Appetite stimulants for people with cystic fibrosis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 7, 2014, Pages

  Chinuck, Ruth ^a   Dewar, Jane ^a   Baldwin, David R ^a   Hendron, Elizabeth ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b NOTTINGHAM CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPETITE STIMULANT; CYPROHEPTADINE; DRONABINOL; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; MEGESTEROL ACETATE; MEGESTROL ACETATE; MIRTAZAPINE; OLANZAPINE; OXANDROLONE; PIZOTIFEN; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ANOREXIA; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT CHANGE; BODY WEIGHT GAIN; CALORIC INTAKE; CONSTIPATION; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY INTAKE; FAT MASS; FATIGUE; FOLLOW UP; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GLUCOSURIA; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; INSOMNIA; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IRRITABILITY; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LOSS OF APPETITE; LUNG DISEASE; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; META ANALYSIS; MOOD DISORDER; NAUSEA; NIGHT SWEAT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RASH; REVIEW; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; VOMITING; APPETITE; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS;

ANOREXIA; APPETITE; APPETITE STIMULANTS; BODY MASS INDEX; CYPROHEPTADINE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; HUMANS; MEGESTROL ACETATE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84922394658     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008190.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Eubanks V, Atchison J, Arani R, Clancy JP, Sorscher EJ, Wooldridge N, et al. Effects of megestrol acetate on energy intake, weight gain, body composition and resting energy expenditure in cystic fibrosis patients [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;30 (Suppl 20):322-3.
2. Eubanks V, Koppersmith N, Wooldridge N, Clancy JP, Lyrene R, Arani RB, et al. Effects of megestrol acetate on weight gain, body composition, and pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 2002;140(4):439-44.
3. Homnick D, Marks JH, Hare KL, Bonnema SK. Long-term trial of cyproheptadine as an appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;40(3):251-6.
4. Homnick DN, Homnick BD, Brooks CD, Reeves AJ, Hare KL, Marks JH, et al. The use of cyproheptadine as an appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis patients [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2003;36 (Suppl 25):343.
5. Homnick DN, Homnick BD, Reeves AJ, Marks JH, Pimentel RS, Bonnema SK. Cyproheptadine is an effective appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38(2):129-34.
6. Homnick DN, Marks JH, Hare KL, Pimentel RS, Bonnema SK. Long-term trial of cyproheptadine as an appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38 (Suppl 27):330.
7. Homnick DN, Marks JH, Rubin BK. The effect of a first-generation antihistamine on sputum viscoelasticity in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Aerosol Medicine 2007;20(1):45-9.
8. Marchand V, Baker SS, Baker RD. Leptin level in children with cystic fibrosis, effect megestrol acetate treatment [abstract]. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999;29:512.
9. Marchand V, Baker SS, Stark TJ, Baker RD. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of megestrol acetate in malnourished children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2000;31(3):264-9.
10. Alemzadeh R, Upchurch L, McCarthy V. Anabolic effects of growth hormone treatment in young children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of American College of Nutrition 1998;17(5):419-24.
11. Anstead MI, Kuhn RJ, Martyn D, Craigmyle L, Kanga JF. Dronabinol, an effective and safe appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2003;36 (Suppl 25):343.
12. Auerbach HS, Williams M, Kirkpatrick JA, Colten HR. Alternate-day prednisone reduces morbidity and improves pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1985;2(8457):686-8.
13. Donati MA, Haver K, Gerson W, Klein M, McLaughlin FJ, Wohl MEB. Long-term alternate day prednisone therapy in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1990;9 (Suppl 5):322.
14. Ballmann M, Hubert D, Assael BM, Mosnier-Pudar H, Barao Ocampo M, Scheunig N, et al. Repaglinide versus insulin in the treatment of CFRD diagnosed by screening: an open prospective randomized study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2013;48 Suppl 26:421, Abstract no: 582. [CENTRAL: 962122; CFGD Register: CO53b; CRS: 5500125000000394]
15. Ballmann M, Hubert D, Assael BM, Mosnier-Pudar H, Smaczny C, Kessler L, et al. Treatment of early diagnosed CFRD with oral drugs verus insulin: An open prospective randomized study [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2013;12 Suppl 1:S32, Abstract no: WS16.1. [CENTRAL: 962115; CFGD Register: CO53a; CRS: 5500100000011659]
16. Berenstein G, Ortiz Z. Megestrol acetate for treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004310.pub2]
17. Bucuvalas JC, Chernausek SD, Alfaro MP, Krug S, Ritschel W, Wilmott RW. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances linear growth in undernourished prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;26(Suppl 17):355.
18. Bucuvalas JC, Chernausek SD, Alfaro MP, Krug SK, Ritschel W, Wilmott RW. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001;33(5):576-81.
19. Canfield TM. The effect of megestrol on nutritional status in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;26 (Suppl 17):359.
20. CF Trust Nutrition Working Group. Nutritional Management of Cystic Fibrosis: A consensus report. UK CF Trust 2002:13. [ISBN 0-9540536-5-6]
21. Chinuck RS, Fortnum H, Baldwin DR. Appetite stimulants in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2007;20(6):526-37.
22. Chung SH, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Avesani CM. Identifying and managing malnutrition stemming from different causes. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2006;27(Suppl 2):S239-44.
23. Cohen RI, Tsang D, Koenig S, Wilson D, McCloskey T, Chandra S. Plasma ghrelin and leptin in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008;7(5):398-402.
24. Cohen RI, Chandra S, Koenig S, Tsang D, Wilson D, McCloskey T. Ghrelin receptor expression in lymphocytes isolated from adult cystic fibrosis patients. Respiration 2010;79(2):141-6.
25. Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Shoseyov D, Efrati O, Armoni S, Kerem E. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy vs.oral prednisone for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in CF [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008;7 (Suppl 2):S58.
26. Crawley J, Pandya S, Ledson MJ, Walshaw MJ. Use of megestrol acetate to improve body weight in malnourished adult cystic fibrosis patients [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2003;2 (Suppl 1):S86, Abstract 336.
27. Darmaun D, Hayes V, Schaeffer D, Welch S, Mauras N. Effects of glutamine and recombinant human growth hormone on protein metabolism in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004;89(3):1146-52.
28. Schaeffer D, Darmaun D, Punati J, Mauras N, Hayes VY. Use of glutamine and recombinant human growth hormone in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;30 (Suppl 20):323.
29. Dhillo WS. Appetite regulation: an overview. Thyroid 2007;17(5):433-45.
30. Dovey M, Aiken ML, Emerson J, McNamara S, Waltz DA, Gibson RL. Oral corticosteroids therapy in cystic fibrosis patients hospitalized for pulmonary exacerbation: a pilot study. Chest 2007;132(4):1212-8.
31. Dovey M, Aitken ML, Emerson J, McNamara S, Dorman D, Gibson RL. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral corticosteroid therapy in cystic fibrosis patients hospitalized for pulmonary exacerbations [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38 (Suppl 27):301.
32. Dowsett J. The use of megestrol acetate in the treatment of cachexia associated with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 1999;54(Suppl):S83-84.
33. Durant M, Farmer G. Megesterol acetate: treatment of growth failure in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonlogy 1998;26 (Suppl 17):360.
34. Eubanks V, Wooldridge N, Clancy JP, Sorscher E, Lyrene R, Makris C. Megesterol acetate effects on weight in CF subject exhibiting growth failure: a case controlled study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;26 (Suppl 17):360.
35. Greally P, Hussain MJ, Vergani D, Price JF. Interleukin-1 alpha, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and IgG concentrations in cystic fibrosis treated with prednisolone. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1994;71(1):35-9.
36. Greally P, Sampson AJ, Piper PJ, Price JF. Effect of prednisolone on airways obstruction in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. The European Respiratory Journal 1992;5(Suppl 15):259s.
37. Greally P, Sampson AP, Piper PJ, Price JF. Prednisolone reduces airways obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis. Proceedings of the 11th International Cystic Fibrosis Congress, Dublin, Ireland. 1992:TS12.
38. Grover P, Thomas W, Moran A. Glargine versus NPH insulin in cystic fibrosis related diabetes. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008;7(2):134-6.
39. Guillot MV, Desforges AS, Voisin-Chiret AS, Schumann P, Launay A, Lecomte C. Evaluating the use of megesterol acetate in Caen and Lisieux CF Centers. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10(1):7.
40. Hardin DS, Sy JP. Effects of growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis: The National Cooperative Growth Study experience. Journal of Pediatrics 1997;131(1 Pt 2):S65-69.
41. Hardin DS, Ellis K, McConnell RA, Seilheimer DK. Growth hormone improves lean body mass in prepubertal CF children [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;26 (Suppl 17):357. [CFGD Register: GN122a]
42. Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, Dyson M, Rice J, McConnell R, Seilheimer DK. Growth hormone decreases protein catabolism in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(9):4424-8. [CFGD Register: GN122d]
43. Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, Dyson M, Rice J, McConnell R, Seilheimer DK. Growth hormone improves clinical status in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2001;139(5):636-42. [CFGD Register: GN122e]
44. Hardin DS, Ellis KJ, McConnel R, Seilheimer DK. Growth hormone improves clinical status in cystic fibrosis children [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1999;28 (Suppl 19):297. [CFGD Register: GN122b]
45. Hardin DS, Stratton R, Kramer JC, Reyes de la Rocha S, Govaerts K, Wilson DP. Growth hormone improves weight velocity and height velocity in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. Hormone and Metabolic Research 1998a;30(10):636-641.
46. Hardin DS, Rice J, Rosenblatt R. Use of growth hormone in adults with CF [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38 (S27):343.
47. Hardin DS, Ahn C, Prestige C, Seilheimer DK, Ellis KJ. Growth hormone improves bone mineral content in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005;18(6):589-95.
48. Hardin DS, Rice J, Ahn C, Ferkol T, Howenstine M, Spears S, et al. Growth hormone treatment enhances nutrition and growth in children with cystic fibrosis receiving enteral nutrition. The Journal of Pediatrics 2005;146(3):324-8. [CFGD Register: GN122h]
49. Hardin DS, Ferkol T, Ahn C, Dreimane D, Dyson M, Morse M, et al. A retrospective study of growth hormone used in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Endocrinology 2005;62(5):560-6.
50. Hardin D, Rice J, Ahn C, Brown D, Chatfield B, Dyson M, et al. Growth hormone improves bone mineralization in prepubertal children with CF - results of a multicenter study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38 (Suppl 27):343. [CFGD Register: GN122g]
51. Hardin DS, Adams-Huet B, Brown D, Chatfield B, Dyson M, Ferkol T, et al. Growth hormone treatment improves growth and clinical status in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis: results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006;91(12):4925-9. [CFGD Register: GN122i]
52. Hardin DS, Chatfield B, Dyson M, Hicks D, Howenstine M, Lee P, et al. Multicentre trial of growth hormone in children with CF [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2001;32 (Suppl 22):338. [CFGD Register: GN122c]
53. Hardin DS, Rice J, Ahn C, Chatfield B, Dyson M, Howenstein M, et al. Growth hormone improves pulmonary function, weight, and height - results from a multicenter study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2002;34 (Suppl 24):337. [CFGD Register: GN122f]
54. Hardin DS. A review of the management of two common clinical problems found in patients with cystic fibrosis: cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and poor growth. Hormone Research 2007;68(Suppl 5):113-6.
55. Hutler M, Schnabel D, Staab D, Tacke A, Wahn U, Boning D, et al. Effect of growth hormone on exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002;34(4):567-72.
56. Linnane SJ, Thin AG, Keatings VM, Moynihan JB, Mc Loughlin P, Fitzgerald MX. Glucocorticoid treatment reduces exhaled nitric oxide in cystic fibrosis patients. European Respiratory Journal 2001;17(6):1267-70.
57. López AP, Figuls RM, Cuchi GU, Berenstein EG, Pasies BA, Alegre MB, et al. Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2004;27(4):360-9.
58. Loprinzi CL, Schaid DJ, Dose AM, Burnham NL, Jensen MD. Body-composition changes in patients who gain weight while receiving megestrol acetate. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1993;11(1):152-4.
59. Minicucci L. New diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008;7 Suppl 3:S6, Abstract no: R25. [CFGD Register: CO42a]
60. Minicucci L, Casciaro R, De Alessandri A, Haupt M, Caso M, Lucidi V, et al. Efficacy of slow release insulin in patients with cystic fibrosis and glucide intolerance [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2009;8 Suppl 2:S82, Abstract no: 331. [CFGD Register: CO42b]
61. Minicucci L, Haupt M, Casciaro R, De Alessandri A, Bagnasco F, Lucidi V, et al. Slow-release insulin in cystic fibrosis patients with glucose intolerance: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatric Diabetes 2012;13(2):197-202. [CFGD Register: CO42c]
62. Milla CE, Phillips J, Moran A. Insulin and glucose excursion following pre-meal insulin lispro or repaglinide in CFRD [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2001;32(Suppl 22):335.
63. Moran A, Phillips J, Milla C. Insulin and glucose excursion following premeal insulin lispo or repaglinide in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24(10):1706-10.
64. Moran A, Pekow P, Grover P, Zorn M, Slovis B, Pilewski J, et al. Insulin therapy to improve BMI in cystic fibrosis related diabetes without fasting hyperglycemia: Results of the CFRDT Trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32(10):1783-8. [CFGD Register: CO43]
65. Nasr SZ, Hurwitz M, Brown RW, Eighoroury M, Rosen D. Treatment of anorexia and weight loss with megesterol acetate in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonolgy 1999;28(5):380-2.
66. Nasr SZ, Drury D. Appetite stimulants use in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2008;43(3):209-19.
67. Nasrallah, H. A review of the effect atypical antipsychotics on weight. Psychoneuroendrocrinology. 2003;28:83-96.
68. Newkirk M, Martine JC, Ewig J, Kriseman T, Gondor M, Fariello A. Adrenal suppression in children with cystic fibrosis treated with megesterol acetate [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;30 (Suppl 20):323.
69. Nyamugunduru G, Desai M, Rayner RJ, Simmonds E, Weller PH, Spencer DA. A CFRD double-blind parallel placebo controlled randomised study of oral prednisolone in acute respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Thorax 1998;53(Suppl 4):A61.
70. Nyamugunduru G, Desai M, Spencer D, Clarke J, Weller P. A double-blind parallel placebo-controlled randomised study of the addition of short-course oral prednisolone in treatment of acute respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Proceedings of the 22nd European Cystic Fibrosis Conference; 1998 June 13-19; Berlin, Germany. 1998:79.
71. Nyamugunduru G, Desai M, Weller PH, Spencer DA. The effect of oral prednisolone on serum interleukin-8 concentrations in acute respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Proceedings of the 13th International Cystic Fibrosis Congress; 2000 June 4-8; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000:183.
72. Ohnhaus EE, Nuesch E. Lack of effect of the appetite stimulant Pizotifen on the absorption of Isonicotinylhydrazine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1974;7(1):59-60.
73. Pantin F, Stead RJ, Hodson M, Batten J. Prednisolone in the treatment of airflow obstruction in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1986;41(1):34-8.
74. Stead RJ, Pantin CFA, Hodson ME, Batten JC. Prednisolone in the treatment of airflow obstruction in adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the European Working Group for Cystic Fibrosis; 1985 Nov 3-8; Jerusalem, Israel. 1985:112.
75. Parson, B Allison, DB Loebel, A Williams, K Giller, E Romano, S Siu, C. Weight effetcs associated with antipsychotics:A comprehensive database analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2009;110:103-110.
76. Paterson I, Taylor M, Ross E, Bicknell S, MacGregor G. Promoting weight gain with olanzapine in underweight adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2010;9 Suppl 1:S90, Abstract no.: 349.
77. Phung OJ, Coleman CI, Baker EL, Scholle JM, Girotto JE, Makanji SS, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 2010;125(5):e1211-e1226.
78. Rogan MP, Reznikov LR, Pezzulo AA, Gansemer ND, Samuel M, Prather RS, et al. Pigs and humans with cystic fibrosis have reduced insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) levels at birth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010;107(47):20571-5.
79. Eigen H, Rosenstein BJ, FitzSimmons S, Schidlow DV. A multicenter study of alternate-day prednisone therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Prednisone Trial Group. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;126(4):515-23.
80. Hsu J, Kuhns LR. Longitudinal study in bone absorptiometry in children with cystic fibrosis enrolled in steroid therapy [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1991;10 (Suppl 6):313.
81. Lai HC, FitzSimmons SC, Allen DB, Kosorok MR, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW, et al. Risk of persistent growth impairment after alternate-day prednisone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342(12):851-9.
82. Lai HC, Kosorok MR, Allen DB, FitzSimmons SC, Rosenstein BJ, Campbell PW, et al. Long-term growth evaluation in children with cystic fibrosis with history of regular use of alternate-day prednisone therapy [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1999;28 (Suppl 19):297.
83. Rosenstein BJ, Eigen H. Risks of alternate-day prednisone in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1991;87(2):245-6.
84. Ross E, Davidson S, Sriram S, Hempsey S, Jane Y, Margaret K, Bicknell S. Weight gain associated with low dose olanzapine therapy in severely underweight adults with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;40:350.
85. Sackey AH, Taylor CJ, Barraclough M, Wales JKH, Pickering M. Growth hormone as a nutritional adjunct in cystic fibrosis: results of a pilot study. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1995;8:185-91.
86. Safai KS, Selin E, Larsson S, Jagenburg R, Denfors I, Sten G, et al. Zinc therapy in children with cystic fibrosis. Beitrage zur Infusiontherapie 1991;27:104-14.
87. Schibler A, von der Heiden R, Birrer P, Mullis PE. Moderate improved exercise capacity in patients with cystic fibrosis after treatment with recombinant human growth hormone [abstract]. Proceedings of 12th European Respiratory Society Annual Congress; 2002 Sept 14-18; Stockholm. 2002:P3287.
88. Schibler A, von der Heiden R, Birrer P, Mullis PE. Prospective randomised treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in cystic fibrosis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003;88(12):1078-81.
89. von der Heiden R, Kraemer R, Birrer P, Waldegg G, Mullis PE. Effect of growth hormone (r-hGH) treatment on working capacity, body composition, lung function and immunological parameters in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) [abstract]. Proceedings of 21st European Cystic Fibrosis Conference; 1997 June 1-6; Davos, Switzerland. 1997:132.
90. Grasemann C, Ratjen F, Schnabel D, Reutershahn E, Vester U, Grasemann H. Effect of growth hormone therapy on nitric oxide formation in cystic fibrosis patients. European Respiratory Journal 2008;4:815-21.
91. Grasemann H, Grasemann C, Schnabel D, Ratjen F. Growth hormone therapy results in increased L-arginine and nitrate concentrations in serum but decreased exhaled nitric oxide in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41 (S29):335.
92. Grasemann H, Grasemann C, Schnabel F, Ratjen F. Recombinant human growth hormone therapy results in increased systemic nitric oxide (NO) formation but decreased exhaled NO in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. American Thoracic Society International Conference, San Diego, CA 2006;Poster:A408p.
93. Schnabel D, Graseman C, Staab D, Wollman H, Ratjen F, and for the German Cystic Fibrosis Growth Hormone Study Group. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the metabolic and respiratory effects of growth hormone in children with cystic fibrosis. Paediatrics 2007;119(6):e1230-8.
94. Schnabel D, Grasemann C, Staab D, Wollmann H, Ratjen F. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating the metabolic and respiratory effects of growth hormone in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41 (Suppl 29):393.
95. Stalvey MS, Torrez DM, Hillan J, Gonzalez-Peralta, Haafiz A, Rosenbloom AL. Growth hormone therapy improves growth in children with cystic fibrosis-related liver disease. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;21(8):793-7.
96. Geller DE, Anbar RD, Konstan MW, Stalvey MS, Jacobs JR, Bakker B. Growth hormone effects on pulmonary function in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2008;43 (Suppl 31):368. [CFGD Register: GN128b]
97. Stalvey MS, Anbar RD, Konstan MW, Jacobs JR, Bakker B, Lippe B, et al. A multi-center controlled trial of growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2012;47(3):252-63. [CFGD Register: GN128c]
98. Stalvey MS, Geller DE, Anbar RD, Konstan MW, Jacobs JR, Bakker B. Growth hormone (GH) increases height, weight and lean body mass (LBM) in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis (CF): results of a multicenter randomized control trial [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2007;42 (Suppl 30):393. [CFGD Register: GN128a]
99. Stylianou C, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Koliakos G, Fotoulaki M, Nousia-Arvanitakis S. Ghrelin and leptin levels in young adults with cystic fibrosis: relationship with body fat. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2007;6(4):293-6.
100. Switzer M, Rice J, Rice M, Hardin DS. Insulin-like growth factor-1 levels predict weight, height and protein catabolism in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;22(5):417-24.
101. Sykes R, Kittell F, Marcus M, Tarter E, Schroth M. Mirtazapine for appetite stimulation in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41 (Suppl 29):389.
102. Taylor AM, Bush A, Thomson A, Oades PJ, Marchant JL, Bruce-Morgan C, et al. Relation between insulin-like growth factor-I, body mass index and clinical status in cystic fibrosis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1997;76(4):304-9.
103. Teeter JG, The Exubera Phase 3 study Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development GCU. One-year pulmonary safety and efficacy of inhaled insulin as adjunctive therapy in type 2 diabetes patients poorly controlled on oral agent monotherapy [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2004;24(Suppl 48):P3773.
104. Tongudai S, Braverman S, Kirkpatrick JA, Huang NN. Evaluation of oxandrolone in patients with cystic fibrosis. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting-Cystic Fibrosis Club Abstracts; April 28; Atlantic City, New Jersey. 1971:54.
105. Varness T, Seffrood EE, Connor EL, Rock MJ, Allen DB. Oxandrolone improves height velocity and BMI in patients with cystic fibrosis. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2010 Jan 24 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1155/2009/826895]
106. von Haehling S, Lainscak M, Springer J, Anker SD. Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;121(3):227-52.
107. Weisberg J, Wanger J, Jeffery O, Strit B, Fogarty C, Martin T, et al. Megesterol acetate stimulates weight gain and ventilation in underweight COPD patients. Chest 2002;121(4):1070-8.
108. Young J, Danduran MJ, McColley SA, Boar SR. The role of mirtazapine as an appetite stimulant in malnourished individuals with CF [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;30 (Suppl 20):326.
109. Epifanio M, Marostica P, Mattiello R, Feix L, Nejedlo R, Fischer G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cyproheptadine for appetite stimulation in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics (Rio J) 2012;88(2):155-60.
110. Kissner DG. Role of progestational agents in the treatment of undernourished patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;29(3):244.
111. Abbott J, Holt A, Morton AM, Hart A, Milne G, Wolfe SP, et al. Patient indicators of a pulmonary exacerbation: Preliminary reports from school aged children map onto those of adults. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11(3):180-6.
112. Auden McKenzie (Pharma Division) Ltd. PERIACTIN® Tablets. www.audenmckenzie.com/Periactin4mgTabletsSmPC020211.pdf (accessed 05 June 2014).
113. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Meerpohl J, Norris S, Guyatt GH. GRADE Guidelines:3. Rating the Quality of Evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(4):401-6.
114. Bell SC, BowermanAR, Davies CA, Campbell IA, Shale DJ, Elborn JS. Nutrition in adults with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Nutrition 1998;17(5):211-5.
115. British National Fomulary. Periactin. www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/bnf/current/PHP1940-periactin.htm#PHP1940-periactin (accessed 05 June 2014).
116. Borowitz D. The interrelationship of nutrition and pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 1996;2(6):457-61.
117. Chinuck RS. Reference costs for Megace, cyproheptadine and somatropin [personal communication]. Email to: C Horton-Smith 23 April 2013.
118. Corey M, Mc Laughlan FJ, Williams M, Levison H. A comparison of survival, growth and pulmonary function in patients with CF in Boston and Toronto. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998;41(6):583-91.
119. Curtin F, Altman DG, Elbourne E. Meta-analysis combining parallel and cross-over clinical trials. I: Continuous outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(15):2131-44.
120. Curtin F, Altman DG, Elbourne E. Meta-analysis combining parallel and cross-over clinical trials. II: Binary outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(15):2145-59.
121. Curtin F, Altman DG, Elbourne E. Meta-analysis combining parallel and cross-over clinical trials. III: The issue of carryover. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(15):2161-73.
122. Elborn JS, Bell SC. Nutrition and survival in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1996;51(10):971-2.
123. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140-9.
124. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Nabilone tablets 1 mg. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20515/SPC/Nabilone+1mg+Capsules (accessed 25 March 2014).
125. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Megace 160 μg tablets. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/346/SPC/Megace+160+mg+Tablets (accessed 26 March 2014).
126. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Mirtazapine 15 μg tablets. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24969/SPC/Mirtazapine+15+mg+orodispersible+tablets (accessed 25 March 2014).
127. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Olanzapine Sandoz 20 μg film-coated tablets. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/25455/SPC/Olanzapine+Sandoz+20+mg+Film-coated+Tablets (accessed 26 March 2014).
128. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Pizotifen tablets 0.5 mg. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24179/SPC/Pizotifen+Tablets+0.5mg/(accessed 25 March 2014).
129. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Risperdal Tablets, Liquid & Quicklet. www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/12818/SPC (accessed 26 March 2014).
130. Grossberg AJ, Scarlett JM, Marks DL. Hypothalamic mechanisms in cachexia. Physiology and Behavior 2010;100(5):478-89.
131. Hardin DS. Growth problems and growth hormone treatment in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002;15(Suppl 2):731-5.
132. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
133. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC on behalf of the Cochrane Statistical Methods Group and the Cochrane Bias Methods Group (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
134. Hobbs DJ, Bunchman TE, Weismantel DP, Cole MR, Ferguson KB, Gast TR, et al. Megestrol acetate improves weight gain in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2012;20(6):408-13.
135. Ioannidis JP, Evans SJ, Gøtzsche PC, O'Neill RT, Altman DG, Schulz K, et al. Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;141(10):781-8.
136. Jones AP, Riley R, Williamson PR, Whitehead A. Meta-analysis of longitudinal data. Proceedings of the Royal Statistical Society Annual Conference. 2005.
137. McKone EF, Tonell MR, Aitken ML. Adrenal insufficiency and testicular failure secondary to megesterol acetate therapy in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2002;34(5):381-3.
138. MedLibrary (Food & Drug Agency). Oxandrolone. www.medlibrary.org/lib/info/google-search/?cx=partner-pub-3862246084592963%3A1mitg9hzsad&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=oxandrolone&sa=Search&siteurl=medlibrary.org%2F&ref=&ss=4143j3496931j13 (accessed 18 June 2014).
139. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet 2001;357(9263):1191-94.
140. Moher D Schulz KF Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Clinical Oral Investigations 2003;7(1):2-7.
141. Moher D, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Elbourne DR. Opportunities and challenges for improving the quality of reporting clinical research: CONSORT and beyond. CMAJ 2004;171(4):349-5.
142. O'Brien CE, Harden H, Com G. A survey of nutrition practices for patients with cystic fibrosis. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2013;28(2):237-41.
143. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(5):948-68.
144. Poustie VJ, Russell JE, Watling RM, Ashby D, Smyth RL, CALICO Trial Collaborative Group. Oral protein energy supplements for children with cystic fibrosis: CALICO multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332(7542):632-6.
145. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
146. Sharma R, Florea VG, Bolger AP, Doehner W, Florea ND, Coats AJ, et al. Wasting as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001;56(10):746-50.
147. Shepherd RW, Holt TL, Cleghorn G, Ward LC, Isles A, Francis P. Short-term nutritional supplementation during management of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: a controlled study, including effects of protein turnover. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;48(2):235-9.
148. Sinaasappel M, Stern M, Littlewood J, Wolfe S, Steinkamp G, Heijerman HG, et al. Nutrition in patients with cystic fibrosis: a European Consensus. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2002;1(2):51-75.
149. Stallings VA, Stark LJ, Robinson KA, Feranchak AP, Quinton H. Evidence-based practice recommendations for nutrition-related management of children and adults with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: results of a systematic review. Journal American Dietetic Association 2008;108(5):832-9.
150. Steinkamp G, Wiedemann B. Relationship between nutritional status and lung function in cystic fibrosis: cross sectional and longitudinal analyses from the German CF quality assurance (CFQA) project. Thorax 2002;57:596-601.
151. Suter S, Schaad UB, Roux-Lombard P, Girardin E, Grau G, Dayer JM. Relation between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte elastase-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complexes in the plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989;140(6):1640-4.
152. Tayor C. The regulation of appetite in cystic fibrosis symposium. Proceedings of 30th European Cystic Fibrosis Conference, Belek, Turkey. 2007.
153. Tschopp O, Boehler A, Speich R, Weder W, Seifert B, Russi EW, et al. Osteoporosis before lung transplantation: association with low body mass index, but not with underlying disease. American Journal of Transplantation: official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2002;2(2):167-72.
154. Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Oxandrolone tablets. www.upsher-smith.com/wp-content/uploads/Oxandrolone_PI.pdf (accessed 18 June 2014).
155. von Haehling S, Lainscak M, Springer J, Anker SD. Cardiac cachexia: a systematic overview. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;121(3):227-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.009]
156. Wermers RA, Hurley DL, Kearns AE. Osteoporosis associated with megesterol acetate. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2004;79(12):1557-61.