Non-invasive methods and techniques for central blood pressure estimation: Procedures, validation, reproducibility and limitations

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 245-253

  Papaioannou, Theodore G ^a,b   Protogerou, Athanassios D ^a   Stamatelopoulos, Kimon S ^a   Vavuranakis, Manolis ^a   Stefanadis, Christodoulos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b NONE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Applanation tonometry; Arterial stiffness; Echo tracking; Pulse wave analysis; Pulse wave velocity; Repeatability; Transfer functions; Wave reflections

Indexed keywords

AORTA PRESSURE; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTERY CATHETERIZATION; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY; CALIBRATION; CAROTID ARTERY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; HEART FUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION; PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; PRESSURE TRANSDUCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIAL ARTERY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; TONOMETRY; VALIDATION PROCESS; WAVEFORM;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; BRACHIAL ARTERY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIASTOLE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK FACTORS; SYSTOLE;

EID: 62249194791     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161209787354203     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2008; 117: E25-146.
2. Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier BM, Levy BI, Safar ME, London GM. Wave reflections and cardiac hypertrophy in chronic uremia. Influence of body size. Hypertension 1993; 22: 876-83.
3. Yano M, Kohno M, Kobayashi S, Obayashi M, Seki K, Ohkusa T, et al. Influence of timing and magnitude of arterial wave reflection on left ventricular relaxation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280: H1846-52.
4. Saba PS, Roman MJ, Pini R, Spitzer M, Ganau A, Devereux RB. Relation of arterial pressure waveform to left ventricular and carotid anatomy in normotensive subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1873-80.
5. Lekakis JP, Zakopoulos NA, Protogerou AD, Kotsis VT, Papaioannou TG, Stamatelopoulos KS, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension: relation to 24-h blood pressure profile and arterial stiffness. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97: 29-33.
6. Bellamy RF. Diastolic coronary artery pressure-flow relations in the dog. Circ Res 1978; 43: 92-101.
7. Nichols WW, O'Rourke M. McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. London: Hodder Arnold; 2005.
8. Kroeker EJ, Wood EH. Comparison of simultaneously recorded central and peripheral arterial pressure pulses during rest, exercise and tilted position in man. Circ Res 1955; 3: 623-32.
9. Latham RD, Westerhof N, Sipkema P, Rubal BJ, Reuderink P, Murgo JP. Regional wave travel and reflections along the human aorta: A study with six simultaneous micromanometric pressures. Circulation 1985; 72: 1257-69.
10. Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG, Blacher J, Papamichael CM, Lekakis JP, Safar ME. Central blood pressures: Do we need them in the management of cardiovascular disease? Is it a feasible therapeutic target? J Hypertens 2007; 25: 265-72.
11. Vlachopoulos C, O'Rourke M. Genesis of the normal and abnormal arterial pulse. Curr Probl Cardiol 2000; 25: 303-67.
12. Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG, Lekakis JP, Blacher J, Safar ME. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on central blood pressure beyond peripheral blood pressure. Part I: (Patho)-physiology, rationale and perspective on pulse pressure amplification. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(3): 267-71.
13. Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Guyonvarc'h PM, et al. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2002; 39: 735-8.
14. Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Ali T, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007; 50: 197-203.
15. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: Principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006; 113: 1213-25.
16. Chirinos JA, Zambrano JP, Chakko S, Veerani A, Schob A, Perez G, et al. Relation between ascending aortic pressures and outcomes in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 645-8.
17. Sabovic M, Safar ME, Blacher J. Is there any additional prognostic value of central blood pressure wave forms beyond peripheral blood pressure? Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(3): 254-66.
18. Protogerou AD, Stergiou GS, Achimastos A. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on central blood pressure beyond peripheral blood pressure. Part II: Evidence for specific class-effects of antihypertensive drugs on pressure amplification. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(3): 272-89.
19. Papaioannou TG, Karatzi K, Karatzis E, Papamichael C, Lekakis JP. Acute effects of caffeine on arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and central aortic pressures. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 129-36.
20. Vlachopoulos C, Hirata K, O'Rourke MF. Pressure-altering agents affect central aortic pressures more than is apparent from upper limb measurements in hypertensive patients: The role of arterial wave reflections. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1456-60.
21. Papamichael CM, Karatzi KN, Papaioannou TG, Karatzis EN, Katsichti P, Sideris V, et al. Acute combined effects of olive oil and wine on pressure wave reflections: Another beneficial influence of the Mediterranean diet antioxidants? J Hypertens 2008; 26: 223-9.
22. Karatzi K, Papaioannou TG, Papamichael C, Lekakis J, Stefanadis C, Zampelas A. Red wine, arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15(3): 321-8.
23. Chemla D, Teboul JL, Richard C. Noninvasive assessment of arterial pressure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14: 317-21.
24. Pressman GL, Newgard PM. A transducer for the continuous external measurement of arterial blood pressure. IEEE Trans Bio-Med Electron 1963; 10: 73-81.
25. Millar HD, Baker LE. A stable ultraminiature catheter-tip pressure transducer. Med Biol Eng 1973; 11: 86-9.
26. Kemmotsu O, Ueda M, Otsuka H, Yamamura T, Winter DC, Eckerle JS. Arterial tonometry for noninvasive, continuous blood pressure monitoring during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 333-40.
27. Sato T, Nishinaga M, Kawamoto A, Ozawa T, Takatsuji H. Accuracy of a continuous blood pressure monitor based on arterial tonometry. Hypertension 1993; 21: 866-74.
28. Salvi P, Lio G, Labat C, Ricci E, Pannier B, Benetos A. Validation of a new non-invasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressure wave and pulse wave velocity: The PulsePen device. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 2285-93.
29. Drzewiecki GM, Melbin J, Noordergraaf A. Arterial tonometry: Review and analysis. J Biomech 1983; 16: 141-52.
30. Bahr D, Petzke J. The automatic arterial tonometer. 26th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 1973; p. 259.
31. Software Operator's Guide. Pulse Wave Analysis System SCORPx. Sydney, Australia: AtCor Medical; 2006.
32. Chen CH, Ting CT, Nussbacher A, Nevo E, Kass DA, Pak P, et al. Validation of carotid artery tonometry as a means of estimating augmentation index of ascending aortic pressure. Hypertension 1996; 27: 168-75.
33. Stein PD, Blick EF. Arterial tonometry for the atraumatic measurement of arterial blood pressure. J Appl Physiol 1971; 30: 593-6.
34. Stein PD, Blick EF. The potential usefulness of arterial tonometry for the measurement of instantaneous changes of arterial blood pressure. J Assoc Adv Med Instrum 1972; 6: 272-5.
35. Kelly R, Hayward C, Avolio A, O'Rourke M. Noninvasive determination of age-related changes in the human arterial pulse. Circulation 1989; 80: 1652-9.
36. Kelly RP, Hayward CS, Ganis J, Daley JM, Avolio AP, O'Rourke MF. Noninvasive registration of the arterial pulse waveform using high-fidelity applanation tonometry. J Vasc Med Biol 1989; 1: 142-9.
37. Zorn EA, Wilson MB, Angel JJ, Zanella J, Alpert BS. Validation of an automated arterial tonometry monitor using Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standards. Blood Press Monit 1997; 2: 185-188.
38. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, et al. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 821-48.
39. Papaioannou TG, Lekakis JP, Karatzis EN, Papamichael CM, Stamatelopoulos KS, Protogerou AD, et al. Transmission of calibration errors (input) by generalized transfer functions to the aortic pressures (output) at different hemodynamic states. Int J Cardiol 2006; 110: 46-52.
40. Lysle HP, Roderick EJ, Join P. Mechanical properties of arteries in vivo. Circ Res 1960; 8: 622-639.
41. Greenfield JC, Shapiro A. Relation between pressure and diameter in the ascending aorta of man. Circ Res 1962; 10: 778-781.
42. Ghista DN, Jayaraman G, Sandler H. Analysis for the non-invasive determination of arterial properties and for the transcutaneous continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure. Med Biol Eng Comput 1978; 16: 715-26.
43. Hoeks AP, Brands PJ, Smeets FA, Reneman RS. Assessment of the distensibility of superficial arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol 1990; 16: 121-8.
44. Joannides R, Haefeli WE, Linder L, Richard V, Bakkali EH, Thuillez C, et al. Nitric oxide is responsible for flow-dependent dilatation of human peripheral conduit arteries in vivo. Circulation 1995; 91: 1314-9.
45. Tardy Y, Hayoz D, Mignot JP, Richard P, Brunner HR, Meister JJ. Dynamic non-invasive measurements of arterial diameter and wall thickness. J Hypertens Suppl 1992; 10: S105-9.
46. Tardy Y, Meister JJ, Perret F, Brunner HR, Arditi M. Non-invasive estimate of the mechanical properties of peripheral arteries from ultrasonic and photoplethysmographic measurements. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1991; 12: 39-54.
47. Watanabe H, Kawai M, Sibata T, Hara M, Furuhata H, Mochizuki S. Noninvasive measurement of aortic pressure waveform by ultrasound. Heart Vessels 1998; 13: 79-86.
48. Jeong IC, Ko JI, Hwang SO, Yoon HR. A new method to estimate arterial blood pressure using photoplethysmographic signal. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006; 1: 4667-70.
49. Brillante DG, O'Sullivan AJ, Howes LG. Arterial stiffness indices in healthy volunteers using non-invasive digital photoplethysmography. Blood Press 2008; 17: 116-23.
50. Natalini G, Rosano A, Taranto M, Faggian B, Vittorielli E, Bernardini A. Arterial versus plethysmographic dynamic indices to test responsiveness for testing fluid administration in hypotensive patients: A clinical trial. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 1478-84.
51. Verbeke F, Segers P, Heireman S, Vanholder R, Verdonck P, Van Bortel LM. Noninvasive assessment of local pulse pressure: Importance of brachial-to-radial pressure amplification. Hypertension 2005; 46: 244-8.
52. Kelly R, Fitchett D. Noninvasive determination of aortic input impedance and external left ventricular power output: A validation and repeatability study of a new technique. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 952-63.
53. Pauca AL, Wallenhaupt SL, Kon ND, Tucker WY. Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure? Chest 1992; 102: 1193-8.
54. Karamanoglu M, O'Rourke MF, Avolio AP, Kelly RP. An analysis of the relationship between central aortic and peripheral upper limb pressure waves in man. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 160-7.
55. Hope SA, Tay DB, Meredith IT, Cameron JD. Comparison of generalized and gender-specific transfer functions for the derivation of aortic waveforms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H1150-6.
56. Hope SA, Tay DB, Meredith IT, Cameron JD. Use of arterial transfer functions for the derivation of central aortic waveform characteristics in subjects with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 746-51.
57. Hope SA, Tay DB, Meredith IT, Cameron JD. Use of arterial transfer functions for the derivation of aortic waveform characteristics. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1299-305.
58. Chen CH, Nevo E, Fetics B, Pak PH, Yin FC, Maughan WL, et al. Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure. Validation of generalized transfer function. Circulation 1997; 95: 1827-36.
59. Fetics B, Nevo E, Chen CH, Kass DA. Parametric model derivation of transfer function for noninvasive estimation of aortic pressure by radial tonometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1999; 46: 698-706.
60. Pauca AL, O'Rourke MF, Kon ND. Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension 2001; 38: 932-7.
61. Lehmann ED. Regarding the accuracy of generalized transfer functions for estimating central aortic blood pressure when calibrated non-invasively. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 347-49; author reply 349-50.
62. Davies JI, Band MM, Pringle S, Ogston S, Struthers AD. Peripheral blood pressure measurement is as good as applanation tonometry at predicting ascending aortic blood pressure. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 571-6.
63. Davies JI, Struthers AD. Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity: A critical review of their strengths and weaknesses. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 463-72.
64. Sharman JE, Lim R, Qasem AM, Coombes JS, Burgess MI, Franco J, et al. Validation of a generalized transfer function to noninvasively derive central blood pressure during exercise. Hypertension 2006; 47: 1203-8.
65. Smulyan H, Siddiqui DS, Carlson RJ, London GM, Safar ME. Clinical utility of aortic pulses and pressures calculated from applanated radial-artery pulses. Hypertension 2003; 42: 150-5.
66. Cloud GC, Rajkumar C, Kooner J, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Estimation of central aortic pressure by SphygmoCor requires intra-arterial peripheral pressures. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 105: 219-25.
67. O'Rourke M, Avolio A. Assessment of central arterial pressure? J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1425-6.
68. Papaioannou TG, Karatzis EN, Karatzi KN, Gialafos EJ, Protogerou AD, Stamatelopoulos KS, et al. Hour-to-hour and week-to-week variability and reproducibility of wave reflection indices derived by aortic pulse wave analysis: Implications for studies with repeated measurements. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1678-86.
69. Filipovsky J, Svobodova V, Pecen L. Reproducibility of radial pulse wave analysis in healthy subjects. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1033-40.
70. Matsui Y, Kario K, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, Hoshide S, Shimada K. Reproducibility of arterial stiffness indices (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) simultaneously assessed by automated pulse wave analysis and their associated risk factors in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 851-7.
71. Papaioannou TG, Stamatelopoulos KS, Gialafos E, Vlachopoulos C, Karatzis E, Nanas J, et al. Monitoring of arterial stiffness indices by applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis: Reproducibility at low blood pressures. J Clin Monit Comput 2004; 18: 137-44.
72. Savage MT, Ferro CJ, Pinder SJ, Tomson CR. Reproducibility of derived central arterial waveforms in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002; 103: 59-65.
73. Siebenhofer A, Kemp C, Sutton A, Williams B. The reproducibility of central aortic blood pressure measurements in healthy subjects using applanation tonometry and sphygmocardiography. J Hum Hypertens 1999; 13: 625-9.
74. Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, Spratt JC, Murray GD, Cockcroft JR, et al. Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 2079-84
75. Crilly M, Coch C, Bruce M, Clark H, Williams D. Repeatability of central aortic blood pressures measured non-invasively using radial artery applanation tonometry and peripheral pulse wave analysis. Blood Press 2007; 16: 262-9.
76. Borow KM, Newburger JW. Noninvasive estimation of central aortic pressure using the oscillometric method for analyzing systemic artery pulsatile blood flow: Comparative study of indirect systolic, diastolic, and mean brachial artery pressure with simultaneous direct ascending aortic pressure measurements. Am Heart J 1982; 103: 879-86.
77. VanBeck JO, White RD, Abenstein JP, Mullany CJ, Orszulak TA. Comparison of axillary artery or brachial artery pressure with aortic pressure after cardiopulmonary bypass using a long radial artery catheter. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1993; 7: 312-5.
78. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR. Normal vascular aging: Differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: The Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1753-60.
79. Laurent P, Albaladejo P, Blacher J, Rudnichi A, Smulyan H, Safar ME. Heart rate and pulse pressure amplification in hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 363-70.
80. Papaioannou TG, Protogerou A, Papamichael C, Mathioulakis D, Tsangaris S, Karatzis E, et al. Experimental and clinical study of the combined effect of arterial stiffness and heart rate on pulse pressure: differences between central and peripheral arteries. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32: 210-7.
81. Adji A, O'Rourke MF. Determination of central aortic systolic and pulse pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9: 115-21.
82. Pauca AL, Kon ND, O'Rourke MF. The second peak of the radial artery pressure wave represents aortic systolic pressure in hypertensive and elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 651-7.
83. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2588-605.
84. Papaioannou TG, Karatzis EN, Papamichael CM, Karatzi KN, Zakopoulos NA, Lekakis JP, et al. Circadian variation of arterial pressure wave reflections. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19: 259-63.
85. Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G, O'Rourke MF, Roman MJ, Safar ME, Smulyan H, et al. Central blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive therapy: A consensus document. Hypertension 2007; 50: 154-60.
86. O'Brien E, Waeber B, Parati G, Staessen J, Myers MG. Blood pressure measuring devices: Recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. Bmj 2001; 322: 531-6.
87. Parati G, Mendis S, Abegunde D, Asmar R, Mieke S, Murray A, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measuring devices for office/clinic use in low resource settings. Blood Press Monit 2005; 10: 3-10.
88. Electronic or automated sphygmomanometers. ANSI/AAMI S 10-2002. AAMI; American National Standard. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Arlington: Virginia; 2003.
89. Kelle S, Weiss RG, Stuber M. Coronary magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(18): 1778-86.
90. Mongiovi M, Pipitone S. Supraventricular tachycardia in fetus: How can we treat ? Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(8): 736-42.
91. Neglia D, Rimoldi O, Kaufmann PA, Camici PG. Radionuclide PET and PET/CT in coronary artery disease. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14(18): 1798-814.