Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioral response to climate

Nature

Volumn 401, Issue 6756, 1999, Pages 905-907

  Post, Eric ^a   Peterson, Rolf O ^b   Stenseth, Nils Chr ^a   McLaren, Brian E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^b MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Dept of Forest Rsrc and Agrifoods   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE EFFECT; ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS;

ARTICLE; CLIMATE; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; PREDATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033613443     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/44814     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Estes, J. A. & Palmisano, J. F. Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185, 1058-1060 (1974).
2. Spiller, D. A. & Schoener, T. W. A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage. Nature 347, 469-472 (1990).
3. McPeek, M. A. The consequences of changing the top predator in a food web: a comparative experimental approach. Ecol. Monogr. 68, 1-23 (1998).
4. Sanford, E. Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283, 2095-2097 (1999).
5. Paine, R. T. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 100, 65-75 (1966).
6. Paine, R. T. Intertidal community structure: Experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia 15, 93-120 (1974).
7. Estes, J. A. & Duggins, D. O. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecol. Monogr. 65, 75-100 (1995).
8. Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M. & Doak, D. F. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282, 473-476 (1998).
9. Post, E. & Stenseth, N. C. Large-scale climatic variability and population dynamics of moose and white-tailed deer. J. Anim. Ecol. 67, 537-543 (1998).
10. McLaren, B. E. & Peterson, R. O. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266, 1555-1558 (1994).
11. Peterson, R. O. Wolf Ecology and Prey Relationships on Isle Royale (National Park Services Scientific Ser. No. 11, Washington DC, 1977).
12. Peterson, R. O., Page, R. E. & Dodge, K. M. Wolves, moose, and the allometry of population cycles. Science 224, 1350-1352 (1984).
13. McLaren, B. E. & Janke, R. A. Seedbed and canopy cover effects on balsam fir seedling establishment in Isle Royale National Park. Can. J. For. Res. 26, 782-793 (1996).
14. Brandner, T. A., Peterson, R. O. & Risenhoover, K. L. Balsam fir on Isle Royale: effects of moose herbivory and population density. Ecology 71, 155-164 (1990).
15. McInnes, P. F., Naiman, R. J., Pastor, J. & Cohen, Y. Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the boreal forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. Ecology 73, 2059-2075 (1992).
16. Pastor, J., Dewey, B., Naiman, R. J., McInnes, P. F. & Cohen, Y. Moose browsing and soil fertility in the boreal forests of the Isle Royale National Park. Ecology 74, 467-480 (1993).
17. Hurrell, J. W. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269, 676-679 (1995).
18. Mech, L. D., McRoberts, R. E., Peterson, R. O. & Page, R. E. Relationship of deer and moose populations to previous winters' snow. J. Anim. Ecol. 56, 615-627 (1987).
19. Post, E. & Stenseth, N. C. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80, 1322-1339.
20. Peterson, R. O., Thomas, J. N., Thurber, J. M., Vucetich, J. A. & Waite, T. A. Population limitation and the wolves of Isle Royale. J. Mamm. 79, 828-841 (1998).
21. Thurber, J. M. & Peterson, R. O. Effects of population density and pack size on the foraging ecology of gray wolves. J. Mamm. 74, 870-889 (1993).
22. Schmidt, P. A. & Mech, L. D. Wolf pack size and food acquisition. Am. Nat. 150, 513-517 (1997).
23. Peterson, R. O. & Page, R. E. The rise and fall of Isle Royale wolves, 1975-1986. J. Mamm. 69, 89-99 (1988).
24. Peterson, R. O. & Allen, D. L. Snow conditions as a parameter in moose-wolf relationships. Le Naturoliste Canadien 101, 481-492 (1974).
25. Kelsall, J. P. Structural adaptations of moose and deer for snow. J. Mamm. 50, 302-310 (1969).
26. Molvar, E. M. & Bowyer, R. T. Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community. Oecologia 94, 472-479 (1993).
27. Mech, L. D. The Wolf (Univ. Minnesota Press, 1970).
28. Ben-David, M., Bowyer, R. T., Duffy, L. K., Roby, D. D. & Schell, D. M. Social behavior and ecosystem processes river otter latrines and nutrient dynamics of terrestrial vegetation. Ecology 79, 2567-2571 (1998).
29. Beckerman, A. P., Uriarte, M. & Schmitz, O. J. Experimental evidence for a behavior-mediated trophic cascade in a terrestrial food chain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10735-10738 (1997).
30. Schmitz, O. J., Beckerman, A. P. & O'Brien, K. M. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78, 1388-1399 (1997).