Yan P, Hwee CN, Liang C, Ting CM. Development and validation of a novel method to derive central aortic systolic pressure from the radial pressure waveform using an Npoint moving average method. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 951-61.
88. Wassertheurer S, Hametner B, Weber T, Eber B. Invasive validation of the N-point moving average method. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 1731-2.
89. Pauca AL, Kon ND, O'Rourke MF. The second peak of the radial artery pressure wave represents aortic systolic pressure in hypertensive and elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 651-7.
90. Munir S, Guilcher A, Kamalesh T, et al. Peripheral augmentation index defines the relationship between central and peripheral pulse pressure. Hypertension 2008; 51: 112-8.
91. Hickson SS, Butlin M, Mir FA, Graggaber J, Cheriyan J, Khan F et al. The accuracy of central SBP determined from the second systolic peak of the peripheral pressure waveform. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1784-8.
92. Takazawa K, Kobayashi H, Kojima I, et al. Estimation of central aortic systolic pressure using late systolic inflection of radial artery pulse and its application to vasodilator therapy. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 908-16.
93. Lin MM, Cheng HM, Sung SH, et al. Estimation of central aortic systolic pressure from the second systolic peak of the peripheral upper limb pulse depends on central aortic pressure waveform morphology. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 581-6.
94. Norton GR, Majane OH, Maseko MJ, et al. Brachial Blood Pressure-Independent Relations Between Radial Late Systolic Shoulder-Derived Aortic Pressures and Target Organ Changes. Hypertension 2012; 59: 885-92.
95. Hughes AD, Davies JE, Francis D, Mayet J, Parker KH. Peripheral augmentation index and wave reflection in the radial artery. Hypertension 2008; 51: e45-6.
96. Zhang Y, Agnoletti D, Protogerou AD, et al. Radial late-SBP as a surrogate for central SBP. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 676-81.
97. Richardson CJ, Maki-Petaja KM, McDonnell BJ, Hickson SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. Comparison of estimates of central systolic blood pressure and peripheral augmentation index obtained from the Omron HEM-9000AI and SphygmoCor systems. Artery Res 2009; 3: 24-31.
98. Benetos A, Thomas F, Joly L, et al. Pulse pressure amplification a mechanical biomarker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1032-7.
99. Avolio AP, Van Bortel LM, Boutouyrie P, et al. Role of pulse pressure amplification in arterial hypertension: experts' opinion and review of the data. Hypertension 2009; 54: 375-83.
100. [100] Shih YT, Cheng HM, Sung SH, Hu WC, Chen CH. Comparison of two generalized transfer functions for measuring central systolic blood pressure by an oscillometric blood pressure monitor. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 27: 204-10.
101. [101] Cheng HM, Sung SH, Shih YT, Chuang SY, Yu WC, Chen CH. Measurement of central aortic pulse pressure: noninvasive brachial cuff-based estimation by a transfer function vs. a novel pulse wave analysis method. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25: 1162-9.
102. [102] Shih YT, Cheng HM, Sung SH, Hu WC, Chen CH. Application of the N-Point Moving Average Method for Brachial Pressure Waveform-Derived Estimation of Central Aortic Systolic Pressure. Hypertension 2014; 63: 865-70.
103. [103] Butlin M, Qasem A, Avolio AP. Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform features derived from the brachial cuff volume displacement waveform. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2012: 2591-4.
104. [104] Lowe A, Harrison W, El-Aklouk E, Ruygrok P, Al-Jumaily AM. Non-invasive model-based estimation of aortic pulse pressure using suprasystolic brachial pressure waveforms. J Biomech 2009; 42: 2111-5.
105. [105] Cheng HM, Wang KL, Chen YH, et al. Estimation of central systolic blood pressure using an oscillometric blood pressure monitor. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 592-9.
106. [106] Cheng HM, Sung SH, Shih YT, Chuang SY, Yu WC, Chen CH. Measurement accuracy of a stand-alone oscillometric central blood pressure monitor: a validation report for Microlife WatchBP Office Central. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26: 42-50.
107. [107] Lin AC, Lowe A, Sidhu K, Harrison W, Ruygrok P, Stewart R. Evaluation of a novel sphygmomanometer, which estimates central aortic blood pressure from analysis of brachial artery suprasystolic pressure waves. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1743-50.
108. [108] Rossen NB, Laugesen E, Peters CD, et al. Invasive Validation of Arteriograph Estimates of Central Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2013; 27: 674-9.
109. [109] Butlin M, Qasem A, Avolio A. Inflated cuff pressure significantly alters pulse waveform shape acquired by brachial cuff volume displacement technique. Annual Scientific meeting of the high blood pressure research council of Australia 32nd, http://minerva.mq.edu.au: 8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/mq:18954. 2010. Ref Type: Conference Proceeding
110. [110] van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, Swart KM, et al. Oscillometry and applanation tonometry measurements in older individuals with elevated levels of arterial stiffness. Blood Press Monit 2013; 18: 332-8.
111. [111] Stoner L, Lambrick DM, Westrupp N, Young J, Faulkner J. Validation of oscillometric pulse wave analysis measurements in children. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27: 865-72.
112. [112] Park CM, Korolkova O, Davies JE, et al. Arterial pressure: agreement between a brachial cuff-based device and radial tonometry. J Hypertens 2014; 32: 865-72.
113. [113] Protogerou AD, Argyris A, Nasothimiou E, et al. Feasibility and reproducibility of noninvasive 24-h ambulatory aortic blood pressure monitoring with a brachial cuff-based oscillometric device. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25: 876-82.
114. [114] Papaioannou TG, Protogerou A, Stefanadis C. Comparison between Mobil-O-Graph and the SphygmoCor device for central systolic blood pressure estimation: consensus is required for 'validation protocols'. Blood Press Monit 2012; 17: 259-60.
115. [115] Agnoletti D, Millasseau SC, Topouchian J, Safar ME, Blacher J. Comparison of central blood pressure devices on the basis of a modified protocol of the European Society of Hypertension: application to the Centron cBP301. Blood pressure monitoring 2014.
116. [116] van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, Swart KM, et al. Oscillometry and applanation tonometry measurements in older individuals with elevated levels of arterial stiffness. Blood Press Monit 2013; 18: 332-8.