Metabolic response to the stress of critical illness

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 113, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 945-954

  Preiser, J C ^a   Ichai, C ^b   Orban, J C ^b   Groeneveld, A B J ^c  

^a ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b University Hospital of Nice University of Nice Sophia Antipolis   (France)

^c ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

body composition; critically ill; energy expenditure; energy substrate; hormone supplementation; macronutrient; neuroendocrine response

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN INTAKE;

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; BODY COMPOSITION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; NEUROSECRETION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROTEIN INTAKE;

BODY COMPOSITION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIETARY PROTEINS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84922602989     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu187     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Jeevanandam, M, Shamos, RF, Petersen, SR, Substrate efficacy in early nutrition support of critically ill multiple trauma victims. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16 (1992), 511–520.
2. Van den Berghe, G, de Zegher, F, Bouillon, R, Clinical review 95: acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998), 1827–1834.
3. Hamill, RW, Woolf, PD, McDonald, JV, Lee, LA, Kelly, M, Catecholamines predict outcome in traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol 21 (1987), 438–443.
4. Boonen, E, Vervenne, H, Meersseman, P, et al. Reduced cortisol metabolism during critical illness. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1477–1488.
5. Koch, A, Gressner, OA, Sanson, E, Tacke, F, Trautwein, C, Serum resistin levels in critically ill patients are associated with inflammation, organ dysfunction and metabolism and may predict survival of non-septic patients. Crit Care, 13, 2009, R95.
6. Marques, MB, Langouche, L, Endocrine, metabolic, and morphologic alterations of adipose tissue during critical illness. Crit Care Med 41 (2013), 317–325.
7. Hillenbrand, A, Weiss, M, Knippschild, U, Wolf, AM, Huber-Lang, M, Sepsis-induced adipokine change with regard to insulin resistance. Int J Inflam, 2012, 2012, 972368.
8. Fantuzzi, G, Adiponectin and inflammation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296, 2009, E397.
9. Deane, A, Chapman, MJ, Fraser, RJL, Horowitz, M, Bench-to-bedside review: the gut as an endocrine organ in the critically ill. Crit Care, 14, 2010, 228.
10. Nematy, M, O'Flynn, JE, Wandrag, L, et al. Changes in appetite related gut hormones in intensive care unit patients: a pilot cohort study. Crit Care, 10, 2006, R10.
11. Nematy, M, Brynes, AE, Hornick, PI, et al. Postprandial ghrelin suppression is exaggerated following major surgery; implications for nutritional recovery. Nutr Metab (Lond), 4, 2007, 20.
12. Losser, MR, Damoisel, C, Payen, D, Bench-to-bedside review: glucose and stress conditions in the intensive care unit. Crit Care, 14, 2010, 231.
13. Plank, LD, Hill, GL, Sequential metabolic changes following induction of systemic inflammatory response in patients with severe sepsis or major blunt trauma. World J Surg 24 (2000), 630–638.
14. Xiao, W, Mindrinos, MN, Seok, J, et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J Exp Med 208 (2011), 2581–2590.
15. Preiser, JC, Oxidative stress. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36 (2012), 147–154.
16. Huet, O, Dupic, L, Batteux, F, et al. Postresuscitation syndrome: potential role of hydroxyl radical-induced endothelial cell damage. Crit Care Med 39 (2011), 1712–1720.
17. Motoyama, T, Okamoto, K, Kukita, I, Hamaguchi, M, Kinoshita, Y, Ogawa, H, Possible role of increased oxidant stress in multiple organ failure after systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Crit Care Med 31 (2003), 1048–1052.
18. Alonso de Vega, JM, Díaz, J, Serrano, E, Carbonell, LF, Oxidative stress in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Crit Care Med 30 (2002), 1782–1786.
19. Lena, D, Kalfon, P, Preiser, JC, Ichai, C, Glycemic control in the intensive care unit and during the postoperative period. Anesthesiology 114 (2011), 438–444.
20. Biolo, G, Grimble, G, Preiser, JC, et al., European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Working Group on Nutrition and Metabolism, Position paper of the ESICM Working Group on Nutrition and Metabolism. Metabolic basis of nutrition in intensive care unit patients: ten critical questions. Intensive Care Med 28 (2002), 1512–1520.
21. Soeters, MR, Soeters, PB, The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 31 (2012), 1002–1007.
22. Marik, PE, Bellomo, R, Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response!. Crit Care, 17, 2013, 305.
23. Dungan, KM, Braithwaite, SS, Preiser, JC, Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet 373 (2009), 1780–1798.
24. Mowery, NT, Dortch, MJ, Dossett, LA, et al. Insulin resistance despite tight glucose control is associated with mortality in critically ill surgical patients. J Intensive Care Med 24 (2009), 242–251.
25. Ljungqvist, O, Jonathan, E, Rhoads lecture 2011: insulin resistance and enhanced recovery after surgery. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36 (2012), 389–398.
26. Singer, M, De Santis, V, Vitale, D, Jeffcoate, W, Multiorgan failure is an adaptive, endocrine-mediated metabolic response to overwhelming systemic inflammation. Lancet 364 (2004), 545–548.
27. Siegel, JH, Cerra, FB, Coleman, B, et al. Physiological and metabolic correlations in human sepsis. Surgery 86 (1979), 163–193.
28. Wilmore, DW, Metabolic response to severe surgical stress: overview. World J Surg 24 (2000), 705–711.
29. Kyle, UG, Jolliet, P, Genton, L, et al. Clinical evaluation of hormonal stress state in medical ICU patients: a prospective blinded observational study. Intensive Care Med 31 (2005), 1669–1675.
30. Donatelli, F, Corbella, D, Di Nicola, M, et al. Preoperative insulin resistance and the impact of feeding on postoperative protein balance: a stable isotope study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 896 (2011), E1789–E1797.
31. Hoffer, LJ, Bistrian, BR, Why critically ill patients are protein deprived. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37 (2013), 300–309.
32. Cuesta, JM, Singer, M, The stress response and critical illness: a review. Crit Care Med 40 (2012), 3283–3289.
33. Brealey, D, Brand, M, Hargreaves, I, et al. Association between mitochondrial dysfunction and severity and outcome of septic shock. Lancet 360 (2002), 219–223.
34. Carré, JE, Orban, JC, Re, L, et al. Survival in critical illness is associated with early activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182 (2010), 745–751.
35. Kreymann, G, Grosser, S, Buggisch, P, Gottschall, C, Matthaei, S, Greten, H, Oxygen consumption and resting metabolic rate in sepsis, sepsis syndrome, and septic shock. Crit Care Med 21 (1993), 1012–1019.
36. Uehara, M, Plank, LD, Hill, GL, Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: a basis for clinical care. Crit Care Med 27 (1999), 1295–1302.
37. Fraipont, V, Preiser, JC, Energy estimation and measurement in critically ill patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37 (2013), 705–713.
38. Vincent, JL, Preiser, JC, When should we add parenteral to enteral nutrition?. Lancet 381 (2013), 354–355.
39. Heidegger, CP, Berger, MM, Graf, S, et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 381 (2013), 385–393.
40. Casaer, MP, Mesotten, D, Hermans, G, et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365 (2011), 506–517.
41. Schetz, M, Casaer, MP, Van den Berghe, G, Does artificial nutrition improve outcome of critical illness?. Crit Care, 17, 2013, 302.
42. Tappy, L, Schwarz, JM, Schneiter, P, et al. Effects of isoenergetic glucose-based or lipid-based parenteral nutrition on glucose metabolism, de novo lipogenesis, and respiratory gas exchanges in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 26 (1998), 860–867.
43. Watford, M, Is the small intestine a gluconeogenic organ. Nutr Rev 63 (2005), 356–360.
44. Battezzati, A, Caumo, A, Martino, F, et al. Nonhepatic glucose production in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286 (2004), E129–E135.
45. Shangraw, RE, Jahoor, F, Wolfe, RR, Lang, CH, Pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivity is not responsible for sepsis-induced insulin resistance. Crit Care Med 24 (1996), 566–574.
46. Burgstad, CM, Besanko, LK, Deane, AM, et al. Sucrose malabsorption and impaired mucosal integrity in enterally fed critically ill patients: a prospective cohort observational study. Crit Care Med 41 (2013), 1221–1228.
47. Krinsley, JS, Egi, M, Kiss, A, et al. Diabetic status and the relation of the three domains of glycemic control to mortality in critically ill patients: an international multicenter cohort study. Crit Care, 17, 2013, R37.
48. Falciglia, M, Freyberg, RW, Almenoff, PL, D'Alessio, DA, Render, ML, Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med 37 (2009), 3001–3009.
49. Van Hall, G, Stromstadt, M, Rasmussen, P, et al. Blood lactate is an important source of energy for the human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow 29 (2004), 1121–1129.
50. Leverve, XM, Energy metabolism in critically ill patients: lactate is a major oxidizable substrate. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2 (1999), 165–169.
51. Ichai, C, Armando, G, Orban, JC, et al. Sodium lactate versus mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients. Intensive Care Med 35 (2009), 471–479.
52. Stanley, WC, Recchia, FA, Lopasschuk, GD, Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev 85 (2005), 1093–1129.
53. Levy, B, Gibot, S, Franck, P, Cravoisy, A, Bollaert, PE, Relation between muscle Na+K+ ATPase activity and raised lactate concentrations in septic shock: a prospective study. Lancet 365 (2005), 871–875.
54. Iapichino, G, Radrizzani, D, Armani, S, Noto, A, Spanu, P, Mistraletti, G, Metabolic treatment of critically ill patients: energy balance and substrate disposal. Minerva Anestesiol 72 (2006), 533–541.
55. Agwunobi, AO, Reid, C, Maycock, P, Little, RA, Carlson, GL, Insulin resistance and substrate utilization in human endotoxemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000), 3770–3778.
56. Krogh-Madsen, R, Plomgaard, P, Akerstrom, T, Møller, K, Schmitz, O, Pedersen, BK, Effect of short-term intralipid infusion on the immune response during low-dose endotoxemia in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294 (2008), E371–E379.
57. Klaude, M, Fredriksson, K, Tjäder, I, et al. Proteasome proteolytic activity in skeletal muscle is increased in patients with sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 112 (2007), 499–506.
58. Hasselgren, PO, Catabolic response to stress and injury: implications for regulation. World J Surg 24 (2000), 1452–1459.
59. Hill, GL, Jonathan, E, Rhoads lecture. Body composition research: implications for the practice of clinical nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16 (1992), 197–218.
60. Pichard, C, Kyle, UG, Morabia, A, Perrier, A, Vermeulen, B, Unger, P, Nutritional assessment: lean body mass depletion at hospital admission is associated with an increased length of stay. Am J Clin Nutr 79 (2004), 613–618.
61. Herridge, MS, Tansey, CM, Matte, A, et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 364 (2011), 1293–1304.
62. Lecker, SH, Protein degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006), 1807–1819.
63. Friedrich, O, Critical illness myopathy: what is happening?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9 (2006), 403–409.
64. Stevens, RD, Dowdy, DW, Michaels, RK, Mendez-Tellez, PA, Pronovost, PJ, Needham, DM, Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 33 (2007), 1876–1891.
65. Langouche, L, Perre, SV, Thiessen, S, et al. Alterations in adipose tissue during critical illness: an adaptive and protective response?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182 (2010), 507–516.
66. Broomhead, LR, Brett, SJ, Clinical review: intensive care follow-up'what has it told us?. Crit Care 6 (2002), 411–417.
67. Hill, NE, Murphy, KG, Singer, M, Ghrelin, appetite and critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 18 (2012), 199–205.
68. Ligtenberg, JJ, Girbes, AR, Beentjes, JA, Tulleken, JE, Van der Werf, TS, Zijlstra, JG, Hormones in the critically ill patients: to intervene or not to intervene?. Intensive Care Med 27 (2001), 1567–1577.
69. Takala, J, Ruokonen, E, Webster, NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 341 (1999), 785–792.
70. Voerman, HJ, Strack van Schijndel, RJM, Groeneveld, ABJ, et al. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients with severe sepsis. Ann Surg 216 (1992), 648–655.
71. Gore, DC, Chinkes, DL, Hart, DW, Wolf, SE, Herndon, DN, Sanford, AP, Hyperglycemia exacerbates muscle protein catabolism in burn-injured patients. Crit Care Med 30 (2002), 2438–2442.
72. Meyer, C, Woerle, HJ, Gerich, J, Paradoxical changes of muscle glutamine release during hyperinsulinemia euglycemia and hypoglycemia in humans: further evidence for the glucose-glutamine cycle. Metabolism 53 (2004), 1208–1214.
73. Biolo, G, De Cicco, M, Lorenzon, S, et al. Treating hyperglycemia improves skeletal muscle protein metabolism in cancer patients after major surgery. Crit Care Med 36 (2008), 1768–1775.
74. Ichai, C, Preiser, JC, Société Française d'Anesthésie-Réanimation; Société de Réanimation de langue Française; Experts group, International recommendations for glucose control in adult non diabetic critically ill patients. Crit Care, 14, 2010, R166.
75. Groeneveld, ABJ, Beishuizen, A, Visser, FC, Insulin: a wonder drug in the critically ill?. Crit Care 6 (2002), 102–105.
76. Maggio, M, Nicolini, F, Cattabiani, C, et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on clinical and rehabilitative outcomes in older men undergoing on-pump CABG. Contemp Clin Trials 33 (2012), 730–738.
77. Heyland, D, Muscedere, J, Wischmeyer, PE, et al. A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1489–1497.
78. Kelemen, JJ, Cioffie, WG, Mason, AD, Mozingo, DW, McManus, WF, Pruitt, BA, Effects of ambient temperature on metabolic rate after thermal injury. Ann Surg 223 (1996), 406–412.
79. De Montmolin, E, Aboab, J, Mansart, A, Annane, D, Bench-to-bedside review: β-adrenergic modulation in sepsis. Crit Care, 13, 2009, 230.