Is there a cannabis epidemic model? Evidence from France, Germany and USA

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1103-1112

  Legleye, Stephane ^a,b,c   Piontek, Daniela ^d   Pampel, Fred ^e   Goffette, Céline ^a   Khlat, Myriam ^a   Kraus, Ludwig ^d,f  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL D'ÉTUDES DÉMOGRAPHIQUES   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^d IFT INSTITUT FÜR THERAPIEFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^f STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cannabis epidemic; Cannabis experimentation; Cross national comparison; Educational inequalities; Gender inequalities

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CANNABIS USE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; FRANCE; GERMANY; HUMAN; MALE; PREVALENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX RATIO; UNITED STATES; AGE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CANNABIS SMOKING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH SURVEY; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EPIDEMICS; FEMALE; FRANCE; GERMANY; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84922411735     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Agrawal A., Lynskey M.T. Tobacco and cannabis co-occurrence: Does route of administration matter?. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, 99(1-3):240-247.
2. Agrawal A., Madden P.A., Bucholz K.K., Heath A.C., Lynskey M.T. Transitions to regular smoking and to nicotine dependence in women using cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008, 95(1-2):107-114.
3. Alamar B., Glantz S.A. Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption evaluation studies. American Journal of Public Health 2006, 96(8):1359-1363. 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069617.
4. Allison P. Survival analysis using SAS: A practical guide 2010, SAS Press, Cary, North Carolina. 2nd ed.
5. Araya R., Lewis G., Rojas G., Fritsch R. Education and income: Which is the more important for mental health?. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2003, 57:501-505.
6. Bayer R. Stigma and the ethics of public health: Not can we but should we. Social Science and Medicine 2008, 67(3):463-472. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.017.
7. Beck F. Entre représentativité des échantillons et représentation des usages: L'apport des enquêtes en population générale à la compréhension des usages de drogues, Thèse de doctorat sous la direction d'Alain Ehrenberg 2006, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris.
8. Beck F., Guignard R., Richard J., Tovar M., Spilka S. Les niveaux d'usage des drogues en France en 2010 - Exploitation des données du Baromètre santé. Tendances 2011, 76:6.
9. Becker H.S. Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance 1963, The Free Press of Glencoe, New York.
10. Behrendt S., Wittchen H.U., Hofler M., Lieb R., Beesdo K. Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation?. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, 99(1-3):68-78.
11. Ben Lakhdar C. Quantitative and qualitative estimates of cross-border tobacco shopping and tobacco smuggling in France. Tobacco Control 2008, 17(1):12-16.
12. Ben Lakhdar C., Weinberger D. Cannabis markets and production. The cannabis market in France: Between resin imports and home grown herbal cannabis. 2009 National report (2008 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point France: New development, trends and in-depth information on selected issues 2009, OFDT, Saint-Denis, France. J.-M. Costes (Ed.).
13. Bourdieu P. La distinction. Critique Sociale Du Jugement 1979.
14. Bross I.D.J. How to use ridit analysis. Biometrics 1958, 14(1):18-38.
15. C-SPAN State and federal marijuana laws [videos] 2013, Retrieved February 2014 from http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/StateMar.
16. Chapman S., Freeman B. Markers of the denormalisation of smoking and the tobacco industry. Tobacco Control 2008, 17(1):25-31.
17. Chen C.Y., Storr C.L., Anthony J.C. Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. Addictive Behaviors 2009, 34(3):319-322.
18. Compton W.M., Conway K.P., Stinson F.S., Colliver J.D., Grant B.F. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005, 66(6):677-685.
19. Cutler D., Lleras-Muney A. Understanding differences in health behaviors by education. Journal of Health Economics 2010, 29:1-28.
20. de Graaf R., Radovanovic M., van Laar M., Fairman B., Degenhardt L., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., et al. Early cannabis use and estimated risk of later onset of depression spells: Epidemiologic evidence from the population-based World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Research Support, U.S. Govt, P.H.S. American Journal of Epidemiology 2010, 172(2):149-159. 10.1093/aje/kwq096.
21. EMCDDA A cannabis reader: Global issues and local experiences 2008, Vol. 1. EMCDDA, Lisbon.
22. EMCDDA Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe 2011, 105. EMCDDA, Lisbon.
23. EMCDDA Annual report 2012: The state of the drugs problem in Europe 2012, European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Luxembourg. W. Götz (Ed.).
24. Fahrenkrug H., Rehm J., Müller R., Klingemann H., Linder R. Drogues illégales en Suisse 1990-1993, La situation dans les cantons et en Suisse 1995, Seismo, Zurich.
25. Federico B., Costa G., Kunst A.E. Educational inequalities in initiation, cessation, and prevalence of smoking among 3 Italian birth cohorts. American Journal of Public Health 2007, 97(5):838-845.
26. Fergusson D.M., Horwood L.J. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 2006, 92(3):279-296.
27. Gautier T. Le club des Hachichins: Mille et Une Nuits 2011.
28. Gesundheitsforschung I. Konsum und Missbrauch von Alkohol, illegalen Drogen und Tabakwaren durch junge Erwachsene 1983, Infratest Gesundheitsforschung, Bonn.
29. Guindon G.E., Driezen P., Chaloupka F.J., Fong G.T. Cigarette tax avoidance and evasion: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation (ITC) Project. Research Support Non-U.S. Govt. Tobacco Control 2014, 23(Suppl. 1):i13-22. 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051074.
30. Harman J., Graham H., Francis B., Inskip H.M. Socioeconomic gradients in smoking among young women: A British survey. Social Science and Medicine 2006, 63(11):2791-2800.
31. Hartnoll R. Research on illicit drugs in Western Europe: An overview. European Addiction Research 1995, 1:2-11.
32. Hayes L.J., Berry G. Sampling variability of the Kunst-Mackenbach relative index of inequality. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2002, 56(10):762-765.
33. Hibell B., Guttormsson U., Ahlström S., Balakireva O., Bjarnason T., Kokkevi A., et al. The 2011 ESPAD report: Substance use among students in 36 European countries 2012, 394. CAN, Stockholm.
34. Huisman M., Kunst A., Mackenbach J. Educational inequalities in smoking among men and women aged 16 years and older in 11 European countries. Tobacco Control 2005, 14:106-113.
35. Johnson T.P., Mott J.A. The reliability of self-reported age of onset of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use. Addiction 2001, 96(8):1187-1198. 10.1080/09652140120060770.
36. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.J., Schulenberg J.E. Monitoring the future. National survey results on drug use. 1975-2012. Secondary school students 2013, Vol. 1:614. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
37. Kenkel D., Lillard D.R., Mathios A. Smoke or fog? The usefulness of retrospectively reported information about smoking. Addiction 2003, 98(9):1307-1313.
38. Kerr W.C., Greenfield T.K., Bond J., Ye Y., Rehm J. Age-period-cohort influences on trends in past year marijuana use in the US from the 1984, 1990, 1995 and 2000 National Alcohol Surveys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 86(2-3):132-138. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.022.
39. Kish L. A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1949, 44:380-387.
40. Korhonen T., Huizink A.C., Dick D.M., Pulkkinen L., Rose R.J., Kaprio J. Role of individual, peer and family factors in the use of cannabis and other illicit drugs: A longitudinal analysis among Finnish adolescent twins. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008, 97(1-2):33-43.
41. Kraus L., Pabst A. Studiendesign und Methodik des Epidemiologischen Sucht surveys 2009. Sucht 2010, 56(5):315-326.
42. Kraus L., Pabst A., Piontek D., Gomes de Matos E. Substanzkonsum und substanzbezogene Störungen: Trends in Deutschland 1980-2012. Sucht 2013, 59(6):333-345. 10.1024/0939-5911.a000276.
43. Labouvie E., Bates M.E., Pandina R.J. Age of first use: Its reliability and predictive utility. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1997, 58(6):638-643.
44. Legleye S., Beck F., Khlat M., Peretti-Watel P., Chau N. The influence of socioeconomic status on cannabis use among French adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2012, 50(4):395-402. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.004.
45. Legleye S., Beck F., Peretti-Watel P., Chau N. Role of employment or scholar status and gender: Drug use among 18-25 year-olds in France in 2005. Revue d Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 2008, 56(5):345-355. 10.1016/j.respe.2008.06.262.
46. Legleye S., Janssen E., Beck F., Chau N., Khlat M. Social gradient in initiation and transition to daily use of tobacco and cannabis during adolescence: A retrospective cohort study. Addiction 2011, 106(8):1520-1531. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03447.x.
47. Legleye S., Khlat M., Beck F., Peretti-Watel P. Widening inequalities in smoking initiation and cessation patterns: A cohort and gender analysis in France. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011, 117(2-3):233-241. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.004.
48. Lopez A., Collishaw N., Piha T. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tobacco Control 1994, 3:242-247.
49. Lords H.O. Science and technology - Ninth report: Parliament 1998.
50. Mackenbach J.P., Kunst A.E. Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health: An overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe. Social Science and Medicine 1997, 44(6):757-771.
51. Mayet A., Legleye S., Chau N., Falissard B. The mediation role of licit drugs in the influence of socializing on cannabis use among adolescents: A quantitative approach. Addictive Behaviors 2010, 35(10):890-895. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.001.
52. Mayet A., Legleye S., Chau N., Falissard B. Transitions between tobacco and cannabis use among adolescents: A multi-state modeling of progression from onset to daily use. Addictive Behaviors 2011, 36(11):1101-1105. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.06.009.
53. Miech R., Koester S. Trends in U.S., past-year marijuana use from 1985 to 2009: An age-period-cohort analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2012, 124(3):259-267. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.020.
54. Nahas G.G., Greenwood A. The first report of the National Commission on marihuana (1972): Signal of misunderstanding or exercise in ambiguity. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1974, 50(1):55-75.
55. Obradovic I. Les stages de sensibilisation aux dangers de l'usage de produits stupéfiants. Tendances 2012, 81.
56. Pampel F. The persistence of educational disparities in smoking. Social Problems 2009, 56(3):526-542.
57. Peretti-Watel P., Beck F., Legleye S. Usagers interpellés, usagers déclarés: Les deux visages du fumeur de cannabis. Déviance et Société 2004, 28(3):335-352.
58. Peretti-Watel P., Beck F., Legleye S. Les usages sociaux des drogues 2007, PUF, Paris.
59. Peretti-Watel P., Legleye S., Guignard R., Beck F. Cigarette smoking as a stigma: Evidence from France. International Journal of Drug Policy 2013, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.009.
60. Peretti-Watel P., Legleye S., Guignard R., Beck F. Cigarette smoking as a stigma: Evidence from France. International Journal of Drug Policy 2014, 25(2):282-290. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.009.
61. Peretti-Watel P., Seror V., Constance J., Beck F. Poverty as a smoking trap. International Journal of Drug Policy 2009, 20:230-236.
62. Piontek D., Kraus L., Pabst A., Legleye S. An age-period-cohort analysis of cannabis use prevalence and frequency in Germany, 1990-2009. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2011, 10.1136/jech-2011-200180.
63. Platt S., Amos A., Gnich W., Parry O. Smoking policies. Reducing inequalities in health: A European perspective 2003, 125-143. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, London/New York. 2nd ed. J. Mackenbach, M. Bakker (Eds.).
64. Rogers E., Shoemaker F. Communication of innovations: A cross-cultural approach 1971, Collier Macmillan, London.
65. SAMSHA Results from the 2010 National survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings 2011, NSDUH, Rockville, MD.
66. Smith P., Frank J., Mustard C. Trends in educational inequalities in smoking and physical activity in Canada: 1974-2005. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009, 63(4):317-323.
67. Sutton M., Maynard A. Are drug policies based on 'fake' statistics?. Addiction 1993, 88(4):455-458.
68. Thun M., Peto R., Boreham J., Lopez A.D. Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Tobacco Control 2012, 21(2):96-101.
69. Timberlake D.S., Haberstick B.C., Hopfer C.J., Bricker J., Sakai J.T., Lessem J.M., et al. Progression from marijuana use to daily smoking and nicotine dependence in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 88(2-3):272-281.
70. UNESCO Recueil de données mondiales sur l'éducation 2005 2005, http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2005/ged2005_fr.pdf.
71. Vicente J., Olszewski D., Matias J. Prevalence, patterns and trends of cannabis use among adults in Europe A cannabis reader: Global issues and local experiences 2008, 6-26. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon.
72. Volkow N.D. Marijuana abuse research report series 2005, 8. National Institute on Drug Abuse.