Advances in wearable chemical sensor design for monitoring biological fluids

Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical

Volumn 211, Issue , 2015, Pages 403-418

  Matzeu, Giusy ^a   Florea, Larisa ^a   Diamond, Dermot ^a  

^a Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI)   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Biological fluids; Chemical sensors; Non invasive monitoring; Personal health; Smart materials; Wearable

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BODY FLUIDS; CHEMICAL SENSORS; INTELLIGENT MATERIALS; IONIC LIQUIDS; OPTICAL SENSORS; YARN;

BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS; CHEMICAL SENSOR DESIGN; NON-INVASIVE MONITORING; PERSONAL HEALTH; PERSONAL HEALTH CARE; PERVASIVE APPLICATIONS; POINT-OF-CARE SYSTEMS; WEARABLE;

WEARABLE SENSORS;

EID: 84922572812     PISSN: 09254005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.077     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Y. Hao, and R. Foster Wireless body sensor networks for health-monitoring applications Physiol. Meas. 29 2008 R27
2. F. Carpi, and D. De Rossi Electroactive polymer-based devices for e-textiles in biomedicine IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 9 2005 295 318
3. S. Patel, H. Park, P. Bonato, L. Chan, and M. Rodgers A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 9 2012 21
4. B. Latré, B. Braem, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, and P. Demeester A survey on wireless body area networks Wirel. Netw. 17 2011 1 18
5. A.J. Bandodkar, and J. Wang Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review Trends Biotechnol. 2014
6. D. Diamond, S. Coyle, S. Scarmagnani, and J. Hayes Wireless sensor networks and chemo-/biosensing Chem. Rev. 108 2008 652 679
7. J.-H. Lee, and H.-I. Jung Biochip technology for monitoring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) BioChip J. 7 2013 195 200
8. S. Sahoo, S. Parveen, and J. Panda The present and future of nanotechnology in human health care, nanomedicine: nanotechnology Biol. Med. 3 2007 20 31
9. R. Byrne, F. Benito-Lopez, and D. Diamond Materials science and the sensor revolution Mater. Today 13 2010 16 23
10. J.R. Windmiller, and J. Wang Wearable electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review Electroanalysis 25 2013 29 46
11. http://www.google.com/glass/start/
12. http://www.diabetesmine.com/2014/01/newsflash-google-is-developing-glucose-sensing-contact-lenses.html, 2014
13. http://medcitynews.com/2014/06/apple-worked-mayo-clinic-epic-build-heathkit-platform/-ixzz33WAJiDYV
14. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/wi-wear.html-1
15. https://makeit.intel.com
16. N.-F. Chiu, J.-M. Wang, C.-W. Liao, C.-H. Chen, H.-C. Chen, and L.-J. Yang An implantable multifunctional needle type biosensor with integrated RF capability, engineering in medicine and biology society, 2005 IEEE-EMBS 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the, IEEE 2006 2005 1933 1936
17. J.R. Windmiller, N. Zhou, M.-C. Chuang, G. Valdes-Ramirez, P. Santhosh, and P.R. Miller Microneedle array-based carbon paste amperometric sensors and biosensors Analyst 136 2011 1846 1851
18. P.R. Miller, S.A. Skoog, T.L. Edwards, D.M. Lopez, D.R. Wheeler, and D.C. Arango Multiplexed microneedle-based biosensor array for characterization of metabolic acidosis Talanta 88 2012 739 742
19. J.K. Nielsen, C.B. Djurhuus, C.H. Gravholt, A.C. Carus, J. Granild-Jensen, and H. Orskov Continuous glucose monitoring in interstitial subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle reflects excursions in cerebral cortex Diabetes 54 2005 1635 1639
20. J. Mader, H. Weinhandl, G. Köhler, J. Plank, G. Bock, and S. Korsatko Assessment of different techniques for subcutaneous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetic patients during 'real-life' glucose excursions Diabet. Med. 27 2010 332 338
21. D.B. Keenan, J.J. Mastrototaro, G. Voskanyan, and G.M. Steil Delays in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices: a review of current technology J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3 2009 1207 1214
22. F. Ricci, D. Moscone, and G. Palleschi Ex vivo continuous glucose monitoring with microdialysis technique: the example of GlucoDay IEEE Sens. J. 8 2008 63 70
23. R.L. Weinstein, S.L. Schwartz, R.L. Brazg, J.R. Bugler, T.A. Peyser, and G.V. McGarraugh Accuracy of the 5-day freestyle navigator continuous glucose monitoring system comparison with frequent laboratory reference measurements Diabetes Care 30 2007 1125 1130
24. A. Heller Potentially implantable miniature batteries Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385 2006 469 473
25. G. Piechotta, J. Albers, and R. Hintsche Novel micromachined silicon sensor for continuous glucose monitoring Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 2005 802 808
26. B.-U. Moon, M.G. de Vries, C.A. Cordeiro, B.H. Westerink, and E. Verpoorte Microdialysis-coupled enzymatic microreactor for in vivo glucose monitoring in rats Anal. Chem. 85 2013 10949 10955
27. X. Huang, C. Leduc, Y. Ravussin, S. Li, E. Davis, and B. Song Continuous monitoring of glucose in subcutaneous tissue using microfabricated differential affinity sensors J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 6 2012 1436 1444
28. X. Huang, C. Leduc, Y. Ravussin, S. Li, E. Davis, and B. Song A differential dielectric affinity glucose sensor Lab Chip 14 2013 294 301
29. J.M. Yuen, N.C. Shah, J.T. Walsh Jr.; M.R. Glucksberg, and R.P. Van Duyne Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model Anal. Chem. 82 2010 8382 8385
30. K. Ma, J.M. Yuen, N.C. Shah, J.T. Walsh Jr.; M.R. Glucksberg, and R.P. Van Duyne In vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: multiple rats, improved hypoglycemic accuracy, low incident power, and continuous monitoring for greater than 17 days Anal. Chem. 83 2011 9146 9152
31. ® biographer: a continual, non-invasive glucose monitor for patients with diabetes Biosens. Bioelectron. 16 2001 621 629
32. L. Dachao, Y. Haixia, H. Xian, H. Fuxiang, H. Xiaotang, and X. Kexin Prediction of blood glucose using interstitial fluid extracted by ultrasound and vacuum Proc. SPIE 6445 2007 64450I-1
33. I. Harman-Boehm, A. Gal, A.M. Raykhman, E. Naidis, and Y. Mayzel Noninvasive glucose monitoring: increasing accuracy by combination of multi-technology and multi-sensors J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 4 2010 583 595
34. M.A. Pleitez, T. Lieblein, A. Bauer, O. Hertzberg, H. von Lilienfeld-Toal, and W. Mäntele Windowless ultrasound photoacoustic cell for in vivo mid-IR spectroscopy of human epidermis: low interference by changes of air pressure, temperature, and humidity caused by skin contact opens the possibility for a non-invasive monitoring of glucose in the interstitial fluid Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84 2013 084901
35. M.A. Pleitez, T. Lieblein, A. Bauer, O. Hertzberg, H. von Lilienfeld-Toal, and W. Mäntele In vivo noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration in human epidermis by mid-infrared pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy Anal. Chem. 85 2012 1013 1020
36. M. Venugopal, K.E. Feuvrel, D. Mongin, S. Bambot, M. Faupel, and A. Panangadan Clinical evaluation of a novel interstitial fluid sensor system for remote continuous alcohol monitoring IEEE Sens. J. 8 2008 71 80
37. T.H. Risby, and S. Solga Current status of clinical breath analysis Appl. Phys. B 85 2006 421 426
38. T. Hibbard, and A.J. Killard Breath ammonia analysis: clinical application and measurement Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 41 2011 21 35
39. T.R. Paixão, and M. Bertotti Development of a breath alcohol sensor using a copper electrode in an alkaline medium J. Electroanal. Chem. 571 2004 101 109
40. J.M. Corres, I.R. Matias, M. Hernaez, J. Bravo, and F.J. Arregui Optical fiber humidity sensors using nanostructured coatings of SiO nanoparticles IEEE Sens. J. 8 2008 281 285
41. E. Horvath, P.R. Ribic, F. Hashemi, L. Forro, and A. Magrez Dye metachromasy on titanate nanowires: sensing humidity with reversible molecular dimerization J. Mater. Chem. 22 2012 8778 8784
42. Y. Miyoshi, K. Miyajima, H. Saito, H. Kudo, T. Takeuchi, and I. Karube Flexible humidity sensor in a sandwich configuration with a hydrophilic porous membrane Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 142 2009 28 32
43. S. Borini, R. White, D. Wei, M. Astley, S. Haque, and E. Spigone Ultrafast graphene oxide humidity sensors ACS Nano 7 2013 11166 11173
44. A. Haynes, and P. Gouma Electrospun conducting polymer-based sensors for advanced pathogen detection IEEE Sens. J. 8 2008 701 705
45. G. Hunter, J. Xu, A. Biaggi-Labiosa, D. Laskowski, P. Dutta, and S. Mondal Smart sensor systems for human health breath monitoring applications J. Breath Res. 5 2011 037111
46. S. Pantalei, E. Zampetti, A. Bearzotti, F. De Cesare, and A. Macagnano Improving sensing features of a nanocomposite PEDOT: PSS sensor for NO breath monitoring Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 179 2013 87 94
47. S. Cristescu, D. Marchenko, J. Mandon, K. Hebelstrup, G. Griffith, and L. Mur Spectroscopic monitoring of NO traces in plants and human breath: applications and perspectives Appl. Phys. B 110 2013 203 211
48. 2 analysis Analyst 133 2008 241 247
49. Y. Xiong, Z. Ye, J. Xu, Y. Zhu, C. Chen, and Y. Guan An integrated micro-volume fiber-optic sensor for oxygen determination in exhaled breath based on iridium (III) complexes immobilized in fluorinated xerogels Analyst 138 2013 1819 1827
50. B. Timmer, W. Olthuis, and A.v.d. Berg Ammonia sensors and their applications - a review Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 107 2005 666 677
51. T. Hibbard, K. Crowley, Z. Shahbazian, and A.J. Killard A system for the continuous generation of simulated human breath supplemented with trace gases Anal. Methods 4 2012 2172 2176
52. T. Hibbard, K. Crowley, F. Kelly, F. Ward, J. Holian, and A. Watson Point of care monitoring of hemodialysis patients with a breath ammonia measurement device based on printed polyaniline nanoparticle sensors Anal. Chem. 85 2013 12158 12165
53. L. Wang, K. Kalyanasundaram, M. Stanacevic, and P. Gouma Nanosensor device for breath acetone detection Sens. Lett. 8 2010 709 712
54. 3 gas sensors Anal. Chim. Acta 738 2012 69 75
55. J. Luo, J. Luo, L. Wang, X. Shi, J. Yin, and E. Crew Nanoparticle-structured thin film sensor arrays for breath sensing Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 161 2012 845 854
56. R. Morgan, M. Patterson, and M. Nimmo Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat Acta Physiol. Scand. 182 2004 37 43
57. B.J. Rosenstein, and G.R. Cutting The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: a consensus statement J. Pediatr. 132 1998 589 595
58. B.-W. Chang, S.-J. Yeh, P.-P. Tsai, and H.-C. Chang Monitoring perspiration from palms of hypohidrosis patients with a stopped-flow conductometric mini-system Clin. Chim. Acta 348 2004 107 111
59. M.S. Talary, F. Dewarrat, D. Huber, and A. Caduff In vivo life sign application of dielectric spectroscopy and non-invasive glucose monitoring J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353 2007 4515 4517
60. A. Caduff, M.S. Talary, M. Mueller, F. Dewarrat, J. Klisic, and M. Donath Non-invasive glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes: a multisensor system combining sensors for dielectric and optical characterisation of skin Biosens. Bioelectron. 24 2009 2778 2784
61. M. Gamella, S. Campuzano, J. Manso, G. Rivera, F. López-Colino, and A. Reviejo A novel non-invasive electrochemical biosensing device for in situ determination of the alcohol content in blood by monitoring ethanol in sweat Anal. Chim. Acta 806 2014 1 7
62. X. Cai, J. Yan, H. Chu, M. Wu, and Y. Tu An exercise degree monitoring biosensor based on electrochemiluminescent detection of lactate in sweat Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 143 2010 655 659
63. D. Morris, S. Coyle, Y. Wu, K.T. Lau, G. Wallace, and D. Diamond Bio-sensing textile based patch with integrated optical detection system for sweat monitoring Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 139 2009 231 236
64. B. Schazmann, D. Morris, C. Slater, S. Beirne, C. Fay, and R. Reuveny A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration Anal. Methods 2 2010 342 348
65. S. Coyle, K.-T. Lau, N. Moyna, D. O'Gorman, D. Diamond, and F. Di Francesco BIOTEX - biosensing textiles for personalised healthcare management, information technology in biomedicine IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 14 2010 364 370
66. V.F. Curto, S. Coyle, R. Byrne, N. Angelov, D. Diamond, and F. Benito-Lopez Concept and development of an autonomous wearable micro-fluidic platform for real time pH sweat analysis Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 175 2012 263 270
67. V.F. Curto, C. Fay, S. Coyle, R. Byrne, C. O'Toole, and C. Barry Real-time sweat pH monitoring based on a wearable chemical barcode micro-fluidic platform incorporating ionic liquids Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 171 2012 1327 1334
68. T. Guinovart, M. Parrilla, G.A. Crespo, F.X. Rius, and F.J. Andrade Potentiometric sensors using cotton yarns, carbon nanotubes and polymeric membranes Analyst 138 2013 5208 5215
69. D.-H. Kim, N. Lu, R. Ma, Y.-S. Kim, R.-H. Kim, and S. Wang Epidermal electronics Science 333 2011 838 843
70. X. Huang, Y. Liu, H. Cheng, W.J. Shin, J.A. Fan, and Z. Liu Materials and designs for wireless epidermal sensors of hydration and strain Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014
71. X. Huang, Y. Liu, K. Chen, W.J. Shin, C.J. Lu, and G.W. Kong Stretchable, wireless sensors and functional substrates for epidermal characterization of sweat Small 2014
72. T. Guinovart, A.J. Bandodkar, J.R. Windmiller, F.J. Andrade, and J. Wang A potentiometric tattoo sensor for monitoring ammonium in sweat Analyst 138 2013 7031 7038
73. A.J. Bandodkar, V.W. Hung, W. Jia, G. Valdés-Ramírez, J.R. Windmiller, and A.G. Martinez Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring Analyst 138 2013 123 128
74. A.J. Bandodkar, D. Molinnus, O. Mirza, T. Guinovart, J.R. Windmiller, and G. Valdés-Ramírez Epidermal tattoo potentiometric sodium sensors with wireless signal transduction for continuous non-invasive sweat monitoring Biosens. Bioelectron. 54 2014 603 609
75. W. Jia, A.J. Bandodkar, G. Valdes-Ramirez, J.R. Windmiller, Z. Yang, and J. Ramirez Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration Anal. Chem. 85 2013 6553 6560
76. S. Ghimenti, T. Lomonaco, M. Onor, L. Murgia, A. Paolicchi, and R. Fuoco Measurement of warfarin in the oral fluid of patients undergoing anticoagulant oral therapy PLoS ONE 6 2011 e28182
77. A. Millward, L. Shaw, E. Harrington, and A.J. Smith Continuous monitoring of salivary flow rate and ph at the surface of the dentition following consumption of acidic beverages Caries Res. 31 1997 44 49
78. M. Bouchoucha, F. Callais, P. Renard, O.G. Ekindjian, P.H. Cugnenc, and J.P. Barbier Relationship between acid neutralization capacity of saliva and gastro-oesophageal reflux Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 105 1997 19 26
79. J.S. Mitchell, T.E. Lowe, and J.R. Ingram Rapid ultrasensitive measurement of salivary cortisol using nano-linker chemistry coupled with surface plasmon resonance detection Analyst 134 2009 380 386
80. J.S. Mitchell, and T.E. Lowe Ultrasensitive detection of testosterone using conjugate linker technology in a nanoparticle-enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensor Biosens. Bioelectron. 24 2009 2177 2183
81. G. Saikia, and P.K. Iyer A remarkable superquenching and superdequenching sensor for the selective and noninvasive detection of inorganic phosphates in saliva Macromolecules 44 2011 3753 3758
82. R.C. Kwan, H. Leung, P.Y. Hon, H.C. Cheung, K. Hirota, and R. Renneberg Amperometric biosensor for determining human salivary phosphate Anal. Biochem. 343 2005 263 267
83. D. Du, J. Wang, J.N. Smith, C. Timchalk, and Y. Lin Biomonitoring of organophosphorus agent exposure by reactivation of cholinesterase enzyme based on carbon nanotube-enhanced flow-injection amperometric detection Anal. Chem. 81 2009 9314 9320
84. M. Yamaguchi, M. Deguchi, and J. Wakasugi Flat-chip microanalytical enzyme sensor for salivary amylase activity Biomed. Microdevices 7 2005 295 300
85. M.B. Lerner, N. Kybert, R. Mendoza, R. Villechenon, M.A.B. Lopez, and A.C. Johnson Scalable, non-invasive glucose sensor based on boronic acid functionalized carbon nanotube transistors Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 2013 183113
86. C. Zuliani, G. Matzeu, and D. Diamond A potentiometric disposable sensor strip for measuring pH in saliva Electrochim. Acta 132 2014 292 296
87. C. Schabmueller, D. Loppow, G. Piechotta, B. Schütze, J. Albers, and R. Hintsche Micromachined sensor for lactate monitoring in saliva Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 2006 1770 1776
88. A.M. Spehar-Délèze, S. Anastasova, and P. Vadgama Electropolymerised phenolic films as internal barriers for oxidase enzyme biosensors Electroanalysis 2013
89. J. Wang, J. Kim, P. Mercier, A. Badodkar, J. Ramirez, and A.G. Martinez Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites Analyst 2014
90. M.S. Mannoor, H. Tao, J.D. Clayton, A. Sengupta, D.L. Kaplan, and R.R. Naik Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel Nat. Commun. 3 2012 763
91. J.T. Baca, D.N. Finegold, and S.A. Asher Tear glucose analysis for the noninvasive detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus Ocul. Surf. 5 2007 280 293
92. J.T. Baca, C.R. Taormina, E. Feingold, D.N. Finegold, J.J. Grabowski, and S.A. Asher Mass spectral determination of fasting tear glucose concentrations in nondiabetic volunteers Clin. Chem. 53 2007 1370 1372
93. C. O'Donnell, and N. Efron Diabetes and contact lens wear Clin. Exp. Optom. 95 2012 328 337
94. J. Zhang, W. Hodge, C. Hutnick, and X. Wang Noninvasive diagnostic devices for diabetes through measuring tear glucose J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 5 2011 166 172
95. A. Kagie, D.K. Bishop, J. Burdick, J.T. La Belle, R. Dymond, and R. Felder Flexible rolled thick-film miniaturized flow-cell for minimally invasive amperometric sensing Electroanalysis 20 2008 1610 1614
96. Q. Yan, B. Peng, G. Su, B.E. Cohan, T.C. Major, and M.E. Meyerhoff Measurement of tear glucose levels with amperometric glucose biosensor/capillary tube configuration Anal. Chem. 83 2011 8341 8346
97. B. Peng, J. Lu, A.S. Balijepalli, T.C. Major, B.E. Cohan, and M.E. Meyerhoff Evaluation of enzyme-based tear glucose electrochemical sensors over a wide range of blood glucose concentrations Biosens. Bioelectron. 49 2013 204 209
98. V. Andoralov, S. Shleev, T. Arnebrant, and T. Ruzgas Flexible micro (bio) sensors for quantitative analysis of bioanalytes in a nanovolume of human lachrymal liquid Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405 2013 3871 3879
99. S. Iguchi, H. Kudo, T. Saito, M. Ogawa, H. Saito, and K. Otsuka A flexible and wearable biosensor for tear glucose measurement Biomed. Microdevices 9 2007 603 609
100. H. Kudo, S. Iguchi, K. Miyajima, H. Saito, and K. Mitsubayashi A flexible and wearable biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring on eye site ECS Trans. 16 2008 99 104
101. M. Chu, H. Kudo, T. Shirai, K. Miyajima, H. Saito, and N. Morimoto A soft and flexible biosensor using a phospholipid polymer for continuous glucose monitoring Biomed. Microdevices 11 2009 837 842
102. M.X. Chu, K. Miyajima, D. Takahashi, T. Arakawa, K. Sano, and S.-i. Sawada Soft contact lens biosensor for in situ monitoring of tear glucose as non-invasive blood sugar assessment Talanta 83 2011 960 965
103. M. Chu, T. Shirai, D. Takahashi, T. Arakawa, H. Kudo, and K. Sano Biomedical soft contact-lens sensor for in situ ocular biomonitoring of tear contents Biomed. Microdevices 13 2011 603 611
104. H. Yao, A.J. Shum, M. Cowan, I. Lähdesmäki, and B.A. Parviz A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 2011 3290 3296
105. H. Yao, Y. Liao, A. Lingley, A. Afanasiev, I. Lähdesmäki, and B. Otis A contact lens with integrated telecommunication circuit and sensors for wireless and continuous tear glucose monitoring J. Micromech. Microeng. 22 2012 075007
106. N. Thomas, I. Lähdesmäki, and B.A. Parviz A contact lens with an integrated lactate sensor Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 162 2012 128 134
107. R. Badugu, J.R. Lakowicz, and C.D. Geddes Ophthalmic glucose monitoring using disposable contact lenses - a review J. Fluoresc. 14 2004 617 633
108. R. Badugu, J.R. Lakowicz, and C.D. Geddes Noninvasive continuous monitoring of physiological glucose using a monosaccharide-sensing contact lens Anal. Chem. 76 2004 610 618
109. R. Badugu, J.R. Lakowicz, and C.D. Geddes A glucose-sensing contact lens: from bench top to patient Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16 2005 100 107
110. R. Badugu, J.R. Lakowicz, and C.D. Geddes Ophthalmic glucose sensing: a novel monosaccharide sensing disposable and colorless contact lens Analyst 129 2004 516 521
111. Y. Hu, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Fan, and W. Wu Construction of near-infrared photonic crystal glucose-sensing materials for ratiometric sensing of glucose in tears Biosens. Bioelectron. 48 2013 94 99
112. V.L. Alexeev, S. Das, D.N. Finegold, and S.A. Asher Photonic crystal glucose-sensing material for noninvasive monitoring of glucose in tear fluid Clin. Chem. 50 2004 2353 2360
113. X. Yang, X. Pan, J. Blyth, and C.R. Lowe Towards the real-time monitoring of glucose in tear fluid: holographic glucose sensors with reduced interference from lactate and pH Biosens. Bioelectron. 23 2008 899 905
114. L.B. Wingard, and E.E. Spaeth Implantable glucose sensor expected soon Nat. Biotechnol. 7 1989 116
115. M.C. Frost, and M.E. Meyerhoff Implantable chemical sensors for real-time clinical monitoring: progress and challenges Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6 2002 633 641
116. M.A. Wood, and K.A. Ellenbogen Cardiac pacemakers from the patient Äôs perspective Circulation 105 2002 2136 2138
117. D.A. Gough, L.S. Kumosa, T.L. Routh, J.T. Lin, and J.Y. Lucisano Function of an implanted tissue glucose sensor for more than 1 year in animals Sci. Transl. Med. 2 2010 42ra53
118. D.S. Bindra, Y. Zhang, G.S. Wilson, R. Sternberg, D.R. Thevenot, and D. Moatti Design and in vitro studies of a needle-type glucose sensor for subcutaneous monitoring Anal. Chem. 63 1991 1692 1696
119. A. Heller, and B. Feldman Electrochemical glucose sensors and their applications in diabetes management Chem. Rev. 108 2008 2482 2505
120. D. Khodagholy, V.F. Curto, K.J. Fraser, M. Gurfinkel, R. Byrne, and D. Diamond Organic electrochemical transistor incorporating an ionogel as a solid state electrolyte for lactate sensing J. Mater. Chem. 22 2012 4440 4443
121. H. Koschwanez, F. Yap, B. Klitzman, and W. Reichert In vitro and in vivo characterization of porous poly-l-lactic acid coatings for subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 87 2008 792 807
122. S.P. Nichols, N.N. Le, B. Klitzman, and M.H. Schoenfisch Increased in vivo glucose recovery via nitric oxide release Anal. Chem. 83 2011 1180 1184
123. A. Koh, Y. Lu, and M.H. Schoenfisch Fabrication of nitric oxide-releasing porous polyurethane membranes-coated needle-type implantable glucose biosensors Anal. Chem. 85 2013 10488 10494
124. E.M. Hetrick, H.L. Prichard, B. Klitzman, and M.H. Schoenfisch Reduced foreign body response at nitric oxide-releasing subcutaneous implants Biomaterials 28 2007 4571 4580
125. D.A. Riccio, K.P. Dobmeier, E.M. Hetrick, B.J. Privett, H.S. Paul, and M.H. Schoenfisch Nitric oxide-releasing S-nitrosothiol-modified xerogels Biomaterials 30 2009 4494 4502
126. V.F. Curto, S. Scheuermann, R.i.n.M. Owens, V. Ranganathan, D.R. MacFarlane, and F. Benito-Lopez Probing the specific ion effects of biocompatible hydrated choline ionic liquids on lactate oxidase biofunctionality in sensor applications Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 2014 1841 1849
127. V.F. Curto, C. Fay, S. Coyle, R. Byrne, C. O'Toole, and C. Barry Real-time sweat pH monitoring based on a wearable chemical barcode micro-fluidic platform incorporating ionic liquids Sens Actuators B: Chem. 171 2012 1327 1334
128. M. Naushad, Z.A. ALOthman, A.B. Khan, and M. Ali Effect of ionic liquid on activity, stability, and structure of enzymes: a review Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51 2012 555 560
129. C. Wang, W. Zheng, Z. Yue, C.O. Too, and G.G. Wallace Buckled, stretchable polypyrrole electrodes for battery applications Adv. Mater. 23 2011 3580 3584
130. B. Yue, C. Wang, X. Ding, and G.G. Wallace Polypyrrole coated nylon lycra fabric as stretchable electrode for supercapacitor applications Electrochim. Acta 68 2012 18 24
131. C. Yan, and P.S. Lee Stretchable energy storage and conversion devices Small 2014
132. Y. Zhou, Y. Bayram, F. Du, L. Dai, and J.L. Volakis Polymer-carbon nanotube sheets for conformal load bearing antennas IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 58 2010 2169 2175
133. L. Song, A.C. Myers, J.J. Adams, and Y. Zhu Stretchable and reversibly deformable radio frequency antennas based on silver nanowires ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 2014 4248 4253
134. J.R. Windmiller, A.J. Bandodkar, G. Valdés-Ramírez, S. Parkhomovsky, A.G. Martinez, and J. Wang Electrochemical sensing based on printable temporary transfer tattoos Chem. Commun. 48 2012 6794 6796
135. Y.J. Heo, and S. Takeuchi Towards smart tattoos: implantable biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2 2013 43 56
136. Z. Liu, Microelectrodes in an ophthalmic electrochemical sensor, Google Patents (2012).
137. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/360331/scitech/technology/google-s-smart-contact-lenses-may-arrive-sooner-than-you-think
138. http://www.idownloadblog.com/2014/06/21/iwatch-blood-glucose-sensors/
139. http://medcitynews.com/2014/06/apple-worked-mayo-clinic-epic-build-heathkit-platform/%60-ixzz33WAJiDYV