Clinical Utility of Reticulocyte Parameters

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 133-163

  Piva, Elisa ^a   Brugnara, Carlo ^b   Spolaore, Federica ^a   Plebani, Mario ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Immature reticulocyte fraction; Reticulocyte; Reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration; Reticulocyte hemoglobin content; Reticulocyte maturation; Reticulocyte volume

Indexed keywords

ANTIANEMIC AGENT; IRON;

ANEMIA; BONE MARROW EXAMINATION; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CELL MATURATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; ERYTHROCYTE PARAMETERS; ERYTHROCYTE STRUCTURE; ERYTHROPOIESIS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER; HUMAN; IMMATURE RETICULOCYTE FRACTION; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON METABOLISM DISORDER; IRON SEQUESTRATION SYNDROME; LABORATORY AUTOMATION; LIGHT SCATTERING; MEASUREMENT PRECISION; MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA; MICROCYTOSIS; PATIENT MONITORING; RETICULOCYTE; RETICULOCYTE CELL VOLUME; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; RETICULOCYTE HEMOGLOBIN CONTENT; RETICULOCYTE MEAN VOLUME; REVIEW; STANDARDIZATION; TURNAROUND TIME; BLOOD; CYTOLOGY; HISTORY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; REFERENCE VALUE; TRENDS;

HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; IRON; REFERENCE VALUES; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; RETICULOCYTES;

EID: 84922387035     PISSN: 02722712     EISSN: 15579832     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.10.004     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Erb W. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der roten Blutkörperchen. Virch Arch Pathol Anat Physiol 1865, 34:138-193.
2. Ehrlich P. Uber einige Beobachtungen am anämischen Blut. Berl Klein Wschr 1881, 18:43.
3. Smith T. On changes in the red blood corpuscles in pernicious anemia of Texas cattle fever. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1891, 6:263-277.
4. Krumbhaar E.B., Chanutin A. Studies on experimental plethora in dogs and rabbits. Exp Biol Med 1922, 19:188-190.
5. Heilmeyer L. Blutfarbostoffwechselstudien. Probleme, Methoden, und Kritik der Whippleschen Theorie. Dtsch Arch Klein Med 1931, 171:123-153.
6. Heath C.W., Daland G.A. Staining of reticulocytes by brilliant cresyl blue. Arch Intern Med 1931, 48:133-145.
7. Dustin P. Contribution à l'étude histophysiologique et histochimique des globules rouges des vertébrés. Arch Biol 1944, 55:285-292.
8. Astaldi G., Tolentino P. Studies invitro on maturation of erythroblasts in normal and pathological conditions. JClin Pathol 1949, 2:217-222.
9. London I.M., Shemin D., Rittenberg D. Synthesis of heme invitro by the immature non-nucleated mammalian erythrocytes. JBiol Chem 1950, 183:749-755.
10. Vander J.B., Harris C.A., Ellis S.R. Reticulocyte counts by means of fluorescence microscopy. JLab Clin Med 1963, 62:132-140.
11. Seip M. Reticulocyte studies. Acta Med Scand 1953, 282(Suppl):9-164.
12. Houwen B. Reticulocyte maturation. Blood Cells 1992, 18:167-186.
13. Brecher G. New methylene blue as a reticulocyte stain. Am J Clin Pathol 1949, 19:895.
14. Bessis M. Cellules du sang normal et pathologique 1972, 166-278. Masson et Cie, Paris.
15. Gilmer P.R., Koepke J.A. The reticulocyte: an approach to definition. Am J Clin Pathol 1976, 66:262-267.
16. Koepke J.A., Broden P.N., Corash L., et al. NCCLS document H44-A-Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Flow Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes). Approved Guideline 1997, 17(15).
17. d'Onofrio G., Chirillo R., Zini G., et al. Simultaneous measurement of reticulocyte and red blood cell indices in healthy subjects and patients with microcytic and macrocytic anemia. Blood 1995, 85:818-823.
18. Skadberg O., Brun A., Sandberg S. Human reticulocytes isolated from peripheral blood: maturation time and hemoglobin synthesis. Lab Hematol 2003, 9:198-206.
19. Koury M.J., Koury S.T., Kopsombut P., et al. Invitro maturation of nascent reticulocytes to erythrocytes. Blood 2005, 105:2168-2174.
20. Bertles J., Beck W. Biochemical aspects of reticulocyte maturation. JBiol Chem 1962, 237:3770-3777.
21. Mel H.C., Prenant M., Mohandas N. Reticulocyte motility and form: studies on maturation and classification. Blood 1977, 49:1001-1009.
22. Chasis J.A., Schrier S.L. Membrane deformability and the capacity for shape change in the erythrocyte. Blood 1989, 74:2562-2568.
23. Lakomek M., Schröter W., De Maeyer G., et al. On the diagnosis of erythrocyte enzyme defects in the presence of high reticulocyte counts. Br J Haematol 1989, 72:445-451.
24. London I.M., Shemin D., Rittenberg D. Heme synthesis and red blood cell dynamics in normal humans and in subjects with polycythemia vera, sickle-cell anemia, and pernicious anemia. JBiol Chem 1949, 179:463-484.
25. Wangen J.R., Eidenschink Brodersen L., Stolk T.T., et al. Assessment of normal erythropoiesis by flow cytometry: important considerations for specimen preparation. Int J Lab Hematol 2014, 36:184-196.
26. Brugnara C., Kruskall M.S., Johnstone R.M. Membrane properties of erythrocytes in subjects undergoing multiple blood donations with or without recombinant erythropoietin. Br J Haematol 1993, 84:118-130.
27. Sandoval H., Thiagarajan P., Dasgupta S.K., et al. Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells. Nature 2008, 454:232-235.
28. Chen M., Sandoval H., Wang J. Selective mitochondrial autophagy during erythroid maturation. Autophagy 2008, 4:926-928.
29. Shimizu S., Honda S., Arakawa S., et al. Alternative macroautophagy and mitophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014, 50:64-66.
30. Geminard C., de Gassart A., Vidal M. Reticulocyte maturation: mitoptosis and exosome release. Biocell 2002, 26:205-215.
31. Ney P.A. Normal and disordered reticulocyte maturation. Curr Opin Hematol 2011, 18:152-157.
32. Griffiths R.E., Kupzig S., Cogan N., et al. Maturing reticulocytes internalize plasma membrane in glycophorin A-containing vesicles that fuse with autophagosomes before exocytosis. Blood 2012, 119:6296-6306.
33. Lee E., Choi H.S., Hwang J.H., et al. The RNA in reticulocytes is not just debris: it is necessary for the final stages of erythrocyte formation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014, 53:1-10.
34. Liu J., Guo X., Mohandas N., et al. Membrane remodeling during reticulocyte maturation. Blood 2010, 115:2021-2027.
35. Malleret B., Xu F., Mohandas N., et al. Significant biochemical, biophysical and metabolic diversity in circulating human cord blood reticulocytes. PLoS One 2013, 8(10):e76062.
36. Kono M., Kondo T., Takagi Y., et al. Morphological definition of CD71 positive reticulocytes by various staining techniques and electron microscopy compared to reticulocytes detected by an automated hematology analyzer. Clin Chim Acta 2009, 404:105-110.
37. Heimeyer L., Westharer R. Reifungssstadien an uberlebenden reticulocyte invitro und ihre bedentung fur die schatzung der taglichen hamoglobin produktion invivo. Ztsch Klein Med 1932, 121:361-369.
38. Lowenstein L.M. The mammalian reticulocyte. Int Rev Cytol 1959, 8:135-174.
39. Manwani D., Bieker J.J. The erythroblastic island. Curr Top Dev Biol 2008, 82:23-53.
40. Chasis J.A., Mohandas N. Erythroblastic islands: niches for erythropoiesis. Blood 2008, 112:470-478.
41. Baldini M., Panaciulli I. The maturation rate of reticulocytes. Blood 1960, 15:614-629.
42. Kuse R. The appearance of reticulocytes with medium or high RNA content is a sensitive indicator of beginning granulocyte recovery after aplasiogenic cytostatic drug therapy in patients with AML. Ann Hematol 1993, 66:213-214.
43. Ricos C., Alvarez V., Cava F., et al. Current databases on biological variation: pros, cons and progress. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999, 59:491-500.
44. Fraser C.G. Biological variation: from principles to practice 2001, 151. AACC Press, Washington, DC.
45. Sandberg S., Rustad P., Johannesen B., et al. Within-subject biological variation of reticulocytes and reticulocyte-derived parameters. Eur J Haematol 1998, 61:42-48.
46. Costongs G.M., Janson P.C., Bas B.M., et al. Short-term and long-term intra-individual variations and critical differences of haematological laboratory parameters. JClin Chem Clin Biochem 1985, 23:69-76.
47. Buttarello M. Variabilità dei parametri ematologici. Riv Med Lab 2003, 4:88-91.
48. Tsuda I., Tatsumi N. Reticulocytes in human preserved blood as control material for automated reticulocyte counters. Am J Clin Pathol 1990, 94:109-110.
49. Jones A.R., Twedt D., Swaim W., et al. Diurnal change of blood count analytes in normal subjects. Am J Clin Pathol 1996, 106:723-727.
50. Tarallo P., Humbert J.C., Mahassen P., et al. Reticulocytes: biological variations and reference limits. Eur J Haematol 1994, 53:11-15.
51. Carter J.M., McSweeney P.A., Wakem P.J., et al. Counting reticulocytes by flow cytometry: use of thiazole orange. Clin Lab Haematol 1989, 11:267-271.
52. Tarallo P., Humbert J.C., Fournier B., et al. Reticulocytes: reference limits. Clin Lab Haematol 1996, 18(S1):13-14.
53. Otterman M.L., Nijboer J.M., van der Horst I.C., et al. Reticulocyte counts and their relation to hemoglobin levels in trauma patients. JTrauma 2009, 67:121-124.
54. Paterakis G.S., Voskaridou E., Loutradi A., et al. Reticulocyte counting in thalassemic and other conditions with the R-1000 Sysmex analyzer. Ann Hematol 1991, 63:218-222.
55. Howells M.R., Jones S.E., Napier J.A., et al. Erythropoiesis in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 1986, 64:595-599.
56. Lippi G., Salvagno G.L., Solero G.P., et al. The influence of the tourniquet time on hematological testing for antidoping purposes. Int J Sports Med 2006, 27:359-362.
57. Cavill I., Kraaijenhagen R., Pradella R., et al. Invitro stability of the reticulocyte count. Clin Lab Haematol 1996, 18:9-11.
58. Lippi G., Salvagno G.L., Solero G.P., et al. Stability of blood cell counts, hematologic parameters and reticulocytes indexes on the Advia A120 hematologic analyzer. JLab Clin Med 2005, 146:333-340.
59. Lombardi G., Lanteri P., Colombini A., et al. Stability of haematological parameters and its relevance on the athlete's biological passport model. Sports Med 2011, 41:1033-1042.
60. Imeri F., Herklotz R., Risch L., et al. Stability of hematological analytes depends on the hematology analyser used: a stability study with Bayer Advia 120, Beckman Coulter LH 750 and Sysmex XE 2100. Clin Chim Acta 2008, 397:68-71.
61. Kouri T., Siloaho M., Pohjavaara S., et al. Pre-analytical factors and measurement uncertainty. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005, 65:463-475.
62. Arkin C.F., Davis B.H., Bessman B.H., et al. NCCLS. Methods for Reticulocyte Counting (Automated Blood Cell Counters, Flow Cytometry, and Supravital Dyes); Approved Guideline. 2nd Edition. NCCLS Document H44-A 2 2004, NCCLS, Wayne (PA).
63. Tichelli A., Gratwohl A., Driessen A., et al. Evaluation of the Sysmex R-1000. An automated reticulocyte analyzer. Am J Clin Pathol 1990, 93:70-78.
64. d'Onofrio G., Kim Y.R., Schulze S., et al. Evaluation of the Abbott Cell Dyn 4000 automated fluorescent reticulocyte measurements: comparison with manual, FACScan and Sysmex R1000 methods. Clin Lab Haematol 1997, 19(4):253-260.
65. D'Onofrio G., Zini G., Rowan R.M. Reticulocyte counting: methods and clinical applications. Advanced Laboratory Methods in Haematology 2002, 78-126. Arnold Publisher, London. R.M. Rowan, O.W. vanAssendelft, F.E. Preston (Eds.).
66. Van Petegem M., Cartuyvels R., de Schouwer P., et al. Comparative evaluation of three flow cytometers for reticulocyte enumeration. Clin Lab Haematol 1993, 15:103-111.
67. Siekmeier R., Bierlich A., Jaross W. Determination of reticulocytes: three methods compared. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38:245-249.
68. Buttarello M., Bulian P., Farina G., et al. Flow cytometric reticulocyte counting. Parallel evaluation of five fully automated analyzers: an NCCLS-ICSH approach. Am J Clin Pathol 2001, 115:100-111.
69. Buttarello M., Cappelletti P., Biasioli B., et al. Risultati della sperimentazione multistrumentale in ematologia automatizzata: lo stato dell'arte. Riv Med Lab 2004, 5(Suppl 3):136-141.
70. Piva E., Brugnara C., Chiandetti L., et al. Automated reticulocyte counting: state of the art and clinical applications in the evaluation of erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010, 48:1369-1380.
71. Davis B.H., Bigelow N.C., Koepke J.A., et al. Flow cytometric analysis: multiinstitutional interlaboratory correlation study. Am J Clin Pathol 1994, 102:468-477.
72. Horowitz G., Altaie S., Boyd C.J., et al. Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory 2008, CSLI, Wayne (PA), CLSI/NCCLS C28-A3 document.
73. Van den Bossche J., Devreese K., Malfait R., et al. Reference intervals for a complete blood count determined on different automated haematology analysers: Abx Pentra 120 Retic, Coulter Gen-S, Sysmex SE9500, Abbott Cell Dyn 4000 and Bayer Advia 120. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002, 40:69-73.
74. Noronha J.F., Grotto H.Z. Measurement of reticulocyte and red blood indices in patients with iron thalassemia minor. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005, 43:195-197.
75. Bovy C., Gothot A., Krzesinki J.M., et al. Mature erythrocytes indices: new markers of iron availability. Haematologica 2005, 90:549-551.
76. Banfi G., Mauri C., Morelli B., et al. Reticulocyte count, mean reticulocyte volume, immature reticulocyte fraction, and mean sphered cell volume in elite athletes: reference values and comparison with the general population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006, 44:616-622.
77. Hoffmann J.J., van den Broek N.M., Curvers J. Reference intervals of extended erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012, 50:941-948.
78. Costa O., Van Moer G., Jochmans K., et al. Reference values for new red blood cell and platelet parameters on the Abbott Diagnostics Cell-Dyn Sapphire. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012, 50:967-969.
79. Nunes L.A., Grotto H.Z., Brenzikofer R., et al. Hematological and biochemical markers of iron status in a male, young, physically active population. Biomed Res Int 2014, 2014:349182.
80. Zandecki M., Genevieve F., Gerard J., et al. Spurious counts and spurious results on haematology analysers: a review. Part II: white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, red cell indices and reticulocytes. Int J Lab Hematol 2007, 29:21-41.
81. Davis B.H., Ornvold K., Bigelow N.C. Flow cytometric reticulocyte maturity index: a useful laboratory parameter of erythropoietic activity in anemia. Cytometry 1995, 22:35-39.
82. Davis B.H. Immature reticulocyte fraction (IFR): by any name, a useful clinical parameter of erythropoietic activity. Lab Hematol 1996, 2:2-8.
83. Davis B.H., Bigelow N.C. Automated reticulocyte analysis. Clinical practice and associated new parameters. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1994, 8:617-630.
84. Davis B.H. Report on the ISLH-sponsored Immature Reticulocyte fraction (IRF) Workshop. Lab Hematol 1997, 3:261-263.
85. Davis B.H., DiCorato M., Bigelow N.C., et al. Proposal for the standardization of flow cytometric reticulocyte maturity index measurements. Cytometry 1993, 14:318-326.
86. Buttarello M., Bulian P., Farina G., et al. Five fully automated methods for performing immature reticulocyte fraction: comparison in diagnosis of bone marrow aplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2002, 117:871-879.
87. Davis B.H., Bigelow N.C., van Hove L. Immature reticulocyte fraction and reticulocyte counts, comparison of Cell-Dyn 4000, Sysmex R-3000, thiazole flow cytometry, and manual counts. Lab Hematol 1996, 2:144-148.
88. Briggs C., Grant D., Machin J.S. Comparison of the automated reticulocyte counts and immature reticulocyte fraction measurements obtained with the ABX Pentra 120 Retic blood analyzer and the Sysmex XE-2100 automated haematology analyzer. Lab Hematol 2001, 7:75-80.
89. Banfi G., Corsi M., Melegati G. The values of immature reticulocytes fraction in élite athletes measured by means of two different methodologies are concordant. JSports Med Phys Fitness 2006, 46:163-164.
90. Briggs C. Quality counts: new parameters in blood cell counting. Int J Lab Hematol 2009, 31:277-297.
91. d'Onofrio G., Tichelli A., Foures C., et al. Indicators of haematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation: the role of reticulocyte measurements. Clin Lab Haematol 1996, 18:45-53.
92. Testa U., Rutella S., Martucci R., et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation: evaluation of erythropoietic reconstitution by highly fluorescent reticulocyte counts, erythropoietin, soluble transferrin receptors, ferritin, TIBC and iron dosages. Br J Haematol 1997, 96:762-775.
93. Torres Gomez A., Sánchez J., Lakomsky D., et al. Assessment of hematologic progenitor engraftment by complete reticulocyte maturation parameters after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2001, 86:24-29.
94. Noronha J.F., De Souza C.A., Vigorito A.C., et al. Immature reticulocytes as an early predictor of engraftment in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Lab Haematol 2003, 25:47-54.
95. Das R., Rawal A., Garewal G., et al. Automated reticulocyte response is a good predictor of bone-marrow recovery in pediatric malignancies. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2006, 23:299-305.
96. Takami A., Shibayama M., Orito M., et al. Immature platelet fraction for prediction of platelet engraftment after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007, 39:501-507.
97. Grazziutti M.L., Dong L., Miceli M.H., et al. Recovery from neutropenia can be predicted by the immature reticulocyte fraction several days before neutrophil recovery in autologous stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006, 37:403-409.
98. Molina J.R., Sanchez-Garcia J., Torres A., et al. Reticulocyte maturation parameters are reliable early predictors of hematopoietic engraftment after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007, 13:172-182.
99. Yamaoka G., Kubota Y., Nomura T., et al. The immature platelet fraction is a useful marker for predicting the timing of platelet recovery in patients with cancer after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Lab Hematol 2010, 32:208-216.
100. Gonçalo A.P., Barbosa I.L., Campilho F., et al. Predictive value of immature reticulocyte and platelet fractions in hematopoietic recovery of allograft patients. Transplant Proc 2011, 43:241-243.
101. Morkis I.V., Farias M.G., Rigoni L.D., et al. Assessment of immature platelet fraction and immature reticulocyte fraction as predictors of engraftment after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Lab Hematol 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
102. Luczyński W., Ratomski K., Wysocka J., et al. Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF): an universal marker of hemopoiesis in children with cancer?. Adv Med Sci 2006, 51:188-190.
103. Remacha A.F., Martino R., Sureda A., et al. Changes in the reticulocyte fraction during peripheral stem cell harvesting: role in monitoring stem cell collection. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996, 17:163-168.
104. Dunlop L.C., Cohen J., Harvey M., et al. The immature reticulocyte fraction: a negative predictor of the harvesting of CD34 cells for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin Lab Haematol 2006, 28:245-247.
105. Torres Gomez A., Casano J., Sanchez J., et al. Utility of reticulocyte maturation parameters in the differential diagnosis of macrocytic anemias. Clin Lab Haematol 2003, 25:283-288.
106. Lesesve J.F., Daliphard S., Callat M.P., et al. Increase of immature reticulocyte fraction in myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Lab Haematol 2004, 26:301-302. [letter].
107. Mullier F., Lainey E., Fenneteau O., et al. Additional erythrocytic and reticulocytic parameters helpful for diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis: results of a multicentre study. Ann Hematol 2011, 90:759-768.
108. Persijn L., Bonroy C., Mondelaers V., et al. Screening for hereditary spherocytosis in routine practice: evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm with focus on non-splenectomised patients. Ann Hematol 2012, 91:301-302.
109. Brugnara C., Laufer M.R., Friedman A.J., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr): early indicator of iron deficiency and response to therapy. Blood 1994, 83:3100-3101.
110. Brugnara C., Hipp M.J., Irving P.J., et al. Automated reticulocyte counting and measurement of reticulocyte cellular indices. Evaluation of the Miles H*3 blood analyzer. Am J Clin Pathol 1994, 102:623-632.
111. Mohandas N., Kim Y.R., Tycko D.H., et al. Accurate and independent measurement of volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells by laser light scattering. Blood 1986, 68:506-513.
112. Mullaney P.F., Dean P.N. Cell sizing: a small-angle light scattering method for sizing particles of low relative refractive index. Appl Opt 1969, 8:2361-2362.
113. Latimer P., Brunsting A., Pyle B.E., et al. Effects of asphericity on single particle scattering. Appl Opt 1978, 17:3152-3158.
114. Sharpless T.K., Bartholdi M., Melamed M.R. Size and refractive index dependence of simple forward-angle scattering measurements in a flow system using sharply focused illumination. JHistochem Cytochem 1977, 25:845-856.
115. Salzmann G.C., Crowell J.M., Martin J.C., et al. Cell classification by laser light scattering: identification and separation of unstained leukocytes. Acta Cytol 1975, 19:374-377.
116. Kamentsky L.A. Cytology automation. Adv Biol Med Phys 1973, 14:93-161.
117. Buttarello M., Temporin V., Ceravolo R., et al. The new reticulocyte parameter (RET-Y) of the Sysmex XE 2100: its use in the diagnosis and monitoring of posttreatment sideropenic anemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2004, 121:489-495.
118. Thomas L., Franck S., Messinger M., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin measurement-comparison of two methods in the diagnosis of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005, 43:1193-1202.
119. Canals C., Remacha A.F., Sarda M.P., et al. Clinical utility of the new Sysmex XE2100 parameter-reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent-in the diagnosis of anemia. Haematologica 2005, 90:1133-1134.
120. Brugnara C., Schiller B., Moran J. Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states. Clin Lab Haematol 2006, 28:303-308.
121. Garzia M., Di Mario A., Ferraro E., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent: an indicator of reduced iron availability in chronic kidney diseases during erythropoietin therapy. Lab Hematol 2007, 13:6-11.
122. Maconi M., Cavalca L., Danise P., et al. Erythrocyte and reticulocyte indices in iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease: comparison of two methods. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009, 69:365-370.
123. Maconi M., Danise P., Cavalca L., et al. Flow cytometric reticulocyte counting: a comparison between two methods. JClin Lab Anal 2010, 24:252-255.
124. Miwa N., Akiba T., Kimata N., et al. Usefulness of measuring reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent in the management of haemodialysis patients with iron deficiency. Int J Lab Hematol 2010, 32:248-255.
125. Ermens A.A., Hoffmann J.J., Krockenberger M., et al. New erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters on CELL-DYN Sapphire: analytical and preanalytical aspects. Int J Lab Hematol 2012, 34:274-282.
126. Urrechaga E. Clinical utility of the new Beckman-Coulter parameter red bloodcell size factor in the study of erythropoiesis. Int J Lab Hematol 2009, 31:623-629.
127. McLean E., Cogswell M., Egli I., et al. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr 2009, 12:444-445.
128. Klip I.T., Comin-Colet J., Voors A.A., et al. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: an international pooled analysis. Am Heart J 2013, 165:575-582.
129. Cohen-Solal A., Leclercq C., Deray G., et al. Iron deficiency: an emerging therapeutic target in heart failure. Heart 2014, 100:1414-1420.
130. Jacobs A., Worwood M. Clinical and biochemical implications. Ferritin in serum. NEngl J Med 1975, 292:951-956.
131. Goodnough L.T., Skikne B., Brugnara C. Erythropoietin, iron, and erythropoiesis. Blood 2000, 96:823-833.
132. Rushton D.H., Barth J.H. What is the evidence for gender differences in ferritin and haemoglobin?. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010, 73:1-9.
133. Brugnara C. Ahematologic "gold standard" for iron-deficient states?. Clin Chem 2002, 48:981-982.
134. Brugnara C. Iron deficiency and erythropoiesis: new diagnostic approaches. Clin Chem 2003, 49:1573-1578.
135. Brugnara C., Adamson J., Auerbach M., et al. Iron deficiency: what are the future trends in diagnostics and therapeutics?. Clin Chem 2013, 59:740-745.
136. Mast A.E., Blinder M.A., Lu Q., et al. Clinical utility of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 2002, 99:1489-1491.
137. Brugnara C., Zurakowski D., Di Canzio J., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA 1999, 281:2225-2230.
138. Shaker M., Jenkins P., Ulrich C., et al. An economic analysis of anemia prevention during infancy. JPediatr 2009, 154:44-49.
139. Ullrich C., Chen A., Armsby C., et al. Screening healthy infants for iron deficiency with reticulocyte hemoglobin content. JAMA 2005, 294:924-930.
140. Stoffman N., Brugnara C., Woods E.R. An algorithm using reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) measurement in screening adolescents for iron deficiency. JAdolesc Health 2005, 36:529.
141. d'Onofrio G., Zini G., Ricerca B.M., et al. Automated measurement of red blood cell microcytosis and hypochromia in iron deficiency and beta-thalassemia trait. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992, 116:84-89.
142. Torsvik I.K., Markestad T., Ueland P.M., et al. Evaluating iron status and the risk of anemia in young infants using erythrocyte parameters. Pediatr Res 2013, 73:214-220.
143. Ervasti M., Kotisaari S., Heinonen S., et al. Use of advanced red blood cell and reticulocyte indices improves the accuracy in diagnosing iron deficiency in pregnant women at term. Eur J Haematol 2007, 79:539-545.
144. Radtke H., Meyer T., Kalus U., et al. Rapid identification of iron deficiency in blood donors with red cell indexes provided by Advia 120. Transfusion 2005, 45:5-10.
145. Semmelrock M.J., Raggam R.B., Amrein K., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content allows early and reliable detection of functional iron deficiency in blood donors. Clin Chim Acta 2012, 413:678-682.
146. Kiss J.E., Steele W.R., Wright D.J., NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II Laboratory variables for assessing iron deficiency in REDS-II Iron Status Evaluation (RISE) blood donors. Transfusion 2013, 53:2766-2775.
147. Karlsson T. Comparative evaluation of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content assay when screening for iron deficiency in elderly anemic patients. Anemia 2011, 2011:925907.
148. Joosten E., Lioen P., Brusselmans C., et al. Is analysis of the reticulocyte haemoglobin equivalent a useful test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia in geriatric patients?. Eur J Intern Med 2013, 24:63-66.
149. Rutherford C.J., Schneider T.J., Dempsey H., et al. Efficacy of different dosing regimens for recombinant human erythropoietin in a simulated perisurgical setting: the importance of iron availability in optimizing response. Am J Med 1994, 96:139-145.
150. Brugnara C., Colella G.M., Cremins J., et al. Effects of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in normal subjects: development of decreased reticulocyte hemoglobin content and iron-deficient erythropoiesis. JLab Clin Med 1994, 123:660-667.
151. Goodnough L.T., Nemeth E., Ganz T. Detection, evaluation, and management of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Blood 2010, 116:4754-4761.
152. Goodnough L.T. Iron deficiency syndromes and iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Transfusion 2012, 52:1584-1592.
153. Roy C.N. Anemia of inflammation. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010, 2010:276-280.
154. Sun C.C., Vaja V., Babitt J.L., et al. Targeting the hepcidin-ferroportin axis to develop new treatment strategies for anemia of chronic disease and anemia of inflammation. Am J Hematol 2012, 87:392-400.
155. Wish J.B. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 1(Suppl 1):S4-S8.
156. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD. Kidney Int Suppl 2012, 2:279-335. Available at:. http://www2.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_anemiaUP/.
157. Thomas D.W., Hinchliffe R.F., Briggs C., British Committee for Standards in Haematology, et al. Guideline for the laboratory diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Br J Haematol 2013, 161:639-648.
158. Fishbane S., Galgano C., Langley R.C., et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content in the evaluation of iron status of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997, 52:217-222.
159. Mitsuiki K., Harada A., Miyata Y. Assessment of iron deficiency in chronic hemodialysis patients: investigation of cutoff values for reticulocyte haemoglobin content. Clin Exp Nephrol 2003, 7:52-57.
160. Fishbane S., Shapiro W., Dutka P., et al. Arandomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001, 60:2406-2411.
161. Buttarello M., Pajola R., Novello E., et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Clin Pathol 2010, 133:949-954.
162. Tessitore N., Solero G.P., Lippi G., et al. The role of iron status markers in predicting response to intravenous iron in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001, 16:1416-1423.
163. Kakimoto-Shino M., Toya Y., Kuji T., et al. Changes in hepcidin and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent levels in response to continuous erythropoietin receptor activator administration in hemodialysis patients: a randomized study. Ther Apher Dial 2014, 18:421-426.
164. Chung M., Moorthy D., Hadar N., et al. Biomarkers for assessing and managing iron deficiency anemia in late-stage chronic kidney disease 2012, Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 83. (Prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10055-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 12(13)-EHC140-EF, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville (MD), Available at:. http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
165. Thomas C., Thomas L. Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Clin Chem 2002, 48:1066-1076.
166. Thomas C., Kobold U., Balan S., et al. Serum hepcidin-25 may replace the ferritin index in the Thomas plot in assessing iron status in anemic patients. Int J Lab Hematol 2011, 33:187-193.
167. van Santen S., van Dongen-Lases E.C., de Vegt F., et al. Hepcidin and hemoglobin content parameters in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63:3672-3680.
168. Tessitore N., Girelli D., Campostrini N., et al. Hepcidin is not useful as a biomarker for iron needs in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25:3996-4002.
169. Ford B.A., Eby C.S., Scott M.G., et al. Intra-individual variability in serum hepcidin precludes its use as a marker of iron status in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2010, 78:769-773.
170. Cazzola M., Mercuriali F., Brugnara C. Use of recombinant human erythropoietin outside the setting of uremia. Blood 1997, 89:4248-4267.
171. Katodritou E., Zervas K., Terpos E., et al. Use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents and intravenous iron for cancer and treatment-related anaemia: the need for predictors and indicators of effectiveness has not abated. Br J Haematol 2008, 142:3-10.
172. Nakanishi T., Kuragano T., Kaibe S., et al. Should we reconsider iron administration based on prevailing ferritin and hepcidin concentrations?. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012, 16:819-826.
173. Brugnara C., Mohandas N. Red cell indices in classification and treatment of anemias: from M.M. Wintrobes's original 1934 classification to the third millennium. Curr Opin Hematol 2013, 20:222-230.
174. Goodnough L.T., Shander A. Update on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013, 27:121-129.
175. Brugnara C. Use of reticulocyte cellular indices in the diagnosis and treatment of hematological disorders. Int J Clin Lab Res 1998, 28:1-11.
176. Buttarello M., Plebani M. Automated blood cell counts: state of the art. Am J Clin Pathol 2008, 130:104-116.
177. Skarmoutsou C., Papassotiriou I., Traeger-Synodinos J., et al. Erythroid bone marrow activity and red cell hemoglobinization in iron sufficient beta-thalassemia heterozygotes as reflected by soluble transferrin receptor and reticulocyte hemoglobin in content. Correlation with genotypes and Hb A(2) levels. Haematologica 2003, 88:631-636.
178. Brugnara C. Reticulocyte cellular indices: a new approach in the diagnosis of anemias and monitoring of erythropoietic function. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2000, 37:93-130.
179. Bridges K.R., Barabino G.D., Brugnara C., et al. A multiparameter analysis of sickle erythrocytes in patients undergoing hydroxyurea therapy. Blood 1996, 88:4701-4710.
180. Cappelletti P., Biasioli B., Buttarello M., et al. Mean reticulocyte volume (MCVr): reference intervals and the need for standardization [abstract]. Proceeding of the XIX International Symposium on Technological Innovation in Laboratory Hematology. ISLH. Lab Hematol 2006, 12(3):169.
181. Parisotto R., Gore C.J., Emslie K.R., et al. Anovel method utilising markers of altered erythropoiesis for the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Haematologica 2000, 85:564-572.
182. De Franceschi L. Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and new drugs for the treatment. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2009, 1:e2009024.
183. Quarmyne M.O., Risinger M., Linkugel A., et al. Volume regulation and KCl cotransport in reticulocyte populations of sickle and normal red blood cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2011, 47:95-99.
184. Cappelletti P, Biasioli B, Bulian P, etal. Linee guida per il referto ematologico. 2002. Available at: . http://www.simel.it/download/100124-documento.pdf.
185. Sandhaus L.M., Meyer P. How useful are CBC and reticulocyte reports to clinicians?. Am J Clin Pathol 2002, 118:787-793.