The role of radiation therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings

Seminars in Oncology

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 144-162

  Franke, Aaron J ^a   Rosati, Lauren M ^a   Pawlik, Timothy M ^a   Kumar, Rachit ^a   Herman, Joseph M ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; PANCREAS ADENOCARCINOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIATION THERAPY; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNITED STATES; ADJUVANT CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOMA, PANCREATIC DUCTAL; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; RADIOSURGERY;

CARCINOMA, PANCREATIC DUCTAL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; HUMANS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; RADIOSURGERY; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; RADIOTHERAPY, INTENSITY-MODULATED;

EID: 84923479070     PISSN: 00937754     EISSN: 15328708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.12.013     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. R. Siegel, J. Ma, Z. Zou, and A. Jemal Cancer statistics, 2014 CA Cancer J Clin 64 1 2014 9 29
2. L.M. Matrisian, R. Aizenberg, and A. Rosenzweig The alarming rise of pancreatic cancer deaths in the united states: why we need to stem the tide today 2012 Pancreatic Cancer Action Network https://www.pancan.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/incidence-report-2012.pdf
3. S. Hishinuma, Y. Ogata, M. Tomikawa, I. Ozawa, K. Hirabayashi, and S. Igarashi Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic cancer, based on autopsy findings J Gastrointest Surg 10 4 2006 511 518
4. C.A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, B. Fu, and S. Yachida DPC4 gene status of the primary carcinoma correlates with patterns of failure in patients with pancreatic cancer J Clin Oncol 27 11 2009 1806 1813
5. Tepper J, Nardi G, Sutt H. Carcinoma of the pancreas: Review of MGH experience from 1963 to 1973. analysis of surgical failure and implications for radiation therapy. Cancer. 1976;37(3):1519-24.
6. H.G. Smeenk, C.H. van Eijck, and W.C. Hop Long-term survival and metastatic pattern of pancreatic and periampullary cancer after adjuvant chemoradiation or observation: Long-term results of EORTC trial 40891 Ann Surg 246 5 2007 734 740
7. J.P. Neoptolemos, J.A. Dunn, and D.D. Stocken Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: A randomised controlled trial Lancet 358 9293 2001 1576 1585
8. J.P. Neoptolemos, D.D. Stocken, and H. Friess A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer N Engl J Med 350 12 2004 1200 1210
9. M.A. Tempero, J.P. Arnoletti, and S.W. Behrman Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2012: Featured updates to the NCCN guidelines J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 10 6 2012 703 713
10. M.H. Katz, P.W. Pisters, and D.B. Evans Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: The importance of this emerging stage of disease J Am Coll Surg 206 5 2008 833 846
11. M.P. Callery, K.J. Chang, and E.K. Fishman Pretreatment assessment of resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: expert consensus statement Ann Surg Oncol 16 7 2009 1727 1733
12. M.H. Katz, R. Marsh, and J.M. Herman Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: Need for standardization and methods for optimal clinical trial design Ann Surg Oncol 20 8 2013 2787 2795
13. M.A. Tempero, M.P. Malafa, and S.W. Behrman National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pancreatic adenocarcinoma version 1 12 8 2014 1083 1093
14. E. Manak, S. Merkel, P. Klein, T. Papadopoulos, W.A. Bautz, and U. Baum Resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Assessment using multidetector-row computed tomography with multiplanar reformations Abdom Imaging 34 1 2009 75 80
15. E.P. Tamm, P.R. Bhosale, R. Vikram, L.P. de Almeida Marcal, and A. Balachandran Imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: state of the art World J Radiol 5 3 2013 98 105
16. R. Vargas, M. Nino-Murcia, W. Trueblood, and R.B. Jeffrey Jr MDCT in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Prediction of vascular invasion and resectability using a multiphasic technique with curved planar reformations AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2 2004 419 425
17. R.W. Prokesch, L.C. Chow, and C.F. Beaulieu Local staging of pancreatic carcinoma with multi-detector row CT: use of curved planar reformations initial experience Radiology 225 3 2002 759 765
18. R. Andersson, C.E. Vagianos, and R.C. Williamson Preoperative staging and evaluation of resectability in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma HPB (Oxford) 6 1 2004 5 12
19. J.M. Farma, A.A. Santillan, and M. Melis PET/CT fusion scan enhances CT staging in patients with pancreatic neoplasms Ann Surg Oncol 15 9 2008 2465 2471
20. J. Yao, G. Gan, and D. Farlow Impact of F18-fluorodeoxyglycose positron emission tomography/computed tomography on the management of resectable pancreatic tumours ANZ J Surg 82 3 2012 140 144
21. A. Dholakia, D. Chang, and K.A. Goodman 18Flurodeoxyglucose-PET baseline avidity predicts for inferior outcomes in patients with locally-advanced pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine and stereotactic body radiation therapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87 2013 S308 S309
22. D. Schellenberg, A. Quon, and A.Y. Minn 18Fluorodeoxyglucose PET is prognostic of progression-free and overall survival in locally advanced pancreas cancer treated with stereotactic radiotherapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77 5 2010 1420 1425
23. C.L. Wolfgang, J.M. Herman, and D.A. Laheru Recent progress in pancreatic cancer CA Cancer J Clin 63 5 2013 318 348
24. J.F. Torres-Roca A molecular assay of tumor radiosensitivity: A roadmap towards biology-based personalized radiation therapy Per Med 9 5 2012 547 557
25. E. Kidess, and S.S. Jeffrey Circulating tumor cells versus tumor-derived cell-free DNA: Rivals or partners in cancer care in the era of single-cell analysis? Genome Med 5 8 2013 70
26. J.M. Yi, A.A. Guzzetta, and V.J. Bailey Novel methylation biomarker panel for the early detection of pancreatic cancer Clin Cancer Res 19 23 2013 6544 6555
27. S. Eschrich, H. Zhang, and H. Zhao Systems biology modeling of the radiation sensitivity network: a biomarker discovery platform Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75 2 2009 497 505
28. S.A. Eschrich, J. Pramana, and H. Zhang A gene expression model of intrinsic tumor radiosensitivity: prediction of response and prognosis after chemoradiation Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75 2 2009 489 496
29. H. Oettle, S. Post, and P. Neuhaus Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 297 3 2007 267 277
30. Further evidence of effective adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection of pancreatic cancer. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1987;59(12):2006-10.
31. M.H. Kalser, and S.S. Ellenberg Pancreatic cancer. adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection Arch Surg 120 8 1985 899 903
32. J.H. Klinkenbijl, J. Jeekel, and T. Sahmoud Adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil after curative resection of cancer of the pancreas and periampullary region: phase III trial of the EORTC gastrointestinal tract cancer cooperative group Ann Surg 230 6 1999 776 782
33. W.F. Regine, K.A. Winter, and R.A. Abrams Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 299 9 2008 1019 1026
34. J. Schmidt, U. Abel, and J. Debus Open-label, multicenter, randomized phase III trial of adjuvant chemoradiation plus interferon alfa-2b versus fluorouracil and folinic acid for patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma J Clin Oncol 30 33 2012 4077 4083
35. J.L. Van Laethem, P. Hammel, and F. Mornex Adjuvant gemcitabine alone versus gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy after curative resection for pancreatic cancer: a randomized EORTC-40013-22012/FFCD-9203/GERCOR phase II study J Clin Oncol 28 29 2010 4450 4456
36. A.K. Narang, and J.M. Herman The promise of modern radiotherapy in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a response to bekaii-saab et al Ann Surg Oncol 21 4 2014 1064 1066
37. C.C. Hsu, J.M. Herman, and M.M. Corsini Adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: The Johns Hopkins Hospital-Mayo Clinic collaborative study Ann Surg Oncol 17 4 2010 981 990
38. A.C. Berger, K. Winter, and J.P. Hoffman Five year results of US intergroup/RTOG 9704 with postoperative CA 19-9
39. Leder K, Pitter K, LaPlante Q, et al. Mathematical modeling of proneural glioblastoma reveals optimized radiation dosing schedules. Cell. 2014;156:603-16.
40. T.Y. Cheng, K. Sheth, and R.R. White Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on operative mortality and morbidity for pancreaticoduodenectomy Ann Surg Oncol 13 1 2006 66 74
41. R.P. Petersen, J.C. Bendell, B.G. Czito, and D.S. Tyler Neoadjuvant treatment for resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer 2008 Springer New York 549 562
42. M.M. Assifi, X. Lu, G. Eibl, H.A. Reber, G. Li, and O.J. Hines Neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of phase II trials Surgery 150 3 2011 466 473
43. J.M. Pipas, R.J. Barth Jr, and B. Zaki Docetaxel/gemcitabine followed by gemcitabine and external beam radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma Ann Surg Oncol 12 12 2005 995 1004
44. M.S. Talamonti, W. Small Jr, and M.F. Mulcahy A multi-institutional phase II trial of preoperative full-dose gemcitabine and concurrent radiation for patients with potentially resectable pancreatic carcinoma Ann Surg Oncol 13 2 2006 150 158
45. G.R. Varadhachary, R.A. Wolff, and C.H. Crane Preoperative gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by gemcitabine-based chemoradiation for resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head J Clin Oncol 26 21 2008 3487 3495
46. W. Small Jr, J. Berlin, and G.M. Freedman Full-dose gemcitabine with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer: a multicenter phase II trial J Clin Oncol 26 6 2008 942 947
47. D.B. Evans, G.R. Varadhachary, and C.H. Crane Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation for patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head J Clin Oncol 26 21 2008 3496 3502
48. O. Turrini, M. Ychou, and L. Moureau-Zabotto Neoadjuvant docetaxel-based chemoradiation for resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: new neoadjuvant regimen was safe and provided an interesting pathologic response Eur J Surg Oncol 36 10 2010 987 992
49. J.M. Pipas, B.I. Zaki, and M.M. McGowan Neoadjuvant cetuximab, twice-weekly gemcitabine, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma Ann Oncol 23 11 2012 2820 2827
50. S. Satoi, H. Toyokawa, and H. Yanagimoto Neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy using S-1 followed by surgical resection in patients with pancreatic cancer J Gastrointest Surg 16 4 2012 784 792
51. G. Van Buren 2nd, R.K. Ramanathan, and A.M. Krasinskas Phase II study of induction fixed-dose rate gemcitabine and bevacizumab followed by 30 gy radiotherapy as preoperative treatment for potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma Ann Surg Oncol 20 12 2013 3787 3793
52. H. Eguchi, H. Nagano, and S. Kobayashi A phase I trial of combination therapy using gemcitabine and S-1 concurrent with full-dose radiation for resectable pancreatic cancer Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 73 2 2014 309 315
53. O. Turrini, F. Viret, and L. Moureau-Zabotto Neoadjuvant 5 fluorouracil-cisplatin chemoradiation effect on survival in patients with resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma: a ten-year single institution experience Oncology 76 6 2009 413 419
54. K.T. Papalezova, D.S. Tyler, and D.G. Blazer III Does preoperative therapy optimize outcomes in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer? J Surg Oncol 106 1 2012 111 118
55. J.S. Estrella, A. Rashid, and J.B. Fleming Post-therapy pathologic stage and survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation Cancer 118 1 2012 268 277
56. K.P. Olive, M.A. Jacobetz, and C.J. Davidson Inhibition of hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer Science 324 5933 2009 1457 1461
57. P.P. Provenzano, C. Cuevas, A.E. Chang, V.K. Goel, D.D. Von Hoff, and S.R. Hingorani Enzymatic targeting of the stroma ablates physical barriers to treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Cancer Cell 21 3 2012 418 429
58. Shroff RT, Varadhachary GR, Crane CH, et al. Updated survival analysis of preoperative gemcitabine (gem) plus bevacizumab (bev)-based chemoradiation for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Paper presented at ASCO Annual Meeting 2012, Chicago, IL.
59. A.B. Benson III, T. Bekaii-Saab, and E. Chan Rectal cancer J Natl Compr Canc Netw 10 12 2012 1528 1564
60. T.S. Hong, D.P. Ryan, and L.S. Blaszkowsky Phase I study of preoperative short-course chemoradiation with proton beam therapy and capecitabine for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the head Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79 1 2011 151 157
61. T.S. Hong, D.P. Ryan, and D.R. Borger A phase 1/2 and biomarker study of preoperative short course chemoradiation with proton beam therapy and capecitabine followed by early surgery for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 89 2014 830 838
62. V.K. Mehta, G. Fisher, and J.A. Ford Preoperative chemoradiation for marginally resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas J Gastrointest Surg 5 1 2001 27 35
63. R.J.S. Kumar Neoadjuvant therapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer J Radiat Oncol 2 4 2013 353 367
64. S.P. Desai, E. Ben-Josef, and D.P. Normolle Phase I study of oxaliplatin, full-dose gemcitabine, and concurrent radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer J Clin Oncol 25 29 2007 4587 4592
65. E.J. Kim, E. Ben-Josef, and J.M. Herman A multi-institutional phase 2 study of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with radiation therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer Cancer 119 15 2013 2692 2700
66. S. Mukherjee, C.N. Hurt, and J. Bridgewater Gemcitabine-based or capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (SCALOP): a multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial Lancet Oncol 14 4 2013 317 326
67. J. Landry, P.J. Catalano, and C. Staley Randomized phase II study of gemcitabine plus radiotherapy versus gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin followed by radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil for patients with locally advanced, potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma J Surg Oncol 101 7 2010 587 592
68. F.A. Calvo, R. Matute, and J.L. Garcia-Sabrido Neoadjuvant chemoradiation with tegafur in cancer of the pancreas: initial analysis of clinical tolerance and outcome Am J Clin Oncol 27 4 2004 343 349
69. K.M. Brown, V. Siripurapu, and M. Davidson Chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy before resection for borderline pancreatic adenocarcinoma Am J Surg 195 3 2008 318 321
70. S. Satoi, H. Yanagimoto, and H. Toyokawa Surgical results after preoperative chemoradiation therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer Pancreas 38 3 2009 282 288
71. Y.S. Chun, B.N. Milestone, and J.C. Watson Defining venous involvement in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer Ann Surg Oncol 17 11 2010 2832 2838
72. R.J. McClaine, A.M. Lowy, J.J. Sussman, N. Schmulewitz, D.L. Grisell, and S.A. Ahmad Neoadjuvant therapy may lead to successful surgical resection and improved survival in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer HPB (Oxford) 12 1 2010 73 79
73. M. Patel, S. Hoffe, and M. Malafa Neoadjuvant GTX chemotherapy and IMRT-based chemoradiation for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer J Surg Oncol 104 2 2011 155 161
74. M.D. Chuong, T.J. Hayman, and M.R. Patel Comparison of 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional tumor response assessment after neoadjuvant GTX-RT in borderline-resectable pancreatic cancer Gastrointest Cancer Res 4 4 2011 128 134
75. M. Sho, T. Akahori, and T. Tanaka Pathological and clinical impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy using full-dose gemcitabine and concurrent radiation for resectable pancreatic cancer J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 20 2 2013 197 205
76. G. Barugola, S. Partelli, and S. Crippa Outcomes after resection of locally advanced or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant therapy Am J Surg 203 2 2012 132 139
77. N.D. Arvold, D.P. Ryan, and A. Niemierko Long-term outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer Cancer 118 12 2012 3026 3035
78. C.M. Kang, Y.E. Chung, and J.Y. Park Potential contribution of preoperative neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy on margin-negative resection in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer J Gastrointest Surg 16 3 2012 509 517
79. M.H. Katz, J.B. Fleming, and P. Bhosale Response of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer to neoadjuvant therapy is not reflected by radiographic indicators Cancer 118 23 2012 5749 5756
80. A.S. Dholakia, A. Hacker-Prietz, and A.T. Wild Resection of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation does not depend on improved radiographic appearance of tumor-vessel relationships J Radiat Oncol 2 4 2013 413 425
81. C.P. Xu, X.J. Xue, and N. Liang Effect of chemoradiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in resectable pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 140 4 2014 549 559
82. A.M. Stessin, J.E. Meyer, and D.L. Sherr Neoadjuvant radiation is associated with improved survival in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer: an analysis of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 4 2008 1128 1133
83. A. Artinyan, D.A. Anaya, S. McKenzie, J.D. Ellenhorn, and J. Kim Neoadjuvant therapy is associated with improved survival in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma Cancer 117 10 2011 2044 2049
84. S. Gillen, T. Schuster, C. Meyer Zum Buschenfelde, H. Friess, and J. Kleeff Preoperative/neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of response and resection percentages PLoS Med 7 4 2010 e1000267
85. J.M. Laurence, P.D. Tran, K. Morarji, G.D. Eslick, V.W. Lam, and C. Sandroussi A systematic review and meta-analysis of survival and surgical outcomes following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic cancer J Gastrointest Surg 15 11 2011 2059 2069
86. A. Andriulli, V. Festa, and E. Botteri Neoadjuvant/preoperative gemcitabine for patients with localized pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies Ann Surg Oncol 19 5 2012 1644 1662
87. T.K. Joensuu, T. Kiviluoto, and P. Karkkainen Phase I-II trial of twice-weekly gemcitabine and concomitant irradiation in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60 2 2004 444 452
88. C.G. Moertel, S. Frytak, and R.G. Hahn Therapy of locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: a randomized comparison of high dose (6000 rads) radiation alone, moderate dose radiation (4000 rads+5-fluorouracil), and high dose radiation+5-fluorouracil: The gastrointestinal tumor study group Cancer 48 8 1981 1705 1710
89. C.P. Zhu, J. Shi, Y.X. Chen, W.F. Xie, and Y. Lin Gemcitabine in the chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis Radiother Oncol 99 2 2011 108 113
90. C.P. Li, Y. Chao, and K.H. Chi Concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Gemcitabine versus 5-fluorouracil, a randomized controlled study Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 1 2003 98 104
91. C.H. Crane, J.L. Abbruzzese, and D.B. Evans Is the therapeutic index better with gemcitabine-based chemoradiation than with 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52 5 2002 1293 1302
92. T. Conroy, F. Desseigne, and M. Ychou FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer N Engl J Med 364 19 2011 1817 1825
93. D.D. Von Hoff, T.J. Ervin, and P.F. Arena Results of a randomized phase III trial (MPACT) of weekly nab- paclitaxel plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone for patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with PET and CA19-9 correlates J Clin Oncol 2013 31 abstr 4005
94. J.E. Faris, L.S. Blaszkowsky, and S. McDermott FOLFIRINOX in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center experience Oncologist 18 5 2013 543 548
95. E. Vasile, N. De Lio, and C. Cappelli Phase II study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with modified FOLFOXIRI in borderline resectable or unresectable stage III pancreatic cancer J Clin Oncol 2013 31 abstr 4062
96. J. Ge, L. Santanam, C. Noel, and P.J. Parikh Planning 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) cannot adequately represent daily intrafractional motion of abdominal tumors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85 4 2013 999 1005
97. E. Ben-Josef, A.F. Shields, and U. Vaishampayan Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and concurrent capecitabine for pancreatic cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59 2 2004 454 459
98. M.W. Brown, H. Ning, and B. Arora A dosimetric analysis of dose escalation using two intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques in locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65 1 2006 274 283
99. J.C. Landry, G.Y. Yang, and J.Y. Ting Treatment of pancreatic cancer tumors with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using the volume at risk approach (VARA): employing dose-volume histogram (DVH) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) to evaluate small bowel toxicity Med Dosim 27 2 2002 121 129
100. M.T. Milano, S.J. Chmura, and M.C. Garofalo Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in treatment of pancreatic and bile duct malignancies: Toxicity and clinical outcome Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59 2 2004 445 453
101. Y.G. van der Geld, B. van Triest, and W.F. Verbakel Evaluation of four-dimensional computed tomography-based intensity-modulated and respiratory-gated radiotherapy techniques for pancreatic carcinoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 4 2008 1215 1220
102. S.S. Lo, A.J. Fakiris, and E.L. Chang Stereotactic body radiation therapy: a novel treatment modality Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7 1 2010 44 54
103. M. Hoyer, H. Roed, and L. Sengelov Phase-II study on stereotactic radiotherapy of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma Radiother Oncol 76 1 2005 48 53
104. D. Schellenberg, K.A. Goodman, and F. Lee Gemcitabine chemotherapy and single-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 3 2008 678 686
105. D. Schellenberg, J. Kim, and C. Christman-Skieller Single-fraction stereotactic body radiation therapy and sequential gemcitabine for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81 1 2011 181 188
106. J. Herman, D. Chang, and K. Goodman A phase II multi-institutional study to evaluate gemcitabine and fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy for unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma J Clin Oncol 30 Suppl 2012 abstr 4045
107. M.D. Chuong, G.M. Springett, and J.M. Freilich Stereotactic body radiation therapy for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is effective and well tolerated Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86 3 2013 516 522
108. J.C. Rwigema, D.E. Heron, and S.D. Parikh Adjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma with close or positive margins J Gastrointest Cancer 43 1 2012 70 76
109. P.A. Lind, B. Isaksson, and M. Almstrom Efficacy of preoperative radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma Acta Oncol 47 3 2008 413 420
110. D.W. Maximous, M.E. Abdel-Wanis, M.I. El-Sayed, and A.A. Abd-Elsayed Preoperative gemcitabine based chemo-radiotherapy in locally advanced non metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma Int Arch Med 2 1 2009 7-7682-2-7
111. M. Piperdi, T.P. McDade, and J.K. Shim A neoadjuvant strategy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma increases the likelihood of receiving all components of care: Lessons from a single-institution database HPB (Oxford) 12 3 2010 204 210
112. J.B. Stokes, N.J. Nolan, and E.B. Stelow Preoperative capecitabine and concurrent radiation for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer Ann Surg Oncol 18 3 2011 619 627
113. F. Leone, M. Gatti, and P. Massucco Induction gemcitabine and oxaliplatin therapy followed by a twice-weekly infusion of gemcitabine and concurrent external-beam radiation for neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a single institutional experience Cancer 119 2 2013 277 284
114. D. Habermehl, K. Kessel, and T. Welzel Neoadjuvant chemoradiation with gemcitabine for locally advanced pancreatic cancer Radiat Oncol 7 2012 28-717X-7-28
115. H. Takahashi, H. Ohigashi, and K. Gotoh Preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiation therapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer Ann Surg 258 6 2013 1040 1050