Interpretative strategies for lung function tests

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 948-968

  Pellegrino, R ^a   Viegi, G ^b   Brusasco, Vito ^c   Crapo, R O ^d   Burgos, F ^e   Casaburi, R ^f   Coates, A ^g   van der Grinten, C P M ^h   Gustafsson, P ⁱ   Hankinson, J ^j   Jensen, R ^d   Johnson, D C ^k   MacIntyre, N ^l   McKay, R ^m   Miller, M R ⁿ   Navajas, D ^o   Pedersen, O F ^p   Wanger, J ^q  

^a S CROCE E CARLE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^d LDS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^f HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^h MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

ⁱ QUEEN SILVIA CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^j Hankinson Consulting   (United States)

^k MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^l DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^m Department of Occupational Medicine ^*  (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^o Lab Biofisica I Bioenginyeria   (Spain)

^p AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^q Pharmaceutical Research Associates Inc   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; CARBON MONOXIDE; ISOPRENALINE; PLACEBO; SALBUTAMOL; TERBUTALINE;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BREATH ANALYSIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG RESPONSE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMAN; LUNG DIFFUSION CAPACITY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG VENTILATION; LUNG VOLUME; MEDLINE; PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW; PNEUMOTHORAX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFERENCE VALUE; SPIROMETRY; TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT OBSTRUCTION; VITAL CAPACITY;

ALGORITHMS; DIAGNOSIS, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; EUROPE; HUMANS; LUNG DISEASES; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 24644496531     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00035205     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 153-161.
2. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 319-338.
3. Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 511-522.
4. MacIntyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 720-735.
5. American Thoracic Society. Lung Function Testing: Selection of Reference Values and Interpretative Strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1202-1218.
6. Solberg HE, Grasbeck R. Reference values. Adv Clin Chem 1989; 27: 1-79.
7. Stocks J, Quanjer PH. Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 492-506.
8. Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: Suppl. 16, 5-40.
9. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, eds. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics Books 1988; pp. 1-55.
10. Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK. Interpreting spirometric data: impact of substitution of arm span for standing height in adults from North India. Chest 1999; 115: 557-562.
11. Parker JM, Dillard TA, Phillips YY. Arm span-height relationships in patients referred for spirometry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 533-536.
12. Hankinson JL, Odencratz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general US population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 179-187.
13. Korotzer B, Ong S, Hansen JE. Ethnic differences in pulmonary function in healthy nonsmoking Asian-Americans and European-Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1101-1108.
14. Sharp DS, Enright PL, Chiu D, Burchfiel CM, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD. Reference values for pulmonary function tests of Japanese-American men aged 71-90 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 805-811.
15. Harik-Khan RI, Fleg JL, Muller DC, Wise RA. The effect of anthropometric and socioeconomic factors on the racial difference in lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 164: 1647-1654.
16. Roca J, Burgos F, Sunyer J, et al. References values for forced spirometry. Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 1354-1362.
17. Langhammer A, Johnsen R, Gulsvik A, Holmen TL, Bjermer L. Forced spirometry reference values for Norwegian adults: the Bronchial Obstruction in Nord-Trondelag study. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 770-779.
18. Jensen RL, Crapo RO, Flint AK, Howell HM. Problems in selecting representative reference values for spirometry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: A200.
19. Hardie JA, Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Ellingsen I, Bakke PS, Morkve O. Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 1117-1122.
20. Quanjer PH. Standardized Lung Function Testing. Bull Eur Physiopathol 1983; 19: Suppl. 5, 22-27.
21. American Thoracic Society. Standardization of Spirometry: 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1107-1136.
22. Enright PL, Kronmal RA, Higgins M, Schenker M, Haponik EF. Spirometry reference values for women and men 65 to 85 years of age. Cardiovascular health study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 125-133.
23. Glindmeyer HW, Lefante JJ, McColloster C, Jones RN, Weill H. Blue-collar normative spirometric values for Caucasian and African-American men and women aged 18 to 65. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 412-422.
24. Sherrill DL, Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Burrows B. Methodology for generating continuous prediction equations for pulmonary function measures. Comput Biomed Res 1991; 24: 249-260.
25. Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Camilli AE, Knudson RJ. Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults. Methodologic considerations and findings in healthy nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 974-980.
26. Ware JH, Dockery DW, Louis TA, Xu XP, Ferris BG Jr, Speizer FE. Longitudinal and cross-sectional estimates of pulmonary function decline in never-smoking adults. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 685-700.
27. Sherrill DL, Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Burrows B. Continuous longitudinal regression equations for pulmonary function measures. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 452-462.
28. Pistelli F, Bottai M, Viegi G, et al. Smooth reference equations for slow vital capacity and flow-volume curve indexes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 899-905.
29. Wang X, Dockery DW, Wypij D, Fay ME, Ferris BG Jr. Pulmonary function between 6 and 18 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15: 75-88.
30. Quanjer PH, Stocks J, Polgar G, Wise M, Karlberg J, Borsboom G. Compilation of reference values for lung function measurements in children. Eur Respir J 1989; 1: Suppl. 4, 184S-261S.
31. Degroodt EG, Quanjer PH, Wise ME, Van Zomeren BC. Changing relationships between stature and lung volumes during puberty. Respir Physiol 1986; 65: 139-153.
32. Borsboom GJ, van Pelt W, Quanjer PH. Pubertal growth curves of ventilatory function: Relationship with childhood respiratory symptoms. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 372-378.
33. Cotes JE. Lung Function. In: Cotes JE, ed. Differences between Ethnic Groups: Assessment and Application in Medicine. 5th Edn. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993; 474-482.
34. Yang TS, Peat J, Keena V, Donnelly PM, Unger W, Woolcock A. A review of the racial differences in the lung function of normal Caucasian, Chinese and Indian subjects. Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 872-880.
35. Lapp NL, Amandus HE, Hall R, Morgan WK. Lung volumes and flow rates in black and white subjects. Thorax 1974; 29: 185-188.
36. Lanese RR, Keller MD, Foley MF, Underwood EH. Differences in pulmonary function tests among whites, blacks, and American Indians in a textile company. J Occup Med 1978; 20: 39-44.
37. Gaultier C, Crapo RO. Effects of nutrition, growth hormone disturbances, training, altitude, and sleep on lung volumes. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2913-2919.
38. Cotes JE, Chinn DJ, Quanjer PhH, Roca J, Yernault JC. Standardization of the measurement of transfer factor (diffusing capacity). Report Working Party Standard ization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: Suppl. 16, 41-52.
39. American Thoracic Society. Single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (transfer factor). Recommendations for a standard technique - 1995 Update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2185-2198.
40. Crapo RO, Morris AH. Standardized single-breath normal values for carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 185-189.
41. Cotes JE, Hall AM. The transfer factor for the lung: normal values in adults. In: Arcangeli P, Cotes JE, Cournand A, eds. Introduction to the definition of normal values for respiratory function in man. Panminerva Medica, Torino, 1970; pp. 327-343.
42. Paoletti P, Viegi G, Pistelli G, et al. Reference equations for the single-breath diffusing capacity. A cross-sectional analysis and effect of body size and age. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 806-813.
43. Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Cobo E, Burgos F, Perez J, Clausen JL. Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity prediction equations from a Mediterranean population. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1026-1032.
44. Griner PF, Mayewsky RJ, Mushlin AI, Greenland P. Selection and interpretation of diagnostic tests and procedures: principles and applications. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94 (part 2): 557-592.
45. Bates DV. Respiratory Function in Disease. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1989.
46. Wilson AF, ed. Pulmonary Function Testing, Indications and Interpretations. Orlando, Grune & Stratton, 1985.
47. Pride NB, Macklem PT. Lung mechanics in disease. In: Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System. Mechanics of Breathing. Section 3; Vol. III, part 2. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986; pp 659-692.
48. Flenley DC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dis Mon 1988; 34: 537-599.
49. Olive JT, Hyatt RE. Maximal expiratory flow and total respiratory resistance during induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972; 106: 366-376.
50. Hyatt RE, Okeson GC, Rodarte JR. Influence of expiratory flow limitation on the pattern of lung emptying in man. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 411-419.
51. Rodarte JR, Hyatt RE, Cortese DA. Influence of expiratory flow on closing capacity at low expiratory flow rates. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39: 60-65.
52. Guerry-Force ML, Müller NL, Wright JL, Wiggs B, Coppin C, Paré PD, Hogg JC. A comparison of bronchitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, usual interstitial pneumonia, and small airways disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 705-712.
53. Aaron SD, Dales RE, Cardinal P. How accurate is spirometry at predicting restrictive impairment. Chest 1999; 115: 869-873.
54. Glady CA, Aaron SD, Lunau M, Clinch J, Dales RE. A spirometry-based algorithm to direct lung function testing in the pulmonary function laboratory. Chest 2003; 123: 1939-1946.
55. Rodenstein DO, Stanescu DC. Reassessment of lung volume measurement by helium dilution and body plethysmography in COPD. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 54-59.
56. Ferris BG. Epidemiology standardization project (American Thoracic Society). Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 1-120.
57. Punjabi NM, Shade D, Wise RA. Correction of single-breath helium lung volumes in patients with airflow obstruction. Chest 1998; 114: 907-918.
58. Dykstra BJ, Scanlon PD, Kester MM, Beck KC, Enright PL. Lung volumes in 4774 patients with obstructive lung disease. Chest 1999; 115: 68-74.
59. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS, GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1256-1276.
60. Celli BR, MacNee W, and committe members. Standard for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932-946.
61. Brusasco V, Pellegrino R, Rodarte JR. Vital capacities in acute and chronic airway obstruction. Dependence on flow and volume histories. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1316-1320.
62. Celli BR, Halbert RJ, Isonaka S, Schau B. Population impact of different definition of airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 268-273.
63. American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 646-664.
64. Vedal S, Crapo RO. False positive rates of multiple pulmonary function tests in healthy subjects. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1983; 19: 263-266.
65. Knudson RJ, Burrows B, Lebowitz MD. The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve: its use in the detection of ventilatory abnormalities in a population study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114: 871-879.
66. Mannino DM, Buist AS, Petty TL, Enright PL, Redd SC. Lung function and mortality in the United States: data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up. Thorax 2003; 58: 388-393.
67. Hyatt RE. Forced expiration. In: Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System. Mechanics of breathing. Section 3, Vol. III, part 2. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986; pp. 295-314.
68. Coates AL, Boyce P, Shaw DG, Godfrey S, Mearns M. The relationship between the chest radiograph, regional lung function studies, exercise tolerance, and clinical condition in children with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 106-111.
69. Kerem E, Reisman JJ, Corey ML, Canny GJ, Levison H. Prediction of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1187-1191.
70. Anthonisen NR. Tests of mechanical function. In: Macklem PT, Mead J, eds. Handbook of Physiology. The Respiratory System. Mechanics of breathing. Section 3, Vol. III, part 2. Bethesda, American Physiological Society, 1986; pp. 753-784.
71. Braun NMT, Arora NS, Rochester DF. Respiratory muscle and pulmonary function in polymyositis and other proximal myopathies. Thorax 1983; 38: 616-623.
72. Serisier DE, Mastaglia FL, Gibson GJ. Respiratory muscle function and ventilatory control, I in patients with motor neurone disease, II in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Q J Med 1982; 51: 205-226.
73. Engstrom H, Grimby G, Soderholm B. Dynamic spirometry in patients with tracheal stenosis. Acta Med Scand 1964; 176: 329-334.
74. Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Whipp BJ. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation. Philadephia, Lea & Fabiger, 1987; pp. 72-86.
75. Babb TG, Viggiano R, Hurley B, Staats B, Rodarte JR. Effect of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation on exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 223-230.
76. Pellegrino R, Villosio C, Milanese U, Garelli G, Rodarte JR, Brusasco V. Breathing during exercise in subjects with mild to moderate airflow obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1697-1704.
77. American Thoracic Society. Evaluation of impairment/disability secondary to respiratory disorders. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 1205-1209.
78. American Medical Association. Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. Edn 4. Chicago (IL), USA, American Medical Association, 1995.
79. Becklake MR, Kalica AR. NHLBI workshop summary. Scientific issues in the assessment of respiratory impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 1505-1510.
80. Kanner RE, Renzetti AD, Stanish WM, Barkman HW, Klauber MR. Predictors of survival in subjects with chronic airflow limitation. Am J Med 1983; 74: 249-255.
81. Traver GA, Cline MG, Burrows B. Predictors of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 895-902.
82. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 14-20.
83. American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the evaluation of impairment/disability in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1056-1061.
84. Kannel WB, Lew EA. Vital capacity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Am Hearth J 1983; 105: 311-315.
85. Kannel WB, Lew EA, Habert HB, Castelli WP. The value of measuring vital capacity for prognostic purposes. Trans Assoc Life Insur Med Dir Am 1981; 64: 66-83.
86. Tockman MS, Comstock GW. Respiratory risk factors and mortality: longitudinal studies in Washington county, Maryland. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: S56-863.
87. Foxman B, Higgins ITT, Oh MS. The effects of occupation and smoking on respiratory disease mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 649-652.
88. Annesi I, Kauffmann F. Is respiratory mucus hypersecretion really an innocent disorder? Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 688-693.
89. Ortmeyer CE, Costello J, Morgan WKC, Swecker S, Peterson M. The mortality of Appalachian coal miners 1963 to 1971. Arch Environ Health 1974; 29: 67-72.
90. Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, et al. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease; results from 20 years of prospective observation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 491-500.
91. Neas LM, Schwartz J. Pulmonary function levels as predictors of mortality in a national sample of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 1011-1018.
92. Ferguson MK, Little L, Rizzo L, et al. Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 96: 894-900.
93. Black LF, Hyatt RE. Maximal static respiratory pressures in generalized neuromuscular disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103: 641-650.
94. Fairshter RD. Airway hysteresis in normal subjects and individuals with chronic airflow obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 1505-1510.
95. Zamel N, Hughes D, Levison H, Fairshter RD, Gelb AF. Partial and complete maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in asthmatic patients with spontaneous bronchospasm. Chest 1983; 83: 35-39.
96. Burns CB, Taylor WR, Ingram RH Jr. Effects of deep inhalation in asthma: relative airway and parenchymal hysteresis. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1590-1596.
97. Brusasco V, Pellegrino R, Violante B, Crimi E. Relationship between quasi-static pulmonary hysteresis and maximal airway narrowing in humans. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 2075-2080.
98. Pellegrino R, Wilson O, Jenouri G, Rodarte JR. Lung mechanics during bronchoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81: 964-975.
99. Koulouris NG, Valta P, Lavoie A, Corbeil C, Chasse M, Braidy J, Milic-Emili J. A simple method to detect expiratory flow limitation during spontaneous breathing. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 306-313.
100. Eltayara L, Becklake MR, Volta CA, Milic-Emili J. Relationship between chronic dyspnea and expiratory flow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1726-1734.
101. Pellegrino R, Rodarte JR, Brusasco V. Assessing the reversibility of airway obstruction. Chest 1998; 114: 1607-1612.
102. Pellegrino R, Brusasco V. Lung hyperinflation and flow limitation in chronic airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 543-549.
103. Pellegrino R, Brusasco V. On the causes of lung hyperinflation during bronchoconstriction. Review. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 468-475.
104. Fessler HE, Scharf SM, Permutt S. Improvement in spirometry following lung volume reduction surgery. Application of a physiological model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 34-40.
105. Casanova C, Cote C, de Torres JP, et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 591-597.
106. Stark-Leyva KN, Beck KC, Johnson BD. Influence of expiratory loading and hyperinflation on cardiac output during exercise. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1920-1927.
107. Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Nogradi S, Pugsley SO, Keller JL, Newhouse MT. Acute response to bronchodilator, an imperfect guide for bronchodilator therapy in chronic airflow limitation. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 1949-1952.
108. Lorber DB, Kaltenborn W, Burrows B. Responses to isoproterenol in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 855-861.
109. Dales RE, Spitzer WO, Tousignant P, Schechter M, Suissa S. Clinical interpretation of airway response to a bronchodilator: epidemiologic considerations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 317-320.
110. Watanabe S, Renzetti AD Jr, Begin R, Bigler AH. Airway responsiveness to a bronchodilator aerosol. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 109: 530-537.
111. Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, the IPPB Trial group. Bronchodilator response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 814-819.
112. Sourk RL, Nugent KM. Bronchodilator testing: confidence intervals derived from placebo inhalations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 153-157.
113. Tweddale PM, Alexander F, McHardy GJR. Short term variability in FEV1 and bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with obstructive ventilatory defects. Thorax 1987; 42: 487-490.
114. Eliasson O, Degraff AC Jr. The use of criteria for reversibility and obstruction to define patient groups for bronchodilator trials: influence of clinical diagnosis, spirometric and anthropometric values. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 858-864.
115. Brand PL, Quanjer PhH, Postma DS, et al. Interpretation of bronchodilator response in patients with obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1992; 47: 429-436.
116. Olsen CR, Hale FC. A method for interpreting acute response to bronchodilators from the spirogram. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 301-302.
117. Boggs PB, Bhat KD, Velovius WA, Debo MS. The clinical significance of volume adjusted maximal mid expiratory flow (iso-volume FEF25-75%) in assessing airway responsiveness to inhaled bronchodilator in asthmatics. Ann Allergy 1982; 48: 139-142.
118. Redelmeier DA, Goldstein RS, Min ST, Hyland RH. Spirometry and dyspnea in patients with COPD. When small differences mean little. Chest 1996; 109: 1163-1168.
119. Barnes PJ, Gribbin HR, Osmanliev D, Pride NB. Partial flow-volume curves to measure bronchodilator dose-response curves in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 1193-1197.
120. Wang JW, McFadden ER, Ingram RH Jr. Effects of increasing doses of β-agonists on airway and parenchymal hysteresis. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 363-368.
121. Berry RB, Fairshter RD. Partial and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves in normal and asthmatic subjects before and after inhalation of metaproterenol. Chest 1985; 88: 697-702.
122. O'Donnell DE. Assessment of bronchodilator efficacy in symptomatic COPD. Is spirometry useful? Chest 2000; 117: 42S-47S.
123. O'Donnell DE, Lam M, Webb KA. Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after cholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 542-549.
124. Cerveri I, Pellegrino R, Dore R, et al. Mechanisms for isolated volume response to a bronchodilator in patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1989-1995.
125. Empey DW. Assessment of upper airways obstruction. BMJ 1972; 3: 503-505.
126. Miller MR, Pincock AC, Oates GD, Wilkinson R, Skene-Smith H. Upper airway obstruction due to goitre: detection, prevalence and results of surgical management. Q J Med 1990; 74: 177-188.
127. Miller RD, Hyatt RE. Obstructing lesions of the larynx and trachea. Mayo Clin Proc 1969; 44: 145-161.
128. Pedersen OF, Ingram RH Jr. Configuration of maximum expiratory flow-volume curve: model experiments with physiological implications. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58: 1305-1313.
129. Miller MR, Pedersen OF. Peak flow meter resistance decreases peak expiratory flow in subjects with COPD. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 283-290.
130. Gibson GJ. Central airway obstruction. In: Clinical Tests of Respiratory Function. 2nd edn. London, Chapman&Hall, 1996; pp. 194-202.
131. Lebowitz MD, Quackenboss J, Camilli AE, Bronnimann D, Holberg CJ, Boyer B. The epidemiological importance of intraindividual changes in objective pulmonary responses. Eur J Epidemiol 1987; 3: 390-398.
132. Kangalee KM, Abboud RT. Interlaboratory and intra-laboratory variability in pulmonary function testing: a 13 year study using a normal biologic control. Chest 1992; 101: 88-92.
133. Frey TM, Crapo RO, Jensen RL, Elliott CG. Diurnal variation of the diffusing capacity of the lung: is it real? Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1381-1384.
134. Hankinson JL, Stocks J, Peslin R. Reproducibility of lung volume measurements. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 787-790.
135. Bland M. Repeatability and precision in measurement. An Introduction to Medical Statistics, Oxford Medical Publications, 1987; pp. 276-278.
136. Robson AG, Innes JA. Short-term variability of single-breath carbon monoxide transfer factor. Thorax 2001; 56: 358-361.
137. Spencer DA, Marshall T, Weller PH, Williams J. A superior method of assessing the reproducibility of pulmonary function measurements. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: A253.
138. Collard HR, King TE Jr, Bartelson BB, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KR. Changes in clinical and physiological variables predict survival in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 538-542.
139. Hathaway EH, Tashkin DP, Simmons MS. Intra-individual variability in serial measurements of DLCO and alveolar volume over one year in eight healthy subjects using three independent measuring systems. Am Rev Respir Med 1989; 140: 1818-1822.
140. Wells AU, Desai SR, Rubens MB, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. A composite physiologic index derived from disease extent observed by computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 962-969.
141. Gibson GJ, Prescott RJ, Muers MF, et al. British Thoracic Society sarcoidosis study: effects of long-term cortico-steroid therapy. Thorax 1996; 51: 238-247.
142. King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Scoring system and survival model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1171-1181.
143. ACOEM Position Statement: Spirometry in the Occupational Setting. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42: 228-245.
144. Hughes JM, Bates DV. Historical review: the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and its membrane (DM) and red cell (Theta.Vc) components. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003; 138: 115-142.
145. Hughes JM. The single breath transfer factor (TL,CO) and the transfer coefficient (KCO): a window onto the pulmonary microcirculation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2003; 23: 63-71.
146. McLean A, Warren PM, Gillooly M, MacNee W, Lamb D. Microscopic and macroscopic measurements of emphysema: relation to carbon monoxide gas transfer. Thorax 1992; 47: 144-149.
147. Kitaichi M, Nishimura K, Itoh H, Izumi T. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a report of 46 patients including a clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 527-533.
148. Bernstein RJ, Ford RL, Clausen JL, Moser KM. Membrane diffusion and capillary blood volume in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1996; 110: 1430-1436.
149. Horn M, Ries A, Neveu C, Moser K. Restrictive ventilatory pattern in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 163-165.
150. Collard P, Njinou B, Nejadnik B, Keyeux A, Frans A. DLCO in stable asthma. Chest 1994; 105: 1426-1429.
151. Collard P, Wilputte JY, Aubert G, Rodenstein DO, Frans A. The DLCO in obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. Chest 1996; 110: 1189-1193.
152. Greening AP, Hughes JMB. Serial estimations of DLCO in intrapulmonary hemorrhage. Clin Sci 1981; 60: 507-512.
153. Hughes JM, Pride NB. In defence of the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient KCO (TL/Va). Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 168-174.
154. Kanengiser LC, Rapoport DM, Epstein H, Goldring RM. Volume adjustment of mechanics and diffusion in interstitial lung disease: lack of clinical relevance. Chest 1989; 96: 1036-1042.
155. Stam H, Splinter TAW, Versprille A. Evaluation of diffusing capacity in patients with a restrictive lung disease. Chest 2000; 117: 752-757.
156. Frans A, Nemery B, Veriter C, Lacquet L, Francis C. Effect of alveolar volume on the interpretation of single-breath DLCO. Respir Med 1997; 91: 263-273.
157. Chinet T, Jaubert F, Dusser D, Danel C, Chretien J, Huchon GJ. Effects of inflammation and fibrosis on pulmonary function in diffuse lung fibrosis. Thorax 1990; 45: 675-678.
158. Johnson DC. Importance of adjusting DLCO and KCO for alveolar volume. Respir Med 2000; 94: 28-37.
159. Chinn DJ, Cotes JE, Flowers R, Marks AM, Reed JW. Transfer factor (diffusing capacity) standardized for alveolar volume: validation, reference values and applications of a new linear model to replace KCO (TL/VA). Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 1269-1277.