Possible contribution of chronic inflammation in the induction of cancer in rheumatic diseases

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 839-847

  Cutolo, Maurizio ^a   Paolino, Sabrina ^a   Pizzorni, Carmen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cancer; Chronic inflammation; miRNA; Oestrogens; Rheumatic diseases; Rheumatoid arthritis; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

16ALPHA HYDROXYESTRONE; 2 METHOXYESTRADIOL; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; CALCITRIOL; ENDOTHELIN 1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR DAX 1; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOSTERONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; AUTACOID; MICRORNA; SEX HORMONE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DNA DAMAGE; EDITORIAL; EPIGENETICS; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; ESTROGEN THERAPY; GENE CONTROL; GENE MUTATION; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; ANIMAL; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; MALE; METABOLISM; NEOPLASMS;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MALE; MICRORNAS; NEOPLASMS; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84925285028     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: 1593098X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (111)

1. VIRCHOW R: Die Krankhaften Geschwulste, Berlin, Germany, 1863.
2. KUNDU JK, SURH YJ: Emerging avenues linking inflammation and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52: 2013-37.
3. LING S, FENG T, JIA K, TIAN Y, LI Y: Inflammation to cancer: The molecular biology in the pancreas (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7: 1747-54.
4. O'SULLIVAN KE, PHELAN JJ, O'HANLON C et al.: The role of inflammation in cancer of the esophagus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 23: 1-12.
5. JESS T, LOFTUS EV Jr, VELAYOS FS et al.: Risk of intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from olmsted county, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1039-46.
6. ZABRON A, EDWARDS RJ, KHAN S: The of cholangiocarcinoma: dissecting the molecular mechanisms of an insidious cancer. Dis Mod Mechanisms 2013; 6: 281-92.
7. YOSHIDA T, KATO J, INOUE I et al.: Cancer development based on chronic active gastritis and resulting gastric atrophyas assessed by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylory antibody titer. Int J Cancer 2014; 134: 1445-57.
8. El-SERAG HB: Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 1264-273.
9. FOX JG, DEWHIRST FE, SHEN Z et al.: Hepatic Helicobacter species identified in bile and gallbladder tissue from Chileans with chroncholecystitis. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 755-63.
10. LEVIN B: Gallbladder carcinoma. Ann Oncol 1999; s10: S129-S130.
11. BATS AS, ZAFRANI Y, PAUTIER P, DUVILLARD P, MORICE P: Malignan transformation of abdominal endometrios ito clear cell carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. Fertil Steril 2008; 90: 1197-203.
12. LIU X, GOLDSTEIN AS: Inflammation promotes prostate differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 1666-7.
13. KRIEGER JN, RILEY DE, VESELLA RL, MINER DC, ROSS SO, LANGE PH: Bacterial DNA sequences in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer and chronic prostatitis. J Urol 2000; 164: 1221-8.
14. VAINIO H, BOFFETTA P: Mechanisms of the combined of asbestos and smoking in the etiology of lung cancer. Scand J Work Environment Health 1994; 20: 235-42.
15. SINGH RK, GUTMAN M, REICH R, BAR-ELI M: Ultraviolet B irradiation promotes tumorigenic and metastatic properties in primary cutaneous melanoma via induction of interleukin 8. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3669-74.
16. QUARTUCCIO L, ISOLA M, BALDINI C, PRIORI R, BARTOLONI BOCCI E: Biomarkers of lymphoma in Sjögren's syndrome and evaluation of the lymphoma risk in prelymphomatous conditions: results of a multicenter study. J Autoimmun 2014; 51: 75-80.
17. RISSELADA AP, KRUIZE AA, BIJLSMA JW: Clinical features distinguishing lymphoma development in primary Sjögren's syndrome--a retrospective cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43: 171-7.
18. CLOUTIER BT, CLARKE AE, RAMSEYGOLDMAN R, GORDON C, HANSEN JE, BERNATSKY S: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Malignancies: A Review Article. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40: 497-506.
19. LU M, BERNATSKY S, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R et al.: Non-lymphoma hematological malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Oncology 2013; 85: 235-40.
20. SYMMONS DPM: Lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis - again. Rheumatology 2007; 46: 1-2.
21. ANDERSEN CL, LINDEGAARD H, VESTERGAARD H et al.: Risk of lymphoma and solid cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a primary care setting. PLoS One 2014; 9: e99388.
22. COLACI M, GIUGGIOLI D, VACCHI C et al.: Sytemic sclerosis Breast cancer in systemic sclerosis: results of a cross-linkage of an Italian Rheumatologic Center and a population-based Cancer Registry and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13: 132-7.
23. ONISHI A1, SUGIYAMA D, KUMAGAI S, MORINOBU A: Cancer incidence in systemic sclerosis: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65: 1913-21.
24. ALLAVENA P. GARLANDA C. BORRELLO MG. SICA A. MANTOVANI A: Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18: 3-10.
25. ROSANò L, SPINELLA F, BAGNATO A: Endothelin 1 in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13: 637-51.
26. CARSTENS JL, LOVISA S, KALLURI R: Microenvironment-dependent cues trigger miRNA-regulated feedback loop to facilitate the EMT/MET switch. J Clin Invest 2014; 124: 1458-6.
27. GRIVENNIKOV SI, KARIN M: Inflammation and oncogenesis: a vicious connection. Genet Dev 2010; 20: 65-71.
28. LANDSKRON G, De la FUENTE M, THUWAJIT P, THUWAJIT C, HERMOSO MA: Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014: 149-85.
29. LIU CY, XU JY, SHI XY et al.: M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells, partially through TLR4/IL-10 signaling pathway. Lab Invest 2013; 9: 844-54.
30. NOORT AR, van ZOEST KP, WEIJERS EM et al.: NF-?B inducing kinase is a key regulator of inflammation-induced and tumor-associated angiogenesis. J Pathol 2014; 234: 375-85.
31. CHALLAGUNDLA KB, FANINI F, VANNINI I et al.: MicroRNAs in the tumor microenvironment: solving the riddle for a better diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14: 565-74.
32. MAUL RW, GEARHART PJ: Women, autoimmunity, and cancer: a dangerous liaison between oestrogen and activation-induced deaminase? J Exp Med 2009; 206: 11-3.
33. SAVAGE KI, MATCHETT KB, BARROS EM et al.: RCA1 deficiency exacerbates estrogen-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Cancer Res 2014; 74: 2773-84.
34. ORTONA E, PIERDOMINICI M, BERSTEIN L: Autoantibodies to estrogen receptors and their involvement in autoimmune diseases and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B: 260-7.
35. RICHTER B: Vitamin D for preventing cancer: evidence and health beliefs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 Jun 24; 6: ED000085.
36. CUTOLO M, PAOLINO S, SULLI A, SMITH V, PIZZORNI C, SERIOLO B: Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1317: 39-46.
37. ANTICO A, TAMPOIA M, TOZZOLI R, BIZZARO N: Can supplementation with vitamin D reduce the risk or modify the course of autoimmune diseases? A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12127-36.
38. SOUBERBIELLE JC, BODY JJ, LAPPE JM et al.: Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9: 709-15.
39. SHERLOCK JP, FILER AD, ISAACS JD, BUCKLEY CD: What can rheumatologists learn from translational cancer therapy? Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15: 114-18.
40. MUFUDZA C, SOROFA W, CHIYAKA ET: Assessing the effects of estrogen on the dynamics of breast cancer. Comput Math Methods Med 2012; 2012: 473-572.
41. DOSSUS L, LUKANOVA A, RINALDI S, ALLEN N, CUST AE, BECKER S: Hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory profiles and endometrial cancer risk within the EPIC cohort--a factor analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177: 787-99.
42. YAGER JD, DAVIDSON NE: Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006 19; 354: 270-82.
43. DAI R, PHILLIPS RA, ZHANG Y, KHAN D, CRASTA O, AHMED SA: Suppression of LPS-induced Interferon-gamma and nitric oxide in splenic lymphocytes by select estrogen-regulated microRNAs: a novel mechanism of immune modulation. Blood 2008; 112: 4591-7.
44. MIAO CG, YANG YY, HE X et al.: The emerging role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Signal 2013; 25: 1828-36.
45. Di LEVA G, PIOVAN C, GASPARINI P et al.: Estrogen mediated-activation of miR-191/425 cluster modulates tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells depending on estrogen receptor status. PLoS Genet 2013; 9: e1003311.
46. KHAN WA, MOINUDDIN, HABIB S: Preferential recognition of catechol-estrogen modified DNA by circulating autoantibodies in cancer patients. Biochimie 2013; 95: 329-35.
47. KHAN WA, HABIB S, KHAN WA, ALAM K, MOINUDDIN: Enhanced binding of circulating SLE autoantibodies to catecholestrogen-copper-modified DNA. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 315: 143-50.
48. KHAN WA, UDDIN M, KHAN MW, CHABBRA HS: Catecholoestrogens: possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: 1345-51.
49. KHAN WA, KHAN MW: Cancer morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: role of estrogen metabolites. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 748178.
50. DUNCAN GS, BRENNER D, TUSCHE MW et al.: 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through suppression of immune cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 21034-9.
51. CUTOLO M: Hormone therapy in rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010; 22: 257-63.
52. CUTOLO M: Androgens in rheumatoid arthritis: when are they effectors? Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11: 126-31.
53. CUTOLO M, BALLEARI E, GIUSTI M, INTRA E, ACCARDO S: Androgen replacement therapy in male patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1-5.
54. CUTOLO M: Sex hormone adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000; 26: 881-95.
55. HO SM, LEE MT, LAM HM, LEUNG YK: Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40: 591-614.
56. LANZINO M, MARIS P, SIRIANNI R et al.: DAX-1, as an androgen-target gene, inhibits aromatase expression: a novel mechanism blocking estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4: e724-30.
57. TO SQ, KNOWER KC, CHEUNG V, SIMPSON ER, CLYNE CD: Transcriptional control of local estrogen formation by aromatase in the breast. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014 May 17 [Epub ahead of print].
58. ELLEM SJ, RISBRIDGER GP: Aromatase and regulating the estrogen: androgen ratio in the prostate gland. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118: 246-5.
59. NICHOLSON TM, RICKE WA: Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: past, present and future. Differentiation 2011; 82: 184-99.
60. HO SM, LEE MT, LAM HM, LEUNG YK: Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40: 591-614.
61. ELLEM SJ, WANG H, POUTANEN M, RISBRIDGER GP: Increased endogenous estrogen synthesis leads to the sequential induction of prostatic inflammation (prostatitis) and prostatic pre-malignancy. Am J Pathol 2009; 175: 1187-99.
62. CAPELLINO S, STRAUB RH, CUTOLO M: Aromatase and regulation of the estrogento-androgen ratio in synovial tissue inflammation: common pathway in both sexes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1317: 24-31.
63. CUTOLO M, SULLI A, STRAUB RH: Estrogen metabolism and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11: A460-4.
64. KAWASHIMA H, NAKATANI T: Involvement of estrogen receptors in prostatic diseases. Int J Urol 2012; 19: 512-22.
65. ORTONA E, PIERDOMINICI M, BERSTEIN L: Autoantibodies to estrogen receptors and their involvement in autoimmune diseases and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B: 260-7.
66. DAYAN M, ZINGER H, KALUSH F et al.: The beneficial effects of treatment with tamoxifen and anti-oestradiol antibody on experimental systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with cytokine modulations. Immunology 1997; 90: 101-8.
67. STHOEGER ZM, BENTWICH Z, ZINGER H, MOZES E: The beneficial effect of the estrogen antagonist, tamoxifen, on experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2231-8.
68. YIN K, AGRAWAL DK: Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res 2014; 7: 69-87.
69. MELLENTHIN L, WALLASCHOFSKI H, GROTEVENDT A, VÖLZKE H, NAUCK M, HANNEMANN A: Association between serum vitamin D concentrations and inflammatory markers in the general adult population. Metabolism 2014; 63: 1056-62.
70. CUTOLO M: Further emergent evidence for the vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic disease risk and prognosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 473-5.
71. CUTOLO M, PIZZORNI C, SULLI A: Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 11: 84-7.
72. SASANO H, MIKI Y, NAGASAKI S, SUZUKI T: In situ estrogen production and its regulation in human breast carcinoma: from endocrinology to intracrinology. Pathol Int 2009; 59: 777-89.
73. CUTOLO M, SULLI A, STRAUB RH: Estrogen metabolism and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11: A460-4.
74. CUTOLO M, PAOLINO S, SULLI A, SMITH V, PIZZORNI C, SERIOLO B: Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1317: 39-46.
75. KRISHNAN AV, SWAMI S, PENG L, WANG J, MORENO J, FELDMAN D: Tissue-selective regulation of aromatase expression by calcitriol: implications for breast cancer therapy. Endocrinology 2010; 5: 32-42.
76. KRISHNAN AV, SWAMI S, FELDMAN D: Vitamin D and breast cancer: inhibition of estrogen synthesis and signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121: 343-8.
77. KRISHNAN AV, SWAMI S, FELDMAN D: The potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Steroids 2012; 77: 1107-12.
78. FELDMAN D, KRISHNAN AV, SWAMI S, GIOVANNUCCI E, FELDMAN BJ: The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14: 342-57.
79. GARLAND CF, GORHAM ED, MOHR SB et al.: Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103: 708-11.
80. ABBAS S, LINSEISEN J, SLANGER T et al.: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of post-menopausal breast cancer - results of a large case-control study. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29: 93-9.
81. LAPPE JM, TRAVERS-GUSTAFSON D, DAVIES KM, RECKER RR, HEANEY RP: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1586-91.
82. CHLEBOWSKI RT, JOHNSON KC, KOOPERBERG C et al.: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 1581-91.
83. HUMMEL DM1, FETAHU IS, GRÖSCHEL C, MANHARDT T, KÁLLAY E: Role of proinflammatory cytokines on expression of vitamin D metabolism and target genes in colon cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A: 91-5.
84. BYERS SW, ROWLANDS T, BEILDECK M, BONG Y: Mechanism of action of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012; 13: 31-8.
85. KRISHNAN AV, FELDMAN D: Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51: 311-36.
86. ILIOPOULOS D: MicroRNA circuits regulate the cancer-inflammation link. Sci Signal 2014; 7: pe8.
87. Di LEVA G, GAROFALO M, CROCE CM: MicroRNAs in cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 2014; 9: 287-314.
88. SINGH RP, MASSACHI I, MANICKAVEL S et al.: The role of miRNA in inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12: 1160-5.
89. LIU J, SHI W, WU C, JU J, JIANG J: miR-181b as a key regulator of the oncogenic process and its clinical implications in cancer (Review). Biomed Rep 2014; 2: 7-11.
90. BOTTINI N, FIRESTEIN GS: Epigenetics in rheumatoid arthritis: a primer for rheumatologists. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013; 15:372-9.
91. XU T, HUANG C, CHEN Z, LI J: MicroRNA-323-3p: a new biomarker and potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2014; 34: 721-2.
92. DENG Y, ZHAO J, SAKURAI D et al.: Micro-RNA-3148 modulates allelic expression of toll-like receptor 7 variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet 2013; 9: e1003336.
93. SHI H, ZHENG LY, ZHANG P, YU CQ: miR-146a and miR-155 expression in PBMCs from patients with Sjögren's syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 792-7.
94. ZHU H1, LUO H, ZUO X: MicroRNAs: their involvement in fibrosis pathogenesis and use as diagnostic biomarkers in scleroderma. Exp Mol Med 2013; 20; 45: e41.
95. CIECHOMSKA M, van LAAR JM, O'REILLY S: Emerging role of epigenetics in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. Genes Immun 2014; 15: 433-39.
96. GUO Z, WU R, GONG J et al.: Altered microRNAs expression in inflamed and non-inflamed terminal ileal mucosa of adult patients with active Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014 Jun 9. doi: 10.1111/jgh.12644 [Epub ahead of print].
97. SCHAMBERGER AC, MISE N, MEINERS S, EICKELBERG O: Epigenetic mechanisms in COPD: implications for pathogenesis and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9: 609-28.
98. BAI J1, LI Y, SHAO T et al.: Integrating analysis reveals microRNA-mediated pathway crosstalk among Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. Mol Biosyst 2014; 10: 2317-28.
99. KIDANE D, CHAE WJ, CZOCHOR J et al.: Interplay between DNA repair and inflammation, and the link to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49: 116-39.
100. MA J, LIU J, WANG Z et al.: NF-kappaB-dependent MicroRNA-425 upregulation promotes gastric cancer cell growth by targeting PTEN upon IL-1ß induction. Mol Cancer 2014; 13: 40.
101. WANG L, ZHANG LF, WU J et al.: IL-1ß-mediated repression of microRNA-101 is crucial for inflammation-promoted lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74: 4720-30.
102. OLIVIERI F, RIPPO MR, MONSURRÒ V et al.: MicroRNAs linking inflamm-aging, cellular senescence and cancer. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12: 1056-68.
103. OSPELT C, GAY S: Epigenetics in inflammatory systemic diseases. Internist (Berl). 2014; 55: 124-7.
104. CUTOLO M: Chronobiology and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24: 312-8.
105. CUTOLO M, STRAUB RH: Circadian rhythms in arthritis: hormonal effects on the immune/inflammatory reaction. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7: 223-8.
106. TO H, YOSHIMATSU H, TOMONARI M et al.: Methotrexate chronotherapy is effective against rheumatoid arthritis. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28: 267-74.
107. CUTOLO M: Rheumatoid. arthritis: circadian and circannual rhythms in RA. Nature Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7: 500-2.
108. MAZZOCCOLI G, SOTHERN RB, FRANCAVILLA M et al.: Hormone and cytokine circadian alteration in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25: 691-702.
109. ROSSETTI S, CORLAZZOLI F, GREGORSKI A, AZMI NH, SACCHI N: Identification of an estrogen-regulated circadian mechanism necessary for breast acinar morphogenesis. Cell Cycle 2012; 11: 3691-700.
110. CUTOLO M, SULLI A, BARONE A, SERIOLO B, ACCARDO S: Sex hormones, proto-oncogene expression and apoptosis: their effects on rheumatoid synovial tissue. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14: 87-94.
111. CUTOLO M, SULLI A, STRAUB RH: Estrogen's effects in chronic autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and progression to cancer. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10: 31-9.