Complex population dynamics: A theoretical/empirical synthesis

Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-450

  Turchin, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924331954     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (459)

1. Aarsen, L. W. 1997. On the progress of ecology. Oikos 80:177-178.
2. Abrams, P. A. 1977. Density-independent mortality and interspecific competition:A test of Pianka's niche overlap hypothesis. American Naturalist 111:539-552.
3. Abrams, P. A. 1994. The fallacies of "ratio-dependent" predation. Ecology 75:1842-1850.
4. Abrams, P. A. 1998. Apparent competition or apparent mutualism? Shared predation when populations cycle. Ecology 79:201-212.
5. Abrams, P. A. 2000. The impact of habitat selection on the heterogeneity of resources in varying environments. Ecology 81:2902-2913.
6. Abrams, P. A., and L. R. Ginzburg. 2000. The nature of predation: Prey dependent, ratio dependent, or neither? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:337-341.
7. Abrams, P. A., and J. D. Roth. 1994. The effects of enrichment of threespecies food chains with nonlinear functional responses. Ecology 75:1118-1130.
8. Aeschlimann, J. P. 1969. Contribution a l'étude de trois espèce d'Eulophides [Hym. Chalcidoidea] parasites de la tordeuse grise du mélèze, Zeiraphera diniana Guenee [Lep. Tortricidae] en Haut-Engadine. Entomophaga 14:261-320.
9. Ågren, G. I., and E. Bosatta. 1996. Theoretical ecosystems ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
10. Akcakaya, H. R. 1992. Population cycles of mammals: Evidence for a ratiodependent predation hypothesis. Ecological Monographs 62:119-142.
11. Akcakaya, R., R. Arditi, and L. R. Ginzburg. 1995. Ratio-dependent predation:An abstraction that works. Ecology 76:995-1004.
12. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May. 1978. Regulation and stability of hostparasite population interactions. I. Regulatory processes. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:219-247.
13. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May. 1980. Infectious diseases and population cycles of forest insects. Science 210:658-661.
14. Anderson, R. M., and R. M. May. 1991. Infectious diseases of humans:Dynamics and control. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Andersson, M., and S. Erlinge. 1977. Influence of predation on rodent populations. Oikos 29:591-597.
16. Andrewartha, H. G. 1957. The use of conceptual models in population ecology. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22:219-232.
17. Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
18. Arditi, R., and L. R. Ginzburg. 1989. Coupling in predator-prey dynamics:Ratio-dependence. Journal of Theoretical Biology 139:311-326.
19. Auer, C. 1977. Dynamik von Lärchenwicklerpopulationen längs des Alpenbogens. Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Anstalt für forstliches Versuchswesen 53:71-105.
20. Bailey, B., E. Ellner, and D. Nychka. 1997. Chaos with confidence: Asymptotics and applications of local Lyapunov exponents. In C. Cutler and D. T. Kaplan, editors, Nonlinear dynamics and time series:Building a bridge between natural and statistical sciences. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.
21. Baltensweiler, W. 1958. Zur Kenntnuis der Parasiten des Grauen Larchenwichlers (Zeiraphera griseana Hubner) in Oberengadin. Mitteilungen der Eidgenössen Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen 34:399-477.
22. Baltensweiler, W. 1977. Colour-polymorphism and dynamics of larch budmoth populations (Zeiraphera diniana Gn., Lep. Tortricidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 50:15-23.
23. Baltensweiler, W. 1993a. A contribution to the explanation of the larch bud moth cycle, the polymorphic fitness hypothesis. Oecologia 93:251-255.
24. Baltensweiler, W. 1993b. Why the larch bud-moth cycle collapsed in the subalpine larch-cembran pine forests in the year 1990 for the first time since 1850. Oecologia 94:62-66.
25. Baltensweiler, W., and A. Fischlin. 1988. The larch budmoth in the Alps. Pages 331-351 in A. A. Berryman, editor, Dynamics of forest insect populations:Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York.
26. Barras, S. J. 1970. Antagonism between Dendroctonus frontalis and the fungus Ceratocystis minor. Annals of Entomological Society of America 63:1187-1190.
27. Bartlett, M. S. 1966. An introduction to stochastic processes. Cambridge University Press, London.
28. Batzli, G. O. 1992. Dynamics of small mammal populations: A review. Pages 831-850 in D. R. McCullough and R. H. Barrett, editors, Wildlife 2001:P opulations. Elsevier, London.
29. Batzli, G. O. 1993. Food selection lemmings. Pages 831-850 in N. C. Stenseth and R. A. Ims, editors, The biology of lemmings. Academic Press, London.
30. Batzli, G. O. 1996. Population cycles revisited. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:488-489.
31. Bazykin, A. D. 1974. Sistema Volterra i uravnenie Mihaelisa-Menten. Pages 103-143 in Voprosy matematicheskoy genetiki. Nauka, Novosibirsk, Russia.
32. Beal, J. A. 1927. Weather as a factor in southern pine beetle control. Journal of Forestry 25:741-742.
33. Beal, J. A. 1933. Temperature extremes as a factor in the ecology of the southern pine beetle. Journal of Forestry 31:328-336.
34. Beddington, J. R. 1975. Mutual interference between parasites or predators and its effect on searching efficiency. Journal of Animal Ecology 44:331-340.
35. Beddington, J. R., C. A. Free, and J. H. Lawton. 1976a. Dynamic complexity in predator-prey model framed in simple difference equations. Nature 225:58-60.
36. Beddington, J. R., M. P. Hassell, and J. H. Lawton. 1976b. The components of arthropod predation. II. The predator rate of increase. Journal of Animal Ecology 45:165-185.
37. Benz, G. 1974. Negative Ruckkopelung durch Raum- und Nahrungskonkurrenz sowie zyklische Veranderung der Nahrungsgrundlage als Regelsprinzip in der Popultionsdynamik des Grauen Larchenwicklers, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenee) (Lep. Tortricidae). Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie 76:196-228.
38. Berisford, C. W. 1980. Natural enemies and associated organisms. Pages 31-54 in R. C. Thatcher, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster, and G. D. Hertel, editors, The southern pine beetle. USDA-Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1631. US Department of Agriculture, Pineville, La.
39. Berryman, A. A. 1976. Theoretical explanation of mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests. Environmental Entomology 5:1225-1233.
40. Berryman, A. A. 1978. Population cycles of the douglas-fir tussock moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae): The time-delay hypothesis. Canadian Entomologist 110:513-518.
41. Berryman, A. A. 1991. Population theory: An essential ingredient in pest prediction, management, and policy making. American Entomologist 37:138-142.
42. Berryman, A. A. 1999. Principles of population dynamics and their application. Stanley Thornes Publishers, Cheltenham, UK.
43. Berryman, A. A. 2002. Population: A central concept for ecology? Oikos forthcoming.
44. Berryman, A. A., M. Lima, and B. A. Hawkins. subm. Population regulation, emergent properties, and a requiem for density dependence. Oikos.
45. Berryman, A. A., N. C. Stenseth, and A. S. Isaev. 1987. Natural regulation of herbivorous forest insect populations. Oecologia 71:174-184.
46. Berryman, A. A., N. C. Stenseth, and D. J. Wollkind. 1984. Metastability of forest ecosystems infested by bark beetles. Researches in Population Ecology 26:13-29.
47. Berryman, A. A., and P. Turchin. 2001. Identifying the density-dependent structure underlying ecological time series. Oikos 92:265-270.
48. Berryman, D., B. Bobée, D. Cluis, and J. Haemmerli. 1988. Nonparametric tests for trend detection in water quality time series. Water Resources Bulletin 24:545-556.
49. Billings, R. F. 1979. Detecting and aerially evaluating southern pine beetle outbreaks. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 3:50-54.
50. Billings, R. F. 1990. Southern pine beetle: A decline in 1990? Texas Forestry 31:8-9.
51. Bjornstad, O. 2001. Chitty cycles-at last! Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16.
52. Boonstra, R. 1994. Population cycles in microtines: The senescence hypothesis. Evolutionary Ecology 8:196-219.
53. Boonstra, R., D. Hik, G. R. Singleton, and A. Tinnikov. 1998. The impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecological Monographs 79:371-394.
54. Boutin, S. 1984. Effect of late winter food addition on numbers and movements of snowshoe hares. Oecologia 62:393-400.
55. Boutin, S. 1992. Predation and moose population dynamics: A critique. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:116-127.
56. Bowers, R. G., M. Begon, and D. E. Hodgkinson. 1993. Host-pathogen population cycles in forest insects? Lessons from simple models reconsidered. Oikos 67:529-538.
57. Box, G.E.P., and D. R. Cox. 1964. An analysis of transformations. Journal of Royal Statistical Society B 26:211-252.
58. Box, G.E.P., and N. R. Draper. 1987. Empirical model-building and response surfaces. Wiley and Sons, New York.
59. Box, G.E.P., and G. M. Jenkins. 1976. Time series analysis:F orecasting and control. Holden Day, Oakland, Calif.
60. Boyce, M. S., and E. M. Anderson. 1999. Evaluating the role of carinvores in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Pages 265-283 in T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, and P. M. Kareiva, editors, Carnivores in ecosystems. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
61. Brooks, R. T., H. R. Smith, and W. M. Healy. 1998. Small-mammal abundance at three elevations on a mountain in central Vermont, USA: A sixteen-year record. Forest Ecology and Management 110:181-193.
62. Brown, J. H. 1997. An ecological perspective on the challenge of complexity. EcoEssay Series Number 1. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. Santa Barbara, Calif. http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/fmt/doc?/nceas-web/resources/ecoessay/brown/.
63. Bulmer, M. G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10-year cycle in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 43:701-718.
64. Burnett, T. 1958. Effect of host distribution on the reproduction of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Canadian Entomologist 90:179-191.
65. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 1998. Model selection and inference:A practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York.
66. Calder, W. A. 1983. An allometric approach to population cycles of mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 100:275-282.
67. Camus, P. A., and P. Lima. 2001. Populations, metapopulations, and the openclosed dilemma: The conflict between operational and natural population concepts. Oikos, forthcoming.
68. Cappuccino, N., and S. Harrison. 1996. Density-perturbation experiments for understanding population regulation. Pages 53-64 in R. B. Floyd, A. W. Sheppard, and P. J. De Barro, editors, Frontiers of population ecology. CSIRO.
69. Casdagli, M., S. Eubank, J. D. Farmer, and J. Gibson. 1991. State space reconstruction in the presence of noise. Physica D 51:52-98.
70. Caswell, H. 2000. Matrix population models:Construction, analysis, and interpretation. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
71. Caswell, H., R. M. Nisbet, A. M. de Roos, and S. Tuljapurkar. 1997. Structured population models: Many methods, a few basic concepts. Pages 3-18 in S. Tuljapurkar and H. Caswell, editors, Structured-population models in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
72. Caughley, G., and J. Lawton. 1981. Plant-herbivore systems. Pages 132-166 in R. M. May, editor, Theoretical ecology:principles and applications. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
73. Chapman, R. N. 1928. Quantitative analysis of environmental factors. Ecology 9:111-122.
74. Charnov, E. L., and J. P. Finerty. 1980. Vole population cycles: A case for kin-selection? Oecologia 45:1-2.
75. Chatfield, C. 1989. The analysis of time series:An introduction. 4th edition. Chapman and Hall, London.
76. Cheng, B., and H. Tong. 1992. On consistent nonparametric order determination and chaos. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 54:427-449.
77. Cheng, B., and H. Tong. 1996. Orthogonal projection, embedding dimension, and sample size in chaotic time-series from a statistical perspective. Pages 1-30 in H. Tong, editor, Chaos and forecasting:Proceedings of the Royal Society discussion meeting. World Scientific, Singapore.
78. Chernyavsky, F. B., and I. V. Dorogoy. 1988. Relations between myophagous predators and lemmings in Arctic ecosystem (with Wrangel Island taken as an example). Zhurnal Obschei Biologii 49:813-824.
79. Chernyavsky, F. B., S. P. Kiryuschenko, and T. V. Kiryuschenko. 1981. Materials on the winter ecology of the brown (Lemmus sibiricus) and collared (Dicrostonyx torquatus) lemmings. Pages 99-122 in V. G. Krivosheev, editor, Ecology of mammals and birds of Wrangel Island. USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok.
80. Chernyavsky, F. B., and A. V. Tkachev. 1982. Population cycles of lemmings in the Arctic:Ecolo gical and endocrine aspects (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow.
81. Cherrett, J. M. 1988. Key concepts: The results of a survey of our members' opinions. Pages 1-16 in J. M. Cherrett, editor, Ecological concepts. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
82. Chesson, P. L. 1978. Predator-prey theory and variability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:323-347.
83. Chesson, P. L. 1981. Models for spatially distributed populations: The effect of within-patch variability. Theoretical Population Biology 19:288-325.
84. Chesson, P. L. 1982. The stabilizing effect of a random environment. Journal of Mathematical Biology 15:1-36.
85. Chitty, D. 1967. The natural selection of self-regulatory behavior in animal populations. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 2:51-78.
86. Chitty, D. 1996. Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypothesis and ugly facts. Oxford University Press, New York.
87. Cole, L. C. 1951. Population cycles and random oscillations. Journal of Wildlife Management 15:233-252.
88. Cooper, G. 2001. The balance of nature controversy in population ecology. Biology and Philosophy, in press.
89. Costantino, R. F., J. M. Cushing, B. Dennis, and R. A. Desharnais. 1995. Experimentally induced transitions in the dynamic behaviour of insect populations. Nature 375:227-230.
90. Costantino, R. F., R. A. Desharnais, J. M. Cushing, and B. Dennis. 1997. Chaotic dynamics in an insect population. Science 275:389-391.
91. Craighead, F. C. 1925. Bark beetle epidemics and rainfall deficiency. Journal of Economic Entomology 18:557-586.
92. Crawley, M. J. 1983. Herbivory:The dynamics of animal-plant interactions. University of California Press, Berkeley.
93. Crete, M. 1987. The impact of sport hunting on North American moose. Swedish Wildlife Research Supplement 1:553-563.
94. Crete, M. 1998. Ecological correlates of regional variation in life history of the moose Alces alces: Comment. Ecology 79:1836-1838.
95. Crete, M., and J. Bédard. 1975. Daily browse consumption by moose in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:368-373.
96. Crowcroft, P. 1991. Elton's ecologists. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
97. DeAngelis, D. L., R. L. Goldstein, and R. V. O'Neill. 1975. A model for trophic interaction. Ecology 56:881-892.
98. Debrot, S. 1981. Trophic relations between the stoat (Mustela erminea) and its prey, mainly the water vole (Arvicola terrestris Sherman). Pages 1259-1289 in J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley, editors, Worldwide Furbearer Conference proceedings, vol. II. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Md.
99. Delucchi, V. 1982. Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Zeiraphera diniana (Lep., Tortricidae) and their role in population control in outbreak areas. Entomophaga 27:77-92.
100. Delucchi, V., and A. Renfer. 1977. The level of abundance of Phytodietus griseanae Kerrich (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) determined by its host Zeiraphera diniana Guenee (Lep., Tortricidae) at high altitude. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 50:233-248.
101. Den Boer, P. J., and J. Reddingius. 1996. Regulation and stabilization paradigms in population ecology. Chapman and Hall, London.
102. Dennis, B., R. A. Desharnais, J. M. Cushing, and R. F. Costantino. 1995. Nonlinear demographic dynamics: Mathematical models, statistical methods, and biological experiments. Ecological Monographs 65:261-281.
103. Dennis, B., and B. Taper. 1994. Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: Estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs 64:205-224.
104. Dixon, A.F.G. 1990. Population dynamics and abundance of deciduous treedwelling aphids. Pages 11-23 in A. D. Watt, S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter, and N. A. C. Kidd, editors, Population dynamics of forest insects. Intercept, Andover, Hampshire, UK.
105. Dobson, A. P., and P. J. Hudson. 1992. Regulation and stability of a freeliving host-parasite system: Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. II. Population models. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:487-498.
106. Dombrovsky, V. V. 1971. Principles of fluctuations in the abundance of Microtus arvalis Pall. in natural foci of tularemia in the Moscow province, associated with landscape features and human activity (in Russian). Fauna and Ecology of Rodents 10:199-216.
107. Dunn, J. P., and P. L. Lorio. 1993. Modified water regimes affect photosynthesis, xylem water potential, cambial growth, and resistance of juvenile Pinus taeda L. to Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology 22: 948.
108. Durant, S. M. 1998. Competition refuges and coexistence: an example from Serengeti carnivores. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:370-386.
109. Dwyer, G., J. Dushoff, J. S. Elkinton, and S. A. Levin. 2000. Pathogen-driven cycles in forest defoliators revisited: Building models from experimental data. American Naturalist 156:105-120.
110. Easterling, M. R., S. P. Ellner, and P. Dixon. 2000. Size-specific sensitivity:Applying a new structured population model. Ecology 81:694-708.
111. Eberhardt, L. L. 1997. Is wolf predation ratio-dependent? Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1940-1944.
112. Eberhardt, L. L. 1998. Applying difference equations to wolf predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:380-386.
113. Eberhardt, L. L. 2000. Reply: Predator-prey ratio dependence and regulation of moose populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:511-513.
114. Ekerholm, P., L. Oksanen, and T. Oksanen. 2001. Long-term dynamics of voles and lemmings at the timberline and above the willow limit as a test of hypothesis on trophic interactions. Ecography 24:555-568.
115. Eckmann, J.-P., and D. Ruelle. 1985. Ergodic theory of chaos and strange attractors. Review of Modern Physics 57:617-656.
116. Edelstein-Keshet, L. 1984. Mathematical theory for plant-herbivore systems. Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems, Providence, R.I.
117. Edelstein-Keshet, L. 1988. Mathematical models in biology. Random House, New York.
118. Edelstein-Keshet, L., and M. D. Rausher. 1989. The effects of inducible plant defenses on herbivore populations. I. Mobile herbivores in continuous time. American Naturalist 133:787-810.
119. Ellner, S. 1989. Inferring the causes of population fluctuations. Pages 286-307 in C. Castillo-Chavez, S. A. Levin, and C. A. Shoemaker, editors, Mathematical approaches to problems in resource management and epidemiology, Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, vol. 81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
120. Ellner, S., B. Bailey, G. Bobashev, A. R. Gallant, B. Grenfell, and D. W. Nychka. 1998. Noise and nonlinearity in measles epidemics: Combining mechanistic and statistical approaches to population modeling. American Naturalist 151:425-440.
121. Ellner, S., and P. Turchin. 1995. Chaos in a noisy world: New methods and evidence from time series analysis. American Naturalist 145:343-375.
122. Elton, C. 1949. Population interspersion: An essay on animal community patterns. Journal of Ecology 37:1-23.
123. Elton, C., and M. Nicholson. 1942. The ten-year cycle in numbers of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 11:215-244.
124. Elton, C. S. 1924. Periodic fluctuations in the number of animals: Their causes and effects. British Journal of Experimental Biology 2:119-163.
125. Erlinge, S., G. Goransson, L. Hansson, G. Hogstedt, O. Liberg, I. N. Nilsson, T. von Schantz, and M. Sylven. 1983. Predation as a regulating factor on small rodent populations in southern Sweden. Oikos 40:36-52.
126. Errington, P. L. 1963. The phenomenon of predation. American Scientist 51:180-192.
127. Evsikov, V. I., and M. P. Mosjkin. 1994. Dynamics and homeostasis of natural animal populations. Siberian Journal of Ecology 4:323-337.
128. Fagerstrom, T. 1987. On theory, data, and mathematics in ecology. Oikos 50:258-261.
129. Falck, W., O. N. Bjornstad, and N. C. Stenseth. 1995. Bootstrap estimated uncertainty of the dominant Lyapunov exponent for Holarctic microtine rodents. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 261:159-165.
130. Finerty, J. P. 1979. Cycles in Canadian lynx. American Naturalist 114:453-455.
131. Finerty, J. P. 1980. The population ecology of cycles in small mammals. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
132. Fischlin, A. 1982. Analyse eines wald-insekten-systems: Der subalpine Lärchenarvenwald und der graue Lärchenwickler Zeiraphera diniana Gn. (Lep., Torticidae). Ph.D. dissertation no. 6977. ETH, Zurich.
133. Fischlin, A., and W. Baltensweiler. 1979. Systems analysis of the larch bud moth system. Part 1: the larch-larch bud moth relationship. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 52:273-289.
134. Fisher, R. A. 1937. The wave of advance of advantageous genes. Ann Eugen 7:355-369.
135. Flamm, R. O., R. N. Coulson, and T. L. Payne. 1988. The southern pine beetle. Pages 531-553 in A. A. Berryman, editor, Dynamics of forest insect populations. Plenum Press, New York.
136. Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. 1996. Response by wolves to prey variation in central Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1511-1520.
137. Framstad, E., N. C. Stenseth, O. N. Bjornstad, and W. Falck. 1997. Limit cycles in Norwegian lemmings: Tensions between phase-dependence and density dependence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264:31-38.
138. Fryxell, J., J. Falls, and R. Brooks. 1998. Long-term dynamics of smallmammal population in Ontario. Ecology 79:213-228.
139. Fryxell, J. M. 1988. Population dynamics of Newfoundland moose using cohort analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:14-21.
140. Fryxell, J. M., D.J.T. Hussell, A. B. Lambert, and P. C. Smith. 1991. Time lags and population fluctuations in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:377-385.
141. Fuller, T. K., and L. B. Keith. 1980. Wolf population dynamics and prey relationships in northeastern Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:583-602.
142. Garsd, A., and W. E. Howard. 1981. A 19-year study of microtine population fluctuations using time-series analysis. Ecology 62:930-937.
143. Gasaway, W., and J. W. Coady. 1974. Review of energy requirements and rumen fermentation in moose and other ruminants. Naturaliste Canadien 101:227-262.
144. Getz, L. L., J. E. Hoffman, L. Verner, F. R. Cole, and R. L. Lindroth. 1987. Fourteen years of population fluctuations of Microtus ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in east central Illinois. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65:1317-1325.
145. Getz, W. 1991. A unified approach to multispecies modeling. Natural Resource Modeling 5:393-421.
146. Gilbert, B. S., and C. J. Krebs. 1991. Population dynamics of Clethrionomys and Peromiscus in southwestern Yukon, 1973-1989. Holarctic Ecology 14:250-259.
147. Gilpin, M. E. 1973. Do hares eat lynx? American Naturalist 107:727-730.
148. Ginzburg, L. R. 1970. On the dynamics and control of population age structure (in Russian). Problemy Kibernetiki 23:261-274.
149. Ginzburg, L. R. 1986. The theory of population dynamics. I. Back to first principles. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122:385-399.
150. Ginzburg, L. R. 1998. Assuming reproduction to be a function of consumption raises doubts about some popular predator-prey models. Journal of Animal Ecololgy 67:325-327.
151. Ginzburg, L. R., and P. Inchausti. 1997. Asymmetry of population cycles:Abundance-growth representation of hidden causes in ecological dynamics. Oikos 80:435-447.
152. Ginzburg, L. R., and D. E. Taneyhill. 1994. Population cycles of forest Lepidoptera:A maternal effect hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:79-92.
153. Gleick, J. 1988. Chaos:Making a new science. Viking, New York.
154. Godfray, H.C.J. 1994. Parasitoids:Behavior al and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
155. Gotelli, N. J. 1995. A primer of ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
156. Goyer, R., and J. Hayes. 1991. Understanding the southern pine beetle. Forests and People 1991 (4th quarter):10.
157. Green, R. G., and C. A. Evans. 1940. Studies on a population cycle of snowshoe hares in the Lake Alexander area. I. Gross annual censuses, 1932-1939. Journal of Wildlife Management 4:220-238.
158. Gurney, W.S.C., and R. M. Nisbet. 1998. Ecological dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York.
159. Hanski, I. 1990. Density-dependence, regulation, and variability in animal populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 330:141-150.
160. Hanski, I., L. Hansson, and H. Henttonen. 1991. Specialist predators, generalist predators, and the microtine rodent cycle. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:353-367.
161. Hanski, I., and H. Henttonen. 1996. Predation on competing rodent species:A simple explanation of complex patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 65:220-232.
162. Hanski, I., H. Henttonen, and L. Hansson. 1994. Temporal variability and geographic patterns in the population density of microtine rodents: A reply to Xia and Boonstra. American Naturalist 144:329-342.
163. Hanski, I., H. Henttonen, E. Korpimäki, L. Oksanen, and P. Turchin. 2001. Small rodent dynamics and predation. Ecology 82:1505-1520.
164. Hanski, I., and E. Korpimäki. 1995. Microtine rodent dynamics in northern Europe: Parameterized models for the predator-prey interaction. Ecology 76:840-850.
165. Hanski, I., P. Turchin, E. Korpimäki, and H. Henttonen. 1993. Population oscillations of boreal rodents: Regulation by mustelid predators leads to chaos. Nature 364:232-235.
166. Hansson, L. 1987. An interpretation of rodent dynamics as due to trophic interactions. Oikos 50:308-318.
167. Hansson, L. 1999. Intraspecific variation in dynamics: Small rodents between food and predation in changing landscapes. Oikos 86:159-169.
168. Hansson, L., and H. Henttonen. 1985. Gradients in density variations of small rodents: The importance of latitude and snow cover. Oecologia 67:394-402.
169. Hansson, L., and H. Henttonen. 1988. Rodent dynamics as a community process. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3:195-200.
170. Harrison, G. W. 1995. Comparing predator-prey models to Luckinbill's experiment with Didinium and Paramecium. Ecology 76:357-374.
171. Hassell, M. P. 1978. The dynamics of arthropod predator-prey systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
172. Hassell, M. P., M. J. Crawley, H.C.J. Godfray, and J. H. Lawton. 1998. Topdown versus bottom-up and the Ruritanian bean bug. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 95:10661-10664.
173. Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton, and R. M. May. 1976. Patterns of dynamical behavior in single species populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 45:471-486.
174. Hassell, M. P., and G. C. Varley. 1969. New inductive population model for insect parasites and its bearing on biological control. Nature 223:1133-1136.
175. Hastings, A., and K. Higgins. 1994. Persistence of transients in spatially structured ecological models. Science 263:1133-1136.
176. Hastings, A., and T. Powell. 1991. Chaos in a three-species food chain. Ecology 72:896-903.
177. Haukioja, E., S. Neuvonen, S. Hanhimaki, and P. Niemelä. 1987. The autumnal moth in Fennoscandia. Pages 163-178 in A. A. Berryman, editor, Dynamics of forest insect populations. Plenum Press, New York.
178. Hendry, R., P. J. Bacon, R. Moss, S.C.F. Palmer, and J. McGlade. 1997. A two-dimensional individual-based model of territorial behaviour: Possible population consequences of kinship in red grouse. Ecological Modelling 105:23-39.
179. Henttonen, H., and I. Hanski. 2000. Population dynamics of small rodents in northern Fennoscandia. Pages 73-96 in J. N. Perry, R. H. Smith, I. P. Woiwod, and D. Morse, editors, Chaos in real data. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
180. Henttonen, H., T. Oksanen, A. Jortikka, and V. Haukislami. 1987. How much do weasels shape microtine cycles in the northern Fennoscandian taiga? Oikos 50:353-365.
181. Herren, H. R. 1976. Manipulation d'une population de la tordeuse grise du mélèze en vue d'augmenter l'efficacité de ses parasitoids. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 49:307-308.
182. Herren, H. R. 1977. Le role des eulophides dans la gradation de la tordeuse grise de mélèze, Zeiraphera diniana Guenee (Lep., Tortricidae) en Haute-Engadine. Ph.D. dissertation no. 6037. ETH, Zurich.
183. Hik, D. 1995. Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Evidence from the cyclic decline of snowshoe hares. Wildlife Research 22:115-129.
184. Hilborn, R., and M. Mangel. 1997. The ecological detective. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
185. Hodges, J. D., W. W. Elam, W. F. Watson, and N. E. Nebecker. 1979. Oleoresin characteristics and susceptibility of four southern pines to southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacks. Canadian Entomologist 111:889-896.
186. Holling, C. S. 1959. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation on the European pine sawfly. Canadian Entomologist 91:293-320.
187. Holling, C. S. 1965. The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 45:5-60.
188. Holsinger, K. E. 2000. Demography and extinction in small populations. Pages 55-74 in A. Young and G. Clarke, editors, Genetics, demography, and variability of fragmented populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
189. Holt, R. D. 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12:197-229.
190. Holt, R. D., and J. H. Lawton. 1993. Apparent competition and enemyfree space in insect host-parasitoid communities. American Naturalist 142:623-645.
191. Hörnfeldt, B. 1994. Delayed density dependence as a determinant of vole cycles. Ecology 75:791-806.
192. Hudson, P., A. P. Dobson, and D. Newborn. 1999. Population cycles and parasitism: Response. Science 286: 2425a.
193. Hudson, P. J. 1986. The effect of a parisitic nematode on the breeding production of the ref grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology 55:85-92.
194. Hudson, P. J. 1992. Grouse in space and time:The population biology of a managed gamebird. Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, UK.
195. Hudson, P. J., and A. P. Dobson. 1996. Transmission dynamics and hostparasite interactions of Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse. Journal of Parasitology 83:194-202.
196. Hudson, P. J., A. P. Dobson, and D. Newborn. 1998. Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science 282:2256-2258.
197. Hudson, P. J., A. P. Dobson, and D. Newborn. 2002. Parasitic nematodes and population cycles of red grouse. In A. A. Berryman, editor, Population cycles:Evidence for trophic interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
198. Hudson, P. J., D. Newborn, and A. P. Dobson. 1992. Regulation and stability of a free-living host-prasite system: Trichostrongylus tenius in red grouse. I. Monitoring and parasite reduction experiments. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:477-486.
199. Hunter, A. F., and G. Dwyer. 1998. Outbreaks and interactive factors: Insect population explosions synthesized and dissected. Integrative Biology 1:166-177.
200. Hutchinson, G. E. 1948. Circular causal systems in ecology. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 50:221-246.
201. Inchausti, P., and L. R. Ginzburg. 1998. Small mammals cycles in northern Europe: Patterns and evidence for a maternal effect hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:180-194.
202. Ivankina, E. V. 1987. Numerical dynamics and population structure of bank vole near Moscow. Ph.D. dissertation. Moscow University, Moscow.
203. Ivanter, E. V. 1981. Population dynamics. Pages 245-267 in N. V. Bashenina, editor, The European red vole (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow.
204. Ives, A. R., and D. L. Murray. 1997. Can sublethal parasitism destabilize predator-prey population dynamics? A model of showshoe hares, predators, and parasites. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:265-278.
205. Ivlev, V. S. 1961. Experimental ecology of feeding fishes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
206. Jassby, A. D., and T. M. Powell. 1990. Detecting changes in ecological time series. Ecology 71:2044-2052.
207. Jedrzejewski, W., and B. Jedrzejewska. 1996. Rodent cycles in relation to biomass and productivity of ground vegetation and predation in the Palearctic. Acta Theriologica 41:1-34.
208. Jones, J. W. 1914. Fur farming in Canada. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa.
209. Jorde, P. E., R. Boonstra, N. C. Stenseth, N. G. Yoccoz, and E. Tkadlec. 2002. Microtine rodent population cycles: Maternal effects and seasonality. Unpublished manuscript.
210. Kalkstein, L. S. 1981. An improved technique to evaluate climate-southern pine beetle relationships. Forest Science 27:579-589.
211. Keith, L. B. 1963. Wildlife's ten-year cycle. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
212. Keith, L. B. 1974. Some features of population dynamics in mammals. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists 11:17-58.
213. Keith, L. B. 1990. Dynamics of snowshoe hare populations. Pages 119-195 in H. H. Genoways, editor, Current mammalogy. Plenum Press, New York.
214. Keith, L. B., J. R. Cary, O. J. Rongstad, and M. C. Brittingham. 1984. Demography and ecology of a declining snowshoe hare population. Wildlife Management 90:1-43.
215. Keith, L. B., A. W. Todd, C. J. Brand, R. S. Adamcik, and D. H. Rusch. 1977. An analysis of predation during a cyclic fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Proceedings of International Congress of Game Biologists 13:151-175.
216. Keith, L. B., and L. A. Windberg. 1978. A demographic analysis of the snowshoe hare cycle. Wildlife Monographs 58.
217. Kendall, B. E., C. J. Briggs, W. W. Murdoch, P. Turchin, S. P. Ellner, E. McCauley, R. M. Nisbet, and S. N. Wood. 1999. Why do populations cycle? A synthesis of statistical and mechanistic modeling approaches. Ecology 80:1789-1805.
218. Kendall, B. E., J. Predergast, and O. N. Bjornstad. 1998. The macroecology of population dynamics: Taxonomic and biogeographic patterns in population cycles. Ecology Letters 1:160-164.
219. Kendall, B. E., W. M. Schaffer, and C. W. Tidd. 1993. Transient periodicity in chaos. Physics Letters A 177:13-20.
220. King, A. A., and W. M. Schaffer. 1999. The rainbow bridge: Hamiltonian limits and resonance in predator-prey dynamics. Journal of Mathematical Biology 39:439-469.
221. King, A. A., and W. M. Schaffer. 2001. The geometry of a population cycle: A mechanistic model of snowshoe hare demography. Ecology 82:814-830.
222. King, E. W. 1972. Rainfall and epidemics of the southern pine beetle. Environmental Entomology 1:279-285.
223. Kingsland, S. E. 1995. Modeling nature:Episodes in the history of population ecology, Second edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
224. Kinn, D. H., T. J. Perry, F. H. Guinn, B. L. Strom, and J. P. Woodring. 1994. Energy reserves of individual southern pine beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) as determined by a modified phosphovanillin spectrophotometric method. Journal of Entomological Science 29:152-163.
225. Klemola, T., E. Koivula, E. Korpimäki, and K. Norrdahl. 2000. Experimental tests of predation and food hypotheses for population cycles of voles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267:351-356.
226. Klemola, T., K. Norrdahl, and E. Korpimäki. 2000. Do delayed effects of overgrazing explain population cycles in voles? Oikos 90:509-516.
227. Korpimäki, E. 1993. Regulation of multiannual vole cycles by densitydependant avian and mammalian predation. Oikos 66:359-363.
228. Korpimäki, E. 1994. Rapid or delayed tracking of multi-annual vole cycles by avian predators? Journal of Animal Ecology 63:619-628.
229. Korpimäki, E., and K. Norrdahl. 1991a. Do breeding avian predators dampen population fluctuations of small mammals? Oikos 62:195-208.
230. Korpimäki, E., and K. Norrdahl. 1991b. Numerical and functional responses of kestrels, short-eared owls, and long-eared owls to vole densities. Ecology 72:814-826.
231. Korpimäki, E., and K. Norrdahl. 1998. Experimental reduction of predators reverses the crash phase of small-rodent cycles. Ecology 79:2448-2455.
232. Korpimäki, E., K. Norrdahl, and T. Rinta-Jaskari. 1991. Responses of stoats and least weasels to fluctuating food abundances: Is the low phase of the vole cycle due to mustelid predation? Oecologia 88:552-561.
233. Koshkina, T. V. 1966. On the periodic changes in the numbers of voles (as exemplified by the Kola Peninsula) (in Russian). Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, Biological Section 71:14-26.
234. Kot, M., G. S. Sayler, and T. W. Schultz. 1992. Complex dynamics in a model microbial system. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 54:619-648.
235. Krebs, C. J. 1978. A review of the Chitty hypothesis of population regulation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:2463-2480.
236. Krebs, C. J. 1988. The experimental approach to rodent population dynamics. Oikos 52:143-149.
237. Krebs, C. J. 1991. The experimental paradigm and long-term population studies. Ibis 133 suppl. 1:3-8.
238. Krebs, C. J. 1995. Two paradigms of population regulation. Wildlife Research 22:1-10.
239. Krebs, C. J. 1996. Population cycles revisited. Journal of Mammalogy 77:8-24.
240. Krebs, C. J., S. Boutin, and R. Boonstra. 2001. Ecosystem dynamics in the boreal forest. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
241. Krebs, C. J., S. Boutin, R. Boonstra, A.R.E. Sinclair, J.N.M. Smith, M.R.T. Dale, K. Martin, and R. Turkington. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269:1112-1115.
242. Krebs, C. J., B. S. Gilbert, S. Boutin, A.R.E. Sinclair, and J.N.M. Smith. 1986. Population biology of snowshoe hares. I. Demography of foodsupplemented populations in southern Yukon, 1976-84. Journal of Animal Ecology 55:963-982.
243. Krebs, C. J., and J. H. Myers. 1974. Population cycles in small mammals. Advances in Ecological Research 8:267-399.
244. Kroll, J. C., and H. C. Reeves. 1978. A simple model for predicting annual numbers of southern pine beetle infestations in East Texas. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 2:62-64.
245. Kunkel, K., and D. H. Pletscher. 1999. Species-specific population dynamics of cervids in a multipredator ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1082-1093.
246. Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
247. Lambin, X., C. J. Krebs, R. Moss, N. C. Stenseth, and N. G. Yoccoz. 1999. Population cycles and parasitism. Science 286: 2425a.
248. Lambin, X., C. J. Krebs, R. Moss, and N. G. Yoccoz. 2002. Population cycles:Inferences from experimental modeling and time series approaches. In A. A. Berryman, editor, Population cycles:Evidence for trophic interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
249. Lambin, X., S. J. Perry, and K. L. MacKinnon. 2000. Cyclic dynamics in field vole populations and generalist predation. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:106-118.
250. Lande, R. 1998. Demographic stochasticity and Allee effect on a scale with isotropic noise. Oikos 83:353-358.
251. Lawton, J. H. 1991. Ecology as she is done, and could be done. Oikos 61:289-290.
252. Lehtonen, A. 1998. Managing moose, Alces alces, population in Finland:Hunting virtual animals. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35:173-179.
253. Leigh, E. 1968. The ecological role of Volterra's equations. Pages 1-61 in M. Gerstenhaber, editor, Some mathematical problems in biology. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.
254. Leslie, P. H. 1948. Some further notes on the use of matrices in population mathematics. Biometrika 325:213-245.
255. Lewis, M., and P. Kareiva. 1993. Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms. Theoretical Population Biology 43:141-158.
256. Lewontin, R. C. 1966. On the measurement of relative variability. Systematic Zoology 15:141-142.
257. Lidicker, W. Z. 1988. Solving the enigma of microtine cycles. Journal of Mammalogy 69:229-239.
258. Lidicker, W. Z. 1991. In defense of a multifactorial perspective in population ecology. Journal of Mammalogy 72:631-635.
259. Lidicker, W. Z. 2000. A food web/landscape interaction model for microtine rodent density cycles. Oikos 91:435-445.
260. Lindén, H. 1989. Characteristics of tetraonid cycles in Finland. Finnish Game Research 46:34-42.
261. Lindström, E. R., H. Andrén, P. Angelstam, G. Cederlund, B. Hörnfeldt, L. Jäderberg, P. A. Lemnell, B. Martinsson, K. Sköld, and J. E. Swenson. 1994. Disease reveals the predator: Sarcoptic mange, red fox predation, and prey populations. Ecology 75:1042-1049.
262. Lindström, J., E. Ranta, H. Kokko, P. Lundberg, and V. Kaitala. 2000. From arctic lemmings to adaptive dynamics: Charles Elton's legacy in population ecology. Biological Reviews 76:129-158.
263. Linit, M. J., and F. M. Stephen. 1983. Parasite and predator component of within-tree southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mortality. Canadian Entomologist 115:679-688.
264. Lopatin, V. N., and B. D. Abaturov. 2000. Mathematical modeling of trophically dependent cycle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population (in Russian). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 79:461-470.
265. Lorenz, E. N. 1963. Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 20:130-141.
266. Lorio, P. L. 1986. Growth-differentiation balance: A basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions. Forest Ecology and Management 14:259-273.
267. Lorio, P. L., R. A. Sommers, C. A. Blanche, J. D. Hodges, and T. E. Nebeker. 1990. Modeling pine resistance to bark beetles based on growth and differentiation balance principles. Pages 402-409 in R. K. Dixon, R. S. Meldahl, G. A. Ruark, and W. G. Warren, editors, Process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress. Timber Press, Portland, Oreg.
268. Lotka, A. 1925. Elements of physical biology.Williams andWilkins, Baltimore.
269. Ludwig, D., D. D. Jones, and C. S. Holling. 1978. Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak systems: The spruce budworm and forest. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:315-332.
270. MacArthur, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology. Harper and Row, New York.
271. MacKenzie, J.M.D. 1952. Fluctuations in the numbers of British tetraonids. Journal of Animal Ecology 21:128-153.
272. MacLulich, D. A. 1957. The place of chance in population processes. Journal of Wildlife Management 21:293-299.
273. Malthus, T. R. 1798. An essay on the principle of population. J. Johnson, London.
274. Marcström, V., N. Höglund, and C. J. Krebs. 1990. Periodic fluctuations in small mammals at Boda, Sweden, from 1961 to 1988. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:753-761.
275. Martinat, P. J. 1987. The role of climatic variation and weather in forest insect outbreaks. Pages 241-262 in P. Barbosa and J. C. Schultz, editors, Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
276. Matthiopoulos, J., R. Moss, and X. Lambin. 1998. Models of red grouse cycles: A family affair? Oikos 82:574-590.
277. Matthiopoulos, J., R. Moss, and X. Lambin. 2002. The kin facilitation hypothesis in red grouse population cycles: Territorial dynamics of the family cluster. Ecological Modelling 147:291-307.
278. Matthiopoulos, J., R. Moss, and X. Lambin. 2000. The kin-facilitation hypothesis for red grouse population cycles: Territory sharing between relatives. Ecological Modelling 127:53-63.
279. May, R. M. 1973a. On relationships among various types of population models. American Naturalist 107:46-57.
280. May, R. M. 1973b. Stability in randomly fluctuating versus deterministic environments. American Naturalist 107:621-650.
281. May, R. M. 1974a. Biological populations with nonoverlapping populations: Stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science 186:645-647.
282. May, R. M. 1974b. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
283. May, R. M. 1976. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261:459-467.
284. May, R. M. 1981. Models for single populations. Pages 5-29 in R. M. May, editor, Theoretical ecology:Principles and applications. 2nd edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
285. May, R. M. 1999. Crash tests for real. Nature 398:371-372.
286. May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. 1978. Regulation and stability of hostparasite population interactions. II. Destabilizing processes. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:249-267.
287. Maynard Smith, J. 1974. Models in ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
288. McCaffrey, D., S. Ellner, D. W. Nychka, and A. R. Gallant. 1992. Estimating the Lyapunov exponent of a chaotic system with nonlinear regression. Journal of American Statistical Association 87:682-695.
289. McCallum, H., N. Barlow, and J. Hone. 2001. How should pathogen transmission be modeled? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:295-300.
290. McClelland, W. T., and F. P. Hain. 1979. Survival of declining Dendroctonus frontalis populations during a severe and nonsevere winter. Environmental Entomology 8:231-235.
291. McIntosh, R. P. 1985. The background of ecology:Concept and theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
292. McNair, J. N. 1986. The effect of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration. Theoretical Population Biology 29:38-63.
293. McRoberts, R. E., D. L. Mech, and R. O. Peterson. 1995. The cumulative effect of consecutive winters' snow depth on moose and deer populations:A defence. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:131-135.
294. Mech, L. D. 1966. The wolves of Isle Royale. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
295. Mech, L. D. 1977. Population trend and winter deer consumption in a Minnesota wolf pack. Pages 55-83 in R. Phillips and C. Jonkel, editors, Proceedings of 1975 Predator Symposium. Bulletin of Montana Forest Conservation Experiment Station, Missoula.
296. Mech, L. D., R. E. McRoberts, R. O. Peterson, and R. E. Page. 1987. Relationship of deer and moose populations to previous winters' snow. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:615-627.
297. Messier, F. 1991. The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:615-627.
298. Messier, F. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: A case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75:478-488.
299. Messier, F. 1995. Is there evidence for a cumulative effect of snow on moose and deer populations? Journal of Animal Ecology 64:136-140.
300. Messier, F., and M. Crete. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia 65:503-512.
301. Metz, J., and O. Diekmann. 1986. The dynamics of physiologically structured populations. Springer-Verlag, New York.
302. Michaels, P. J. 1984. Climate and southern pine beetle in Atlantic coastal and piedmont regions. Forest Science 30:143-156.
303. Michaels, P. J., P. J. Stenger, and D. E. Sappington. 1986. Modelling changes in the epidemic range of southern pine beetle using temperature and objective moisture indicators. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 37:39-50.
304. Middleton, A. D. 1934. Periodic fluctuations in British game populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 3:231-249.
305. Moran, P.A.P. 1953. The statistical analysis of the Canada lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian Journal of Zoology 1:163-173.
306. Moss, R., and A. Watson. 1985. Adaptive value of spacing behaviour in population cycles of red grouse and other animals. Pages 275-294 in R. M. Sibley and R. H. Smith, editors, Behavioural ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
307. Moss, R., and A. Watson. 2001. Population cycles in birds of the grouse family (Tetraonidae). Advances in Ecological Research 32:53-111.
308. Moss, R., A. Watson, and R. Parr. 1996. Experimental prevention of a population cycle in red grouse. Ecology 77:1512-1530.
309. Moss, R., A. Watson, I. B. Trenholm, and R. Parr. 1993. Caecal threadworms Trichostrongylus tenuis in red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus:Effects of weather and host density upon estimated worm burdens. Parasitology 107:199-209.
310. Mountford, M. D., A. Watson, R. Moss, R. Parr, and P. Rothery. 1990. Land inheritance and population cycles of red grouse. Pages 78-83 in A. N. Lance and J. H. Lawton, editors, Red grouse population processes. Royal Society for Protection of Birds, Sandy, Bedsfordshire, UK.
311. Mueller, A. D., and A. Joshi. 2000. Stability in model populations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
312. Murdoch, W. W. 1969. Switching in general predators: Experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecological Monographs 39:335-354.
313. Murdoch, W. W. 1994. Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology 75:271-287.
314. Murray, B. G. 1992. Research methods in physics and biology. Oikos 64:594-596.
315. Murray, B. G. 2000. Universal laws and predictive theory in ecology and evolution. Oikos 89:403-408.
316. Murray, D. L., J. R. Cary, and L. B. Keith. 1997. Interactive effects of sublethal nematodes and nutritional status on snowshoe hare vulnerability to predation. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:250-264.
317. Myasnikov, Y. A. 1976. Distribution and numerical oscillations of rodents, lagomorpha, and insectivor of Tula district (in Russian). Fauna and Ecology of Rodents 13:164-236.
318. Myllimäki, A., A. Paasikallio, and V. Kanervo. 1971. Removal experiments on small quadrats as a means of rapid assessment of the abundance of small mammals. Annales Zoologici Fennici 8:177-185.
319. Nazarov, A. A. 1988. An investigation into chronological characteristics of wolf population in Russian Federation (in Russian). Pages 80-90 in A. A. Nazarov, editor, Hronologicheskie Izmeneninya Chislennosti Ohotnich'ih zhivotnyh v RSFSR (Numerical dynamics of game animals in Russian Federation). Central Research Laboratory of Game Management and wildlife Refuges, Moscow.
320. Nicholson, A. J. 1933. The balance of animal populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 2:132-178.
321. Nicholson, A. J. 1954. An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Australian Journal of Zoology 2:9-65.
322. Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to change. Cold Springs Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22:153-173.
323. Nisbet, R., and W. Gurney. 1982. Modelling fluctuating populations. Wiley, New York.
324. Norrdahl, K., and E. Korpimäki. 1995. Mortality factors in a cyclic vole population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 261:49-53.
325. Nychka, D., B. Bailey, S. Ellner, P. Haaland, and M. O'Connell. 1996. FUNFITS:Data analysis and statistical tools for estimating functions. Report no. 2289, Institute of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
326. Nychka, D., S. Ellner, D. McCaffrey, and A. R. Gallant. 1992. Finding chaos in noisy systems. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 54:399-426.
327. Oksanen, L. 2001. Logic of experiments in ecology: Is pseudoreplication a pseudoissue? Oikos 94:27-38.
328. Oksanen, L., S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, and P. Niemela. 1981. Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. American Naturalist 118:240-261.
329. Oksanen, L., and T. Oksanen. 1992. Long-term microtine dynamics in north Fennoscandian tundra-the vole cycle and the lemming chaos. Ecography 15:226-236.
330. Omlin, F. X. 1977. Zur populationsdynamischen Wirkung der durch Raupenfrass und Dungung veranderten Nahrungsbasis auf den Grauen Larchenwickler Zeiraphera diniana Gn. (Lep: Torticidae). Ph.D. dissertation no. 6064. ETH, Zurich.
331. Ostfeld, R. S., C. D. Canham, and S. R. Pugh. 1993. Intrinsic densitydependent regulation of vole populations. Nature 366:259-261.
332. Ostfeld, R. S., and F. Keesing. 2000. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:232-237.
333. Packard, N. H., J. P. Crutchfield, J. D. Farmer, and R. S. Shaw. 1980. Geometry from a time series. Physical Reviews Letters 45: 712.
334. Park, T. 1948. Experimental studies of interspecies competition. I. Competition between population of flour beetles Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Ecological Monographs 18:265-308.
335. Parton, W. J., J.M.O. Scurlock, D. S. Ojima, T. G. Gilmanov, R. J. Scholes, D. S. Schimel, T. Kirchner, J. C. Menaut, T. Seastedt, E. Garcia Moya, A. Kamnalrut, and J. I. Kinyamario. 1993. Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7:785-809.
336. Payne, T. L. 1980. Life history and habits. Pages 7-30 in R. C. Thatcher, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster, and G. D. Hertel, editors, The Southern Pine Beetle. USDA-Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1631. US Department of Agriculture, Pineville, La.
337. Pearl, R., and L. J. Reed. 1920. On the rate of growth of the population of the United States since 1790 and its mathematical representation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 6:275-288.
338. Pease, J. L., R. H. Vowles, and L. B. Keith. 1979. Interaction of snowshoe hares and woody vegetation. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:43-60.
339. Perry, J. N., I. P. Woiwod, and I. Hanski. 1993. Using response-surface methodology to detect chaos in ecological time series. Oikos 68:329-339.
340. Peterson, R. O. 1999. Wolf-moose interaction on Isle Royale: The end of natural regulation? Ecological Applications 9:10-16.
341. Peterson, R. O., and R. E. Page. 1988. The rise and fall of Isle Royale wolves, 1975-1986. Journal of Mammalogy 69:89-99.
342. Pickett, S.T.A., J. Kolasa, and C. G. Jones. 1994. Ecological understanding. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
343. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
344. Pinter, A. J. 1988. Multiannual fluctuations in precipitation and population dynamics of the montane vole, Microtus montanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2128-2132.
345. Pitelka, F. A. 1957. Some characteristics of microtine cycles in the Arctic. Pages 73-88 in H. P. Hansen, editor, Arctic biology. Oregon State University Press, Corvalis.
346. Pitelka, F. A. 1976. Cyclic pattern in lemming populations near Barrow, Alaska. Pages 199-215 in M. E. Britton, editor, Alaskan arctic tundra. Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, Va.
347. Post, E., R. O. Peterson, N. C. Stenseth, and B. E. McLaren. 1999. Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate. Nature 401:905-907.
348. Post, E., and N. C. Stenseth. 1998. Large-scale climatic fluctuation and population dynamics of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:537-543.
349. Post, E., and N. C. Stenseth. 1999. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80:1322-1339.
350. Potapov, E. R. 1997. What determines the population density and reproductive success of rough-legged buzzards, Buteo lagopus, in the Siberian tundra? Oikos 78:362-376.
351. Potts, G. R., S. C. Tapper, and P. J. Hudson. 1984. Population fluctuations in red grouse: Analysis of bag records and a simulation model. Journal of Animal Ecology 54:21-36.
352. Price, T. S., C. Dogget, J. M. Pye, and T. P. Holmes. 1992. A history of southern pine beetle outbreaks in the southeastern United States. Report of the Southern Forest Insect Working Group. Georgia Forestry Commission, Macon.
353. Pucek, Z., W. Jedrzejewski, B. Jedrzejewska, and M. Pucek. 1993. Rodent population dynamics in a primeval deciduous forest (Bialowieza National Park) in relation to weather, seed crop, and predation. Acta Theriologica 38:199-232.
354. Quenette, P. Y., and J. F. Gerard. 1993. Why biologists do not think like Newtonian physicists. Oikos 68:361-363.
355. Quinn, T. J., and R. B. Deriso. 1999. Quantitative fish dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York.
356. Rand, D. A., and H. B. Wilson. 1991. Chaotic stochasticity: A ubiquitous source of unpredictability in epidemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 246:179-184.
357. Reeve, J. D. 1997. Predation and bark beetle dynamics. Oecologia 112:48-54.
358. Reeve, J. D., M. P. Ayres, and P. L. Lorio. 1995. Host suitability, predation, and bark beetle population dynamics. Pages 339-357 in N. Cappuccino and P. Price, editors, Population dynamics:Ne w approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, New York.
359. Reeve, J. D., D. J. Rhodes, and P. Turchin. 1998. Scramble competition in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Ecological Entomology 23:433-443.
360. Reeve, J. D., J. A. Simpson, and J. S. Fryar. 1996. Extended development in Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), a predator of southern pine beetle. Journal of Entomological Science 31:123-131.
361. Reeve, J. D., P. Turchin, and A. D. Berryman. 2002. Evidence for predatorprey cycles in a bark beetle. In A. A. Berryman, editor, Population cycles:Evidence for trophic interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
362. Reid, D. G., C. J. Krebs, and A. Kenney. 1995. Limitation of collared lemming population growth at low densities by predation mortality. Oikos 73:387-398.
363. Renfer, A. 1974. Caracteristiques biologiques et efficacite de Phytodietus griseanae Kerrich (Hym Ichneumonidae) parasitoide de Zeiraphera diniana Guenee (Lep Tortricidae) en haute montagne. Ph.D. dissertation no. 5278. ETH, Zurich.
364. Renfer, A. 1975. Characteristiques biologiques de Phytodietus griseanae (Hym., Ichneumonidae) parasitoide de la tordeuse grise du mélèze Zeiraphera diniana (Lep., Tortricidae) en haute montagne. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 11:425-455.
365. Rodriguez, D. J. 1989. A model of population dynamics for the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with density dependence in more than one life stage and delayed density dependent effects. Journal of Animal Ecology 58:349-365.
366. Romankow-Zmudovska, A., and B. Grala. 1994. Occurrence and distribution of the common vole, Microtus arvalis (Pallas), in legumes and seed grasses in Poland between 1977 and 1992. Polish Ecological Studies 20:503-508.
367. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1969. Why the prey curve has a hump. American Naturalist 103:81-87.
368. Rosenzweig, M. L., and R. H. MacArthur. 1963. Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interaction. American Naturalist 97:209-223.
369. Roughgarden, J. 1998. Primer of ecological theory. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
370. Royama, T. 1977. Population persistence and density dependence. Ecological Monographs 47:1-35.
371. Royama, T. 1981. Fundamental concepts and methodology for the analysis of animal population dynamics, with particular reference to univoltine species. Ecological Monographs 51:473-493.
372. Royama, T. 1992. Analytical population dynamics. Chapman and Hall, London.
373. Saether, B. E. 1997. Environmental stochasticity and population dynamics: A search for mechanisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:143-149.
374. Saether, B. E., R. Andersen, O. Hjelford, and M. Heim. 1996. Ecological correlates of regional variation in life history of the moose Alces alces. Ecology 77:1493-1500.
375. Saether, B. E., R. Andersen, O. Hjelford, and M. Heim. 1998. Ecological correlates of regional variation in life history of the moose Alces alces:Reply. Ecology 79:1838-1839.
376. Saitoh, T. 1987. A time series and geographical analysis of population dynamics of the red-backed vole in Hokkaido, Japan. Oecologia 73:382-388.
377. Saucy, F. 1988. Description des cycles pluriannuels d'Arvicola terrestris Schermann en Suisse occidentale par la méthode de l'analyse des séries temporelles. EPPO Bulletin 18:401-413.
378. Schaffer, W. M. 1985. Order and chaos in ecological systems. Ecology 66:93-106.
379. Schaffer, W. M., S. Ellner, and M. Kot. 1986. Effects of noise on some dynamical models in ecology. Journal of Mathematical Biology 24:479-523.
380. Schaffer, W. M., and M. Kot. 1985. Nearly one-dimensional dynamics in an epidemic. Journal of Theoretical Biology 112:403-427.
381. Scheffer, V. B. 1951. The rise and fall of a reindeer herd. Scientific Monthly 73:356-362.
382. Schmitz, O. J., and A.R.E. Sinclair. 1997. Rethinking the role of deer in forest ecosystems dynamics. Pages 201-223 in W. J. McShea and H. B. Underwood, editors, The science of overabundance:Deer ecology and population management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
383. Schoener, T. W. 1976. Alternatives to Lotka Volterra competition: Models of intermediate complexity. Theoretical Population Biology 10:309-333.
384. Schultz, A. M. 1969. A study of an ecosystem: the arctic tundra. Pages 77-93 in G. M. Van Dyne, editor, The ecosystem concept in natural resource management. Academic Press, New York.
385. Sharov, A., and J. J. Colbert. 1996. A model for testing hypotheses of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., population dynamics. Ecological Modelling 84:31-51.
386. Shehan, K. A. 1988. Status of the gypsy moth life system model. Pages 166-171 in A. R. Miller, editor, Proceedings, National Gypsy Moth Review. West Virginia Agricultural Department, Charleston.
387. Sinclair, A.R.E. 1991. Science and practice of wildlife management. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:767-773.
388. Sinclair, A.R.E., J. M. Gosline, G. Holdsworth, C. J. Krebs, S. Boutin, J.N.M. Smith, R. Boonstra, and M. Dale. 1993. Can the solar cycle and climate synchronize the snowshoe hare cycle in Canada? Evidence from tree rings and ice cores. American Naturalist 141:173-198.
389. Sinervo, B., E. Svensson, and T. Comendant. 2000. Density cycles and an offspring quantity and quality game driven by natural selection. Nature 406:985-988.
390. Skellam, J. G. 1951. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38:196-218.
391. Southern, H. N. 1979. The stability and instability of small mammal populations. Pages 103-134 in D. M. Stoddard, editor, Ecology of small mammals. Chapman and Hall, London.
392. Spalinger, D. E., and N. T. Hobbs. 1992. Mechanisms of foraging in mammalian herbivores: New models of functional response. American Naturalist 140:325-348.
393. St. George, R. A. 1930. Drought affected and injured trees attractive to bark beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology 23:825-828.
394. Steen, H. 1995. Untangling the causes of disappearance from a local population of root voles, Microtus oeconomus: A test of the regional synchrony hypothesis. Oikos 73:65-72.
395. Stenseth, N., K. S. Chan, H. Tong, R. Boonstra, S. Boutin, C. J. Krebs, E. Post, M. O'Donoghue, N. G. Yoccoz, M. C. Forchhammer, and J. W. Hurrell. 1999. Common dynamic structures of Canada lynx populations within three climatic regions. Science 285:1071-1073.
396. Stenseth, N. C., W. Falck, O. N. Bjornstad, and C. J. Krebs. 1997. Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx: Asymmetric food web configurations between hare and lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94:5147-5152.
397. Stenseth, N. C., and E. Framstad. 1980. Reproductive effort and optimal reproductive rates in small rodents. Oikos 34:23-34.
398. Stenseth, N. C., and R. A. Ims. 1993a. The history of lemming research:From the Nordic Sagas to The Biology of Lemmings. Pages 3-34 in N. C. Stenseth and R. A. Ims, editors, The Biology of Lemmings. Linnean Society, London.
399. Stenseth, N. C., and R. A. Ims. 1993b. Population dynamics of lemmings: Temporal and spatial variation-an introduction. Pages 61-96 in N. C. Stenseth and R. A. Ims, editors, The Biology of Lemmings. Linnean Society, London.
400. Stenseth, N. C., and A. Lomnicki. 1990. On the Charnov-Finerty hypothesis: The unproblematic transition from docile to aggressive and the problematic transition from aggressive to docile. Oikos 58:234-238.
401. Stephen, F. M., M. P. Lih, and G. W. Wallis. 1989. Impact of arthropod natural enemies on Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mortality and their potential role in infestation growth. Pages 169-185 in D. L. Kulhavy and M. C. Miller, editors, Potential for biological control of Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetles. Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Tex.
402. Stiling, P. 1999. Ecology:Theories and applications. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
403. Summers, R. W., L. G. Underhill, and E. E. Syroechkovski. 1998. The breeding productivity of dark-bellied geese amd curlew sandpipers in relation to changes in the numbers of arctic foxes and lemmings on the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia. Ecography 21:573-580.
404. Takens, F. 1981. Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. Pages 366-381 in D. A. Rand and L. S. Young, editors, Dynamical systems and turbulence. Springer-Verlag, New York.
405. Tanner, J. T. 1975. The stability and the intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations. Ecology 56:855-867.
406. Tast, J. 1974. The food and feeding habits of the root vole, Microtus oecnomus, in Finnish Lapland. Aquilo Seriae Zooligica 15:25-32.
407. Thatcher, R. C., and L. S. Pickard. 1964. Seasonal variations in activity of the southern pine beetle in East Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 57:840-842.
408. Thatcher, R. C., J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster, and G. D. Hertel, editors. 1980. The southern pine beetle. USDA-Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1631. US Department of Agriculture, Pineville, La.
409. Thirgood, S. J., S. M. Redpath, D. T. Haydon, P. Rothery, I. Newton, and P. J. Hudson. 2000a. Habitat loss and raptor predation: Disentangling long- and short-term causes of red grouse declines. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267:651-656.
410. Thirgood, S. J., S. M. Redpath, P. Rothery, and N. Aebischer. 2000b. Raptor predation and population limitation in red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology, forthcoming.
411. Tidd, C. W., L. F. Olsen, and W. M. Schaffer. 1993. The case for chaos in childhood epidemics. II. Predicting historical epidemics from mathematical model. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 254:257-273.
412. Tong, H. 1977. Some comments on the Canadian lynx data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 140:432-436.
413. Tong, H. 1990. Nonlinear time-series:A dynamical system approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
414. Tong, H. 1995. A personal overview of nonlinear time-series analysis from a chaos perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 22:399-445.
415. Trostel, K., A.R.E. Sinclair, C. J. Walters, and C. J. Krebs. 1987. Can predation cause the 10-year hare cycle? Oecologia 74:185-192.
416. Tuljapurkar, S., and H. Caswell. 1997. Structured population models in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater systems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
417. Turchin, P. 1990. Rarity of density dependence or population regulation with lags? Nature 344:660-663.
418. Turchin, P. 1991. Reconstructing endogenous dynamics of a laboratory Drosophila population. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:1091-1098.
419. Turchin, P. 1993. Chaos and stability in rodent population dynamics: Evidence from nonlinear time-series analysis. Oikos 68:167-172.
420. Turchin, P. 1995a. Chaos in microtine populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 262:357-361.
421. Turchin, P. 1995b. Population regulation: Old arguments and a new synthesis. Pages 19-40 In N. Cappuccino and P. Price, editors, Population dynamics. Academic Press, New York.
422. Turchin, P. 1996. Nonlinear time-series modeling of vole population fluctuations. Researches in Population Ecology 38:121-132.
423. Turchin, P. 1998. Quantitative analysis of movement:Measuring and modeling population redistribution in animals and plants. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
424. Turchin, P. 1999. Population regulation: A synthetic view. Oikos 84:153-159.
425. Turchin, P., and G. Batzli. 2001. Availability of food and the population dynamics of arvicoline rodents. Ecology 82:1521-1534.
426. Turchin, P., and S. P. Ellner. 2000a. Living on the edge of chaos: Population dynamics of Fennoscandian voles. Ecology 81:3099-3116.
427. Turchin, P., and S. P. Ellner. 2000b. Modelling time-series data. Pages 33-48 in J. N. Perry, R. H. Smith, I. P. Woiwod, and D. Morse, editors, Chaos in real data. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
428. Turchin, P., and I. Hanski. 1997. An empirically-based model for the latitudinal gradient in vole population dynamics. American Naturalist 149:842-874.
429. Turchin, P., and I. Hanski. 2001. Contrasting alternative hypotheses about rodent cycles by translating them into parameterized models. Ecology Letters 4:267-276.
430. Turchin, P., P. L. Lorio, A. D. Taylor, and R. F. Billings. 1991. Why do populations of southern pine beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) fluctuate? Environmental Entomology 20:401-409.
431. Turchin, P., L. Oksanen, P. Ekerholm, T. Oksanen, and H. Henttonen. 2000. Are lemmings prey or predators? Nature 405:562-565.
432. Turchin, P., and R. S. Ostfeld. 1997. Effects of density and season on the population rate of change in the meadow vole. Oikos 78:355-361.
433. Turchin, P., and A. D. Taylor. 1992. Complex dynamics in ecological time series. Ecology 73:289-305.
434. Turchin, P., A. D. Taylor, and J. D. Reeve. 1999. Dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: An experimental test. Science 285:1068-1071.
435. Turchin, P., and W. T. Thoeny. 1993. Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark-recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecological Applications 3:187-198.
436. Underhill, L. G., R. P. Prys-Jones, E. E. Syroechkovski, N. M. Groen, V. Karpov, H. G. Lappo, M.W.J. Van Roomen, A. Rybkin, H. Schekkerman, H. Spiekman, and R. W. Summers. 1993. Breeding of waders (Charadrii) and brent geese Branta bernicla bernicla at Pronchishcheva Lake, northeastern Taymyr, Russia, in a peak and a decreasing lemming year. Ibis 135:277-292.
437. Van Ballenberghe, V. 1983. Rate of increase in moose populations. Alces 19:98-117.
438. Van Ballenberghe, V., and W. B. Ballard. 1994. Limitation and regulation of moose populations: The role of predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:2071-2077.
439. Varley, G. C., G. R. Gradwell, and M. P. Hassell. 1973. Insect population ecology:An analytical approach. University of California Press, Berkeley.
440. Vivas, H. J., and B. E. Saether. 1987. Interactions between a generalist herbivore, the moose Alces alces, and its food resources: An experimental study of winter foraging behaviour in relation to browse availability. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:509-520.
441. Volterra, V. 1926. Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically. Nature 118:558-600.
442. Volterra, V. 1931. Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie. Gauthiers-Vilars, Paris.
443. Wahba, G. 1990. Spline models for observational data. Society for Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, Pa.
444. Ward, R.M.P., and C. J. Krebs. 1985. Behavioural response of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:2817-2824.
445. Warkowska-Dratnal, H., and N. C. Stenseth. 1985. Dispersal and the microtine cycle: Comparison of two hypotheses. Oecologia 65:468-477.
446. Watson, A., R. Moss, and S. Rae. 1998. Population dynamics of Scottish rock ptarmigan cycles. Ecology 79:1174-1192.
447. Watson, A., R. Moss, P. Rothery, and R. Parr. 1984. Demographic causes and predictive models of population fluctuations in red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:639-662.
448. Weiner, J. 1995. On the practice of ecology. Journal of Ecology 83:153-158.
449. Wielgolaski, F. E. 1975. Productivity of tundra ecosystems. Pages 1-12 in D. E. Reichle, J. F. Franklin, and D. W. Goodall, editors, Productivity of world ecosystems. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
450. Wigner, E. P. 1970. Symmetrics and reflections:Scientific essays of Eugene P. Wigner. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
451. Wilkens, R. T., M. P. Ayres, P. L. Lorio, and H. D. Hodges. 1998. Environmental effects on pine tree carbon budgets and resistance to bark beetles. Pages 591-616 in R. A. Mickler and S. Fox, editors, The productivity and sustainability of southern forest ecosystems in a changing environment. Springer-Verlag, New York.
452. Williams, G. R. 1954. Population fluctuations in some Northern Hemisphere game birds (Tetraonidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 23:1-34.
453. Williams, J. 1985. Statistical analysis of fluctuations in red grouse bag data. Oecologia 65:269-272.
454. Wolda, H. 1989. The equilibrium concept and density dependence tests. What does it all mean? Oecologia 81:430-432.
455. Wolda, H., and B. Dennis. 1993. Density dependence tests, are they? Oecologia 95:581-591.
456. Wood, S. N. 2001. Partially specified ecological models. Ecological Monographs 71:1-25.
457. Wyman, L. 1924. Bark beetle epidemics and rainfall deficiency. US Forest Service Bulletin 8:2-3.
458. Yodzis, P. 1989. Introduction to theoretical ecology. Harper and Row, New York.
459. Zimmer, C. 1999. Life after chaos. Science 284:83-86.