메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 928-942

Targeting RAS-ERK signalling in cancer: Promises and challenges

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; B RAF KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 2; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; RAF PROTEIN INHIBITOR; RAS PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR;

EID: 84921270388     PISSN: 14741776     EISSN: 14741784     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrd4281     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (913)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 68949086867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy
    • Montagut, C. & Settleman, J. Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. 283, 125-134 (2009).
    • (2009) Cancer Lett. , vol.283 , pp. 125-134
    • Montagut, C.1    Settleman, J.2
  • 2
    • 34248591612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer
    • Roberts, P. J. & Der, C. J. Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 26, 3291-3310 (2007).
    • (2007) Oncogene , vol.26 , pp. 3291-3310
    • Roberts, P.J.1    Der, C.J.2
  • 3
    • 34248583886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer
    • Dhillon, A. S., Hagan, S., Rath, O. & Kolch, W. MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene 26, 3279-3290 (2007).
    • (2007) Oncogene , vol.26 , pp. 3279-3290
    • Dhillon, A.S.1    Hagan, S.2    Rath, O.3    Kolch, W.4
  • 4
    • 79960064432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raf family kinases: Old dogs have learned new tricks
    • Matallanas, D. et al. Raf family kinases: old dogs have learned new tricks. Genes Cancer 2, 232-260 (2011).
    • (2011) Genes Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 232-260
    • Matallanas, D.1
  • 5
    • 18444374405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer
    • Davies, H. et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417, 949-954 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 949-954
    • Davies, H.1
  • 7
    • 80054936061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Ras for cancer treatment: The search continues
    • Baines, A. T., Xu, D. & Der, C. J. Inhibition of Ras for cancer treatment: the search continues. Future Med. Chem. 3, 1787-1808 (2011).
    • (2011) Future Med. Chem. , vol.3 , pp. 1787-1808
    • Baines, A.T.1    Xu, D.2    Der, C.J.3
  • 8
    • 79960055459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAS Interaction with PI3K: More than just another effector pathway
    • Castellano, E. & Downward, J. RAS Interaction with PI3K: more than just another effector pathway. Genes Cancer 2, 261-274 (2011).
    • (2011) Genes Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 261-274
    • Castellano, E.1    Downward, J.2
  • 9
    • 57349143716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting RAS and PI3K in lung cancer
    • Downward, J. Targeting RAS and PI3K in lung cancer. Nature Med. 14, 1315-1316 (2008).
    • (2008) Nature Med. , vol.14 , pp. 1315-1316
    • Downward, J.1
  • 10
    • 79960069763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RalGEF-Ral effector signaling network: The road less traveled for anti-ras drug discovery
    • Neel, N. F. et al. The RalGEF-Ral effector signaling network: the road less traveled for anti-ras drug discovery. Genes Cancer 2, 275-287 (2011).
    • (2011) Genes Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 275-287
    • Neel, N.F.1
  • 11
    • 67649770887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ras signaling and therapies
    • Young, A. et al. Ras signaling and therapies. Adv. Cancer Res. 102, 1-17 (2009).
    • (2009) Adv. Cancer Res. , vol.102 , pp. 1-17
    • Young, A.1
  • 12
    • 0029664317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of K-RasBV12 proteins to farnesyltransferase inhibitors in Rat1 cells
    • James, G., Goldstein, J. L. & Brown, M. S. Resistance of K-RasBV12 proteins to farnesyltransferase inhibitors in Rat1 cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4454-4458 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 4454-4458
    • James, G.1    Goldstein, J.L.2    Brown, M.S.3
  • 13
    • 0030923192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-and N-Ras are geranylgeranylated in cells treated with farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors
    • Whyte, D. B. et al. K-and N-Ras are geranylgeranylated in cells treated with farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14459-14464 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 14459-14464
    • Whyte, D.B.1
  • 14
    • 84878401236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small molecule inhibition of the KRAS-PDEδ interaction impairs oncogenic KRAS signalling
    • Zimmermann, G. et al. Small molecule inhibition of the KRAS-PDEδ interaction impairs oncogenic KRAS signalling. Nature 497, 638-642 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.497 , pp. 638-642
    • Zimmermann, G.1
  • 15
    • 84859463451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-molecule ligands bind to a distinct pocket in Ras and inhibit SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange activity
    • Maurer, T. et al. Small-molecule ligands bind to a distinct pocket in Ras and inhibit SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 5299-5304 (2012).
    • (2012) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.109 , pp. 5299-5304
    • Maurer, T.1
  • 16
    • 84862649997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of small molecules that bind to K-Ras and inhibit Sos-mediated activation
    • Sun, Q. et al. Discovery of small molecules that bind to K-Ras and inhibit Sos-mediated activation. Angew. Chem. 51, 6140-6143 (2012).
    • (2012) Angew. Chem. , vol.51 , pp. 6140-6143
    • Sun, Q.1
  • 17
    • 84895834287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approach for targeting Ras with small molecules that activate SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange
    • Burns, M. C. et al. Approach for targeting Ras with small molecules that activate SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 3401-3406 (2014).
    • (2014) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.111 , pp. 3401-3406
    • Burns, M.C.1
  • 18
    • 84877863454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In silico discovery of small-molecule Ras inhibitors that display antitumor activity by blocking the Ras-effector interaction
    • Shima, F. et al. In silico discovery of small-molecule Ras inhibitors that display antitumor activity by blocking the Ras-effector interaction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 11 0, 8182-8187 (2013).
    • (2013) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 11 , vol.0 , pp. 8182-8187
    • Shima, F.1
  • 19
    • 84888639050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions
    • Ostrem, J. M., Peters, U., Sos, M. L., Wells, J. A. & Shokat, K. M. K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions. Nature 503, 548-551 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.503 , pp. 548-551
    • Ostrem, J.M.1    Peters, U.2    Sos, M.L.3    Wells, J.A.4    Shokat, K.M.5
  • 21
    • 0035328521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active Ras induces heterodimerization of cRaf and BRaf
    • Weber, C. K., Slupsky, J. R., Kalmes, H. A. & Rapp, U. R. Active Ras induces heterodimerization of cRaf and BRaf. Cancer Res. 61, 3595-3598 (2001).
    • (2001) Cancer Res. , vol.61 , pp. 3595-3598
    • Weber, C.K.1    Slupsky, J.R.2    Kalmes, H.A.3    Rapp, U.R.4
  • 23
    • 33749238553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery and development of sorafenib: A multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer
    • Wilhelm, S. et al. Discovery and development of sorafenib: a multikinase inhibitor for treating cancer. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 5, 835-844 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature Rev. Drug Discov. , vol.5 , pp. 835-844
    • Wilhelm, S.1
  • 24
    • 27544453376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations of C-RAF are rare in human cancer because C-RAF has a low basal kinase activity compared with B-RAF
    • Emuss, V., Garnett, M., Mason, C. & Marais, R. Mutations of C-RAF are rare in human cancer because C-RAF has a low basal kinase activity compared with B-RAF. Cancer Res. 65, 9719-9726 (2005).
    • (2005) Cancer Res. , vol.65 , pp. 9719-9726
    • Emuss, V.1    Garnett, M.2    Mason, C.3    Marais, R.4
  • 25
    • 12144289677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF
    • Wan, P. T. et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF-ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B-RAF. Cell 11 6, 855-867 (2004).
    • (2004) Cell , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 855-867
    • Wan, P.T.1
  • 26
    • 0028877441 scopus 로고
    • Conditionally oncogenic forms of the A-Raf and B-Raf protein kinases display different biological and biochemical properties in NIH 3T3 cells
    • Pritchard, C. A., Samuels, M. L., Bosch, E. & McMahon, M. Conditionally oncogenic forms of the A-Raf and B-Raf protein kinases display different biological and biochemical properties in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6430-6442 (1995).
    • (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.15 , pp. 6430-6442
    • Pritchard, C.A.1    Samuels, M.L.2    Bosch, E.3    McMahon, M.4
  • 27
    • 84897562716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic and sorafenib-sensitive ARAF mutations in lung adenocarcinoma
    • Imielinski, M. et al. Oncogenic and sorafenib-sensitive ARAF mutations in lung adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Invest. 124, 1582-1586 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.124 , pp. 1582-1586
    • Imielinski, M.1
  • 28
    • 84901424838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic activating ARAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
    • Nelson, D. S. et al. Somatic activating ARAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 123, 3152-3155 (2014).
    • (2014) Blood , vol.123 , pp. 3152-3155
    • Nelson, D.S.1
  • 29
    • 0034944380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raf-1 promotes cell survival by antagonizing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 through a MEK-ERK independent mechanism
    • Chen, J., Fujii, K., Zhang, L., Roberts, T. & Fu, H. Raf-1 promotes cell survival by antagonizing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 through a MEK-ERK independent mechanism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7783-7788 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 7783-7788
    • Chen, J.1    Fujii, K.2    Zhang, L.3    Roberts, T.4    Fu, H.5
  • 30
    • 11144267126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the kinase MST2 in suppression of apoptosis by the proto-oncogene product Raf-1
    • O'Neill, E., Rushworth, L., Baccarini, M. & Kolch, W. Role of the kinase MST2 in suppression of apoptosis by the proto-oncogene product Raf-1. Science 306, 2267-2270 (2004).
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 2267-2270
    • O'Neill, E.1    Rushworth, L.2    Baccarini, M.3    Kolch, W.4
  • 31
    • 0031724929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raf-1 physically interacts with Rb and regulates its function: A link between mitogenic signaling and cell cycle regulation
    • Wang, S., Ghosh, R. N. & Chellappan, S. P. Raf-1 physically interacts with Rb and regulates its function: a link between mitogenic signaling and cell cycle regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 7487-7498 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 7487-7498
    • Wang, S.1    Ghosh, R.N.2    Chellappan, S.P.3
  • 32
    • 15444376695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raf-1 regulates Rho signaling and cell migration
    • Ehrenreiter, K. et al. Raf-1 regulates Rho signaling and cell migration. J. Cell Biol. 168, 955-964 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Cell Biol. , vol.168 , pp. 955-964
    • Ehrenreiter, K.1
  • 33
    • 77956904045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
    • Badalian-Very, G. et al. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 11 6, 1919-1923 (2010).
    • (2010) Blood , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 1919-1923
    • Badalian-Very, G.1
  • 34
    • 84866596727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses
    • Haroche, J. et al. High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim-Chester disease but not in other non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Blood 120, 2700-2703 (2012).
    • (2012) Blood , vol.120 , pp. 2700-2703
    • Haroche, J.1
  • 35
    • 33748325763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sorafenib in advanced melanoma: A Phase II randomised discontinuation trial analysis
    • Eisen, T. et al. Sorafenib in advanced melanoma: a Phase II randomised discontinuation trial analysis. Br. J. Cancer 95, 581-586 (2006).
    • (2006) Br. J. Cancer , vol.95 , pp. 581-586
    • Eisen, T.1
  • 36
    • 77956513286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma
    • Bollag, G. et al. Clinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor needs broad target blockade in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Nature 467, 596-599 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 596-599
    • Bollag, G.1
  • 37
    • 42949149240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of a selective inhibitor of oncogenic B-Raf kinase with potent antimelanoma activity
    • Tsai, J. et al. Discovery of a selective inhibitor of oncogenic B-Raf kinase with potent antimelanoma activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3041-3046 (2008).
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 3041-3046
    • Tsai, J.1
  • 38
    • 84861083983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabrafenib in patients with melanoma, untreated brain metastases, and other solid tumours: A Phase 1 dose-escalation trial
    • Falchook, G. S. et al. Dabrafenib in patients with melanoma, untreated brain metastases, and other solid tumours: a Phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 379, 1893-1901 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.379 , pp. 1893-1901
    • Falchook, G.S.1
  • 39
    • 84864285704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: A multicentre, open-label, Phase 3 randomised controlled trial
    • Hauschild, A. et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, Phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380, 358-365 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 358-365
    • Hauschild, A.1
  • 40
    • 74849109743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinase-dead BRAF and oncogenic RAS cooperate to drive tumor progression through CRAF
    • Heidorn, S. J. et al. Kinase-dead BRAF and oncogenic RAS cooperate to drive tumor progression through CRAF. Cell 140, 209-221 (2010).
    • (2010) Cell , vol.140 , pp. 209-221
    • Heidorn, S.J.1
  • 41
    • 77949732073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF
    • Poulikakos, P. I., Zhang, C., Bollag, G., Shokat, K. M. & Rosen, N. RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF. Nature 464, 427-430 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464 , pp. 427-430
    • Poulikakos, P.I.1    Zhang, C.2    Bollag, G.3    Shokat, K.M.4    Rosen, N.5
  • 42
    • 77949685981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth
    • Hatzivassiliou, G. et al. RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth. Nature 464, 431-435 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464 , pp. 431-435
    • Hatzivassiliou, G.1
  • 43
    • 77957089182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling and tumor cell proliferation in a V600E BRAF-selective manner
    • Joseph, E. W. et al. The RAF inhibitor PLX4032 inhibits ERK signaling and tumor cell proliferation in a V600E BRAF-selective manner. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14903-14908 (2010).
    • (2010) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 14903-14908
    • Joseph, E.W.1
  • 44
    • 77949354563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PLX4032, a selective BRAF(V600E) kinase inhibitor, activates the ERK pathway and enhances cell migration and proliferation of BRAF melanoma cells
    • Halaban, R. et al. PLX4032, a selective BRAF(V600E) kinase inhibitor, activates the ERK pathway and enhances cell migration and proliferation of BRAF melanoma cells. Pigment Cell. Melanoma Res. 23, 190-200 (2010).
    • (2010) Pigment Cell. Melanoma Res. , vol.23 , pp. 190-200
    • Halaban, R.1
  • 46
    • 79959795786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation
    • Chapman, P. B. et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. New Engl. J. Med. 364, 2507-2516 (2011).
    • (2011) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , pp. 2507-2516
    • Chapman, P.B.1
  • 47
    • 77956030786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma
    • Flaherty, K. T. et al. Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. New Engl. J. Med. 363, 809-819 (2010).
    • (2010) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.363 , pp. 809-819
    • Flaherty, K.T.1
  • 48
    • 84891898344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired resistance and clonal evolution in melanoma during BRAF inhibitor therapy
    • Shi, H. et al. Acquired resistance and clonal evolution in melanoma during BRAF inhibitor therapy. Cancer Discov. 4, 80-93 (2014).
    • (2014) Cancer Discov. , vol.4 , pp. 80-93
    • Shi, H.1
  • 49
    • 84876498502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation
    • Haroche, J. et al. Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood 121, 1495-1500 (2013).
    • (2013) Blood , vol.121 , pp. 1495-1500
    • Haroche, J.1
  • 50
    • 84877825519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAF inhibitors activate the MAPK pathway by relieving inhibitory autophosphorylation
    • Holderfield, M. et al. RAF inhibitors activate the MAPK pathway by relieving inhibitory autophosphorylation. Cancer Cell 23, 594-602 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Cell , vol.23 , pp. 594-602
    • Holderfield, M.1
  • 51
    • 84861885576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct requirement for an intact dimer interface in wild-type V600E and kinase-dead B-Raf signalling
    • Roring, M. et al. Distinct requirement for an intact dimer interface in wild-type, V600E and kinase-dead B-Raf signalling. EMBO J. 31, 2629-2647 (2012).
    • (2012) EMBO J. , vol.31 , pp. 2629-2647
    • Roring, M.1
  • 52
    • 84868713216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased BRAF heterodimerization is the common pathogenic mechanism for noonan syndrome-associated RAF1 mutants
    • Wu, X. et al. Increased BRAF heterodimerization is the common pathogenic mechanism for noonan syndrome-associated RAF1 mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 32, 3872-3890 (2012).
    • (2012) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.32 , pp. 3872-3890
    • Wu, X.1
  • 53
    • 84883311219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allosteric activation of functionally asymmetric RAF kinase dimers
    • Hu, J. et al. Allosteric activation of functionally asymmetric RAF kinase dimers. Cell 154, 1036-1046 (2013).
    • (2013) Cell , vol.154 , pp. 1036-1046
    • Hu, J.1
  • 54
    • 70349438995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation
    • Rajakulendran, T., Sahmi, M., Lefrancois, M., Sicheri, F. & Therrien, M. A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation. Nature 461, 542-545 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature , vol.461 , pp. 542-545
    • Rajakulendran, T.1    Sahmi, M.2    Lefrancois, M.3    Sicheri, F.4    Therrien, M.5
  • 55
    • 84879422871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitors that stabilize a closed RAF kinase domain conformation induce dimerization
    • Lavoie, H. et al. Inhibitors that stabilize a closed RAF kinase domain conformation induce dimerization. Nature Chem. Biol. 9, 428-436 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature Chem. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 428-436
    • Lavoie, H.1
  • 56
    • 83455254767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E)
    • Poulikakos, P. I. et al. RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E). Nature 480, 387-390 (2011).
    • (2011) Nature , vol.480 , pp. 387-390
    • Poulikakos, P.I.1
  • 57
    • 84874225181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Raf dimerization and its inhibition on normal and disease-associated Raf signaling
    • Freeman, A. K., Ritt, D. A. & Morrison, D. K. Effects of Raf dimerization and its inhibition on normal and disease-associated Raf signaling. Mol. Cell 49, 751-758 (2013).
    • (2013) Mol. Cell , vol.49 , pp. 751-758
    • Freeman, A.K.1    Ritt, D.A.2    Morrison, D.K.3
  • 58
    • 84862908097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors
    • Su, F. et al. RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. New Engl. J. Med. 366, 207-215 (2012).
    • (2012) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.366 , pp. 207-215
    • Su, F.1
  • 59
    • 84871037064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of RAS-mutant leukemia during RAF inhibitor treatment
    • Callahan, M. K. et al. Progression of RAS-mutant leukemia during RAF inhibitor treatment. New Engl. J. Med. 367, 2316-2321 (2012).
    • (2012) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.367 , pp. 2316-2321
    • Callahan, M.K.1
  • 60
    • 84899512149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of intermittent combined RAF and MEK inhibition in a patient with concurrent BRAF and NRAS mutant malignancies
    • Abdel-Wahab, O. et al. Efficacy of intermittent combined RAF and MEK inhibition in a patient with concurrent BRAF and NRAS mutant malignancies. Cancer Discov. 4, 538-545 (2014).
    • (2014) Cancer Discov. , vol.4 , pp. 538-545
    • Abdel-Wahab, O.1
  • 61
    • 84927553846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New RAS-mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma with combined BRAF and MEK inhibition for metastatic melanoma
    • Carlino, M. S. et al. New RAS-mutant pancreatic adenocarcinoma with combined BRAF and MEK inhibition for metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.51.5783 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Clin. Oncol
    • Carlino, M.S.1
  • 62
    • 78651418282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutant BRAF melanomas-dependence and resistance
    • Poulikakos, P. I. & Rosen, N. Mutant BRAF melanomas-dependence and resistance. Cancer Cell 19, 11-15 (2011).
    • (2011) Cancer Cell , vol.19 , pp. 11-15
    • Poulikakos, P.I.1    Rosen, N.2
  • 63
    • 84868033582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical profile of LGX818: A potent and selective RAF kinase inhibitor
    • Stuart, D. D. et al. Preclinical profile of LGX818: A potent and selective RAF kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res. 72, S1 (2012).
    • (2012) Cancer Res. , vol.72 , pp. S1
    • Stuart, D.D.1
  • 64
    • 84890284472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitumor activity of the selective pan-RAF inhibitor TAK-632 in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma
    • Nakamura, A. et al. Antitumor activity of the selective pan-RAF inhibitor TAK-632 in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma. Cancer Res. 73, 7043-7055 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Res. , vol.73 , pp. 7043-7055
    • Nakamura, A.1
  • 65
    • 84898910552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of mutant BRAF splice variant signaling by next-generation, selective RAF inhibitors
    • Basile, K. J., Le, K., Hartsough, E. J. & Aplin, A. E. Inhibition of mutant BRAF splice variant signaling by next-generation, selective RAF inhibitors. Pigment Cell. Melanoma Res. 27, 479-484 (2014).
    • (2014) Pigment Cell. Melanoma Res. , vol.27 , pp. 479-484
    • Basile, K.J.1    Le, K.2    Hartsough, E.J.3    Aplin, A.E.4
  • 66
    • 84876040346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical activation and RAF inhibitor resistance of BRAF protein kinase fusions characterizing pediatric astrocytomas
    • Sievert, A. J. et al. Paradoxical activation and RAF inhibitor resistance of BRAF protein kinase fusions characterizing pediatric astrocytomas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 5957-5962 (2013).
    • (2013) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.110 , pp. 5957-5962
    • Sievert, A.J.1
  • 67
    • 84855795110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEK1/2 dual-specificity protein kinases: Structure and regulation
    • Roskoski, R. Jr MEK1/2 dual-specificity protein kinases: structure and regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 417, 5-10 (2012).
    • (2012) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.417 , pp. 5-10
    • Roskoski, R.1
  • 68
    • 2442615800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEK inhibitors: A therapeutic approach to targeting the Ras-MAP kinase pathway in tumors
    • Sebolt-Leopold, J. S. MEK inhibitors: a therapeutic approach to targeting the Ras-MAP kinase pathway in tumors. Curr. Pharm. Design 10, 1907-1914 (2004).
    • (2004) Curr. Pharm. Design , vol.10 , pp. 1907-1914
    • Sebolt-Leopold, J.S.1
  • 69
    • 48649107410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel MEK1 mutation identified by mutational analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway genes in lung adenocarcinoma
    • Marks, J. L. et al. Novel MEK1 mutation identified by mutational analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway genes in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 68, 5524-5528 (2008).
    • (2008) Cancer Res. , vol.68 , pp. 5524-5528
    • Marks, J.L.1
  • 70
    • 67650531876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEK1 mutations, but not ERK2 mutations, occur in melanomas and colon carcinomas, but none in thyroid carcinomas
    • Murugan, A. K., Dong, J., Xie, J. & Xing, M. MEK1 mutations, but not ERK2 mutations, occur in melanomas and colon carcinomas, but none in thyroid carcinomas. Cell Cycle 8, 2122-2124 (2009).
    • (2009) Cell Cycle , vol.8 , pp. 2122-2124
    • Murugan, A.K.1    Dong, J.2    Xie, J.3    Xing, M.4
  • 71
    • 77951016969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase II study of PD-0325901, an oral MEK inhibitor, in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
    • Haura, E. B. et al. A Phase II study of PD-0325901, an oral MEK inhibitor, in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 2450-2457 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.16 , pp. 2450-2457
    • Haura, E.B.1
  • 72
    • 14844285975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter Phase II study of the oral MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer
    • Rinehart, J. et al. Multicenter Phase II study of the oral MEK inhibitor, CI-1040, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 4456-4462 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.22 , pp. 4456-4462
    • Rinehart, J.1
  • 73
    • 77649137632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first-in-human study of the hydrogen sulfate (Hyd-sulfate) capsule of the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886): A Phase i open-label multicenter trial in patients with advanced cancer
    • Banerji, U. et al. The first-in-human study of the hydrogen sulfate (Hyd-sulfate) capsule of the MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886): a Phase I open-label multicenter trial in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 1613-1623 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.16 , pp. 1613-1623
    • Banerji, U.1
  • 74
    • 23944439944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase i and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MEK inhibitor CI-1040 in patients with advanced malignancies
    • Lorusso, P. M. et al. Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MEK inhibitor CI-1040 in patients with advanced malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 5281-5293 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.23 , pp. 5281-5293
    • Lorusso, P.M.1
  • 75
    • 33847095086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic evaluation of the novel MEK inhibitor, D0325901, in the rat following oral and intravenous administration
    • Brown, A. P., Carlson, T. C., Loi, C. M. & Graziano, M. J. Pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic evaluation of the novel MEK inhibitor, D0325901, in the rat following oral and intravenous administration. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 59, 671-679 (2007).
    • (2007) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. , vol.59 , pp. 671-679
    • Brown, A.P.1    Carlson, T.C.2    Loi, C.M.3    Graziano, M.J.4
  • 76
    • 0032984348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo
    • Sebolt-Leopold, J. S. et al. Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo. Nature Med. 5, 810-816 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature Med. , vol.5 , pp. 810-816
    • Sebolt-Leopold, J.S.1
  • 77
    • 31144453233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition
    • Solit, D. B. et al. BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Nature 439, 358-362 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 358-362
    • Solit, D.B.1
  • 78
    • 77949766280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase i pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD-0325901 in patients with advanced cancers
    • LoRusso, P. M. et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor PD-0325901 in patients with advanced cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 16, 1924-1937 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.16 , pp. 1924-1937
    • Lorusso, P.M.1
  • 79
    • 33947401129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological characterization of ARRY-142886 (AZD6244), a potent, highly selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor
    • Yeh, T. C. et al. Biological characterization of ARRY-142886 (AZD6244), a potent, highly selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 1576-1583 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.13 , pp. 1576-1583
    • Yeh, T.C.1
  • 80
    • 34548097240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AZD6244 (ARRY-142886), a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 kinases: Mechanism of action in vivo, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, and potential for combination in preclinical models
    • Davies, B. R. et al. AZD6244 (ARRY-142886), a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 kinases: mechanism of action in vivo, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, and potential for combination in preclinical models. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 2209-2219 (2007).
    • (2007) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.6 , pp. 2209-2219
    • Davies, B.R.1
  • 81
    • 43749103335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase i pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral, small-molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in patients with advanced cancers
    • Adjei, A. A. et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral, small-molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in patients with advanced cancers. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2139-2146 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.26 , pp. 2139-2146
    • Adjei, A.A.1
  • 82
    • 82455212125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase I, open-label, randomized crossover study to assess the effect of dosing of the MEK 1/2 inhibitor Selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142866) in the presence and absence of food in patients with advanced solid tumors
    • Leijen, S. et al. A Phase I, open-label, randomized crossover study to assess the effect of dosing of the MEK 1/2 inhibitor Selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142866) in the presence and absence of food in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 68, 1619-1628 (2011).
    • (2011) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. , vol.68 , pp. 1619-1628
    • Leijen, S.1
  • 83
    • 84856009717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II, open-label, randomized trial of the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib as monotherapy versus temozolomide in patients with advanced melanoma
    • Kirkwood, J. M. et al. Phase II, open-label, randomized trial of the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib as monotherapy versus temozolomide in patients with advanced melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 555-567 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.18 , pp. 555-567
    • Kirkwood, J.M.1
  • 84
    • 84871720411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selumetinib plus docetaxel for KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 study
    • Janne, P. A. et al. Selumetinib plus docetaxel for KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 14, 38-47 (2013).
    • (2013) Lancet Oncol. , vol.14 , pp. 38-47
    • Janne, P.A.1
  • 85
    • 79952261716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GSK1120212 (JTP-74057) is an inhibitor of MEK activity and activation with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for sustained in vivo pathway inhibition
    • Gilmartin, A. G. et al. GSK1120212 (JTP-74057) is an inhibitor of MEK activity and activation with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for sustained in vivo pathway inhibition. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 989-1000 (2011).
    • (2011) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.17 , pp. 989-1000
    • Gilmartin, A.G.1
  • 86
    • 84877697707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours
    • Infante, J. R. et al. A Phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours. Eur. J. Cancer 49, 2077-2085 (2013).
    • (2013) Eur. J. Cancer , vol.49 , pp. 2077-2085
    • Infante, J.R.1
  • 87
    • 84864371119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of the oral MEK inhibitor trametinib in patients with advanced melanoma: A Phase 1 dose-escalation trial
    • Falchook, G. S. et al. Activity of the oral MEK inhibitor trametinib in patients with advanced melanoma: a Phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet Oncol. 13, 782-789 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet Oncol. , vol.13 , pp. 782-789
    • Falchook, G.S.1
  • 88
    • 84863673204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma
    • Flaherty, K. T. et al. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. New Engl. J. Med. 367, 107-114 (2012).
    • (2012) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.367 , pp. 107-114
    • Flaherty, K.T.1
  • 89
    • 84899470984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential activity of MEK and ERK inhibitors in BRAF inhibitor resistant melanoma
    • Carlino, M. S. et al. Differential activity of MEK and ERK inhibitors in BRAF inhibitor resistant melanoma. Mol. Oncol. 8, 544-554 (2014).
    • (2014) Mol. Oncol. , vol.8 , pp. 544-554
    • Carlino, M.S.1
  • 90
    • 84868224906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations
    • Flaherty, K. T. et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations. New Engl. J. Med. 367, 1694-1703 (2012).
    • (2012) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.367 , pp. 1694-1703
    • Flaherty, K.T.1
  • 91
    • 77951678924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of the MEK/ERK signalling cascade by AS703026, a novel selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, induces pleiotropic anti-myeloma activity in vitro and in vivo
    • Kim, K. et al. Blockade of the MEK/ERK signalling cascade by AS703026, a novel selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, induces pleiotropic anti-myeloma activity in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Haematol. 149, 537-549 (2010).
    • (2010) Br. J. Haematol. , vol.149 , pp. 537-549
    • Kim, K.1
  • 92
    • 84859926095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical disposition of GDC-0973 and prospective and retrospective analysis of human dose and efficacy predictions
    • Choo, E. F. et al. Preclinical disposition of GDC-0973 and prospective and retrospective analysis of human dose and efficacy predictions. Drug Metabolism Dispos. 40, 919-927 (2012).
    • (2012) Drug Metabolism Dispos. , vol.40 , pp. 919-927
    • Choo, E.F.1
  • 93
    • 70149119899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RDEA119/BAY 869766: A potent, selective, allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2 for the treatment of cancer
    • Iverson, C. et al. RDEA119/BAY 869766: a potent, selective, allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2 for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res. 69, 6839-6847 (2009).
    • (2009) Cancer Res. , vol.69 , pp. 6839-6847
    • Iverson, C.1
  • 94
    • 84884127318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of MEK inhibition determines efficacy in mutant KRAS-versus BRAF-driven cancers
    • Hatzivassiliou, G. et al. Mechanism of MEK inhibition determines efficacy in mutant KRAS-versus BRAF-driven cancers. Nature 501, 232-236 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.501 , pp. 232-236
    • Hatzivassiliou, G.1
  • 95
    • 79951722555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of TAK-733, a potent and selective MEK allosteric site inhibitor for the treatment of cancer
    • Dong, Q. et al. Discovery of TAK-733, a potent and selective MEK allosteric site inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21, 1315-1319 (2011).
    • (2011) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 1315-1319
    • Dong, Q.1
  • 96
    • 84865749357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-in-human, Phase i dose-escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of RO5126766, a first-in-class dual MEK/RAF inhibitor in patients with solid tumors
    • Martinez-Garcia, M. et al. First-in-human, Phase I dose-escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of RO5126766, a first-in-class dual MEK/RAF inhibitor in patients with solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 4806-4819 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.18 , pp. 4806-4819
    • Martinez-Garcia, M.1
  • 97
    • 84865702746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase i dose-escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the MEK inhibitor RO4987655 (CH4987655) in patients with advanced solid tumors
    • Leijen, S. et al. Phase I dose-escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the MEK inhibitor RO4987655 (CH4987655) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 18, 4794-4805 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.18 , pp. 4794-4805
    • Leijen, S.1
  • 98
    • 84875235432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEK162 for patients with advanced melanoma harbouring NRAS or Val600 BRAF mutations: A non-randomised, open-label Phase 2 study
    • Ascierto, P. A. et al. MEK162 for patients with advanced melanoma harbouring NRAS or Val600 BRAF mutations: a non-randomised, open-label Phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 14, 249-256 (2013).
    • (2013) Lancet Oncol. , vol.14 , pp. 249-256
    • Ascierto, P.A.1
  • 99
    • 84874777853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor Trametinib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma previously treated with or without a BRAF inhibitor
    • Kim, K. B. et al. Phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor Trametinib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma previously treated with or without a BRAF inhibitor. J. Clin. Oncol. 31, 482-489 (2013).
    • (2013) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.31 , pp. 482-489
    • Kim, K.B.1
  • 100
    • 19944430124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of Raf-1 by direct feedback phosphorylation
    • Dougherty, M. K. et al. Regulation of Raf-1 by direct feedback phosphorylation. Mol. Cell 17, 215-224 (2005).
    • (2005) Mol. Cell , vol.17 , pp. 215-224
    • Dougherty, M.K.1
  • 101
    • 75149117479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of feedback phosphorylation and Raf heterodimerization on normal and mutant B-Raf signaling
    • Ritt, D. A., Monson, D. M., Specht, S. I. & Morrison, D. K. Impact of feedback phosphorylation and Raf heterodimerization on normal and mutant B-Raf signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 806-819 (2010).
    • (2010) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.30 , pp. 806-819
    • Ritt, D.A.1    Monson, D.M.2    Specht, S.I.3    Morrison, D.K.4
  • 102
    • 79957573284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong negative feedback from Erk to Raf confers robustness to MAPK signalling
    • Fritsche-Guenther, R. et al. Strong negative feedback from Erk to Raf confers robustness to MAPK signalling. Mol. Systems Biol. 7, 489 (2011).
    • (2011) Mol. Systems Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 489
    • Fritsche-Guenther, R.1
  • 103
    • 84872853570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic and wild-type Ras play divergent roles in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling
    • Young, A., Lou, D. & McCormick, F. Oncogenic and wild-type Ras play divergent roles in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Cancer Discov. 3, 112-123 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 112-123
    • Young, A.1    Lou, D.2    McCormick, F.3
  • 104
    • 84880064248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced inhibition of ERK signaling by a novel allosteric MEK inhibitor, CH5126766, that suppresses feedback reactivation of RAF activity
    • Ishii, N. et al. Enhanced inhibition of ERK signaling by a novel allosteric MEK inhibitor, CH5126766, that suppresses feedback reactivation of RAF activity. Cancer Res. 73, 4050-4060 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Res. , vol.73 , pp. 4050-4060
    • Ishii, N.1
  • 105
    • 84900442808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of CRAF-mediated MEK activation is required for effective MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant tumors
    • Lito, P. et al. Disruption of CRAF-mediated MEK activation is required for effective MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant tumors. Cancer Cell 25, 697-710 (2014).
    • (2014) Cancer Cell , vol.25 , pp. 697-710
    • Lito, P.1
  • 106
    • 0025823448 scopus 로고
    • ERKs: A family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF
    • Boulton, T. G. et al. ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell 65, 663-675 (1991).
    • (1991) Cell , vol.65 , pp. 663-675
    • Boulton, T.G.1
  • 108
    • 70350066163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-guided design of potent and selective pyrimidylpyrrole inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) using conformational control
    • Aronov, A. M. et al. Structure-guided design of potent and selective pyrimidylpyrrole inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) using conformational control. J. Med. Chem. 52, 6362-6368 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Med. Chem. , vol.52 , pp. 6362-6368
    • Aronov, A.M.1
  • 109
    • 84862726767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ERK inhibition overcomes acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors
    • Hatzivassiliou, G. et al. ERK inhibition overcomes acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors. Mol. Cancer Ther. 11, 1143-1154 (2012).
    • (2012) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.11 , pp. 1143-1154
    • Hatzivassiliou, G.1
  • 110
    • 24344453386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a selective ERK inhibitor and structural determination of the inhibitor-ERK2 complex
    • Ohori, M. et al. Identification of a selective ERK inhibitor and structural determination of the inhibitor-ERK2 complex. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336, 357-363 (2005).
    • (2005) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.336 , pp. 357-363
    • Ohori, M.1
  • 111
    • 84880254869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of a novel ERK inhibitor with activity in models of acquired resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors
    • Morris, E. J. et al. Discovery of a novel ERK inhibitor with activity in models of acquired resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Cancer Discov. 3, 742-750 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 742-750
    • Morris, E.J.1
  • 112
    • 84875706825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma
    • Sullivan, R. J. & Flaherty, K. T. Resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma. Eur. J. Cancer 49, 1297-1304 (2013).
    • (2013) Eur. J. Cancer , vol.49 , pp. 1297-1304
    • Sullivan, R.J.1    Flaherty, K.T.2
  • 113
    • 84861863158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EGFR-mediated re-activation of MAPK signaling contributes to insensitivity of BRAF mutant colorectal cancers to RAF inhibition with vemurafenib
    • Corcoran, R. B. et al. EGFR-mediated re-activation of MAPK signaling contributes to insensitivity of BRAF mutant colorectal cancers to RAF inhibition with vemurafenib. Cancer Discov. 2, 227-235 (2012).
    • (2012) Cancer Discov. , vol.2 , pp. 227-235
    • Corcoran, R.B.1
  • 114
    • 84863230465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR
    • Prahallad, A. et al. Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR. Nature 483, 100-103 (2012).
    • (2012) Nature , vol.483 , pp. 100-103
    • Prahallad, A.1
  • 115
    • 84877631604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relief of feedback inhibition of HER3 transcription by RAF and MEK inhibitors attenuates their antitumor effects in BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinomas
    • Montero-Conde, C. et al. Relief of feedback inhibition of HER3 transcription by RAF and MEK inhibitors attenuates their antitumor effects in BRAF-mutant thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Discov. 3, 520-533 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 520-533
    • Montero-Conde, C.1
  • 116
    • 84864286442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread potential for growth-factor-driven resistance to anticancer kinase inhibitors
    • Wilson, T. R. et al. Widespread potential for growth-factor-driven resistance to anticancer kinase inhibitors. Nature 487, 505-509 (2012).
    • (2012) Nature , vol.487 , pp. 505-509
    • Wilson, T.R.1
  • 117
    • 84864285794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumour micro-environment elicits innate resistance to RAF inhibitors through HGF secretion
    • Straussman, R. et al. Tumour micro-environment elicits innate resistance to RAF inhibitors through HGF secretion. Nature 487, 500-504 (2012).
    • (2012) Nature , vol.487 , pp. 500-504
    • Straussman, R.1
  • 118
    • 84869067183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relief of profound feedback inhibition of mitogenic signaling by RAF inhibitors attenuates their activity in BRAFV600E melanomas
    • Lito, P. et al. Relief of profound feedback inhibition of mitogenic signaling by RAF inhibitors attenuates their activity in BRAFV600E melanomas. Cancer Cell 22, 668-682 (2012).
    • (2012) Cancer Cell , vol.22 , pp. 668-682
    • Lito, P.1
  • 119
    • 84897531613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible and adaptive resistance to BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma
    • Sun, C. et al. Reversible and adaptive resistance to BRAF(V600E) inhibition in melanoma. Nature 508, 118-122 (2014).
    • (2014) Nature , vol.508 , pp. 118-122
    • Sun, C.1
  • 120
    • 84875717480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-scale RNA interference screen implicates NF1 loss in resistance to RAF inhibition
    • Whittaker, S. R. et al. A genome-scale RNA interference screen implicates NF1 loss in resistance to RAF inhibition. Cancer Discov. 3, 350-362 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 350-362
    • Whittaker, S.R.1
  • 121
    • 84876037369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elucidating distinct roles for NF1 in melanomagenesis
    • Maertens, O. et al. Elucidating distinct roles for NF1 in melanomagenesis. Cancer Discov. 3, 338-349 (2013).
    • (2013) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 338-349
    • Maertens, O.1
  • 122
    • 84899513979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of NF1 in cutaneous melanoma is associated with RAS activation and MEK dependence
    • Nissan, M. H. et al. Loss of NF1 in cutaneous melanoma is associated with RAS activation and MEK dependence. Cancer Res. 74, 2340-2350 (2014).
    • (2014) Cancer Res. , vol.74 , pp. 2340-2350
    • Nissan, M.H.1
  • 123
    • 84894300510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the molecular determinants of BRAF oncogene dependence in human lung cancer
    • Lin, L. et al. Mapping the molecular determinants of BRAF oncogene dependence in human lung cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, E748-E757 (2014).
    • (2014) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.111 , pp. E748-E757
    • Lin, L.1
  • 124
    • 78650303507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation
    • Nazarian, R. et al. Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation. Nature 468, 973-977 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.468 , pp. 973-977
    • Nazarian, R.1
  • 125
    • 84859183431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V600EB-RAF amplification-mediated acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance
    • V600EB-RAF amplification-mediated acquired B-RAF inhibitor resistance. Nature Commun. 3, 724 (2012).
    • (2012) Nature Commun. , vol.3 , pp. 724
    • Shi, H.1
  • 126
    • 78650008177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors mediated by a RAF kinase switch in melanoma can be overcome by cotargeting MEK and IGF-1R/PI3K
    • Villanueva, J. et al. Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors mediated by a RAF kinase switch in melanoma can be overcome by cotargeting MEK and IGF-1R/PI3K. Cancer Cell 18, 683-695 (2010).
    • (2010) Cancer Cell , vol.18 , pp. 683-695
    • Villanueva, J.1
  • 127
    • 84873907015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibiting EGF receptor or SRC family kinase signaling overcomes BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma
    • Girotti, M. R. et al. Inhibiting EGF receptor or SRC family kinase signaling overcomes BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma. Cancer Discov. 3, 158-167 (2012).
    • (2012) Cancer Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 158-167
    • Girotti, M.R.1
  • 128
    • 49649118852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated CRAF as a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma
    • Montagut, C. et al. Elevated CRAF as a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma. Cancer Res. 68, 4853-4861 (2008).
    • (2008) Cancer Res. , vol.68 , pp. 4853-4861
    • Montagut, C.1
  • 129
    • 78650309875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation
    • Johannessen, C. M. et al. COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation. Nature 468, 968-972 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.468 , pp. 968-972
    • Johannessen, C.M.1
  • 130
    • 84901330364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed lineage kinases activate MEK independently of RAF to mediate resistance to RAF inhibitors
    • Marusiak, A. A. et al. Mixed lineage kinases activate MEK independently of RAF to mediate resistance to RAF inhibitors. Nature Commun. 5, 3901 (2014).
    • (2014) Nature Commun. , vol.5 , pp. 3901
    • Marusiak, A.A.1
  • 131
    • 73949083834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEK1 mutations confer resistance to MEK and B-RAF inhibition
    • Emery, C. M. et al. MEK1 mutations confer resistance to MEK and B-RAF inhibition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 20411-20416 (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 20411-20416
    • Emery, C.M.1
  • 132
    • 84891899026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAP kinase pathway alterations in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients with acquired resistance to combined RAF/MEK inhibition
    • Wagle, N. et al. MAP kinase pathway alterations in BRAF-mutant melanoma patients with acquired resistance to combined RAF/MEK inhibition. Cancer Discov. 4, 61-68 (2014).
    • (2014) Cancer Discov. , vol.4 , pp. 61-68
    • Wagle, N.1
  • 133
    • 78649723255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PLX4032 in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with mutant BRAF tumors
    • Kopetz, S. et al. PLX4032 in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with mutant BRAF tumors. J. Clin. Onc. Abstr. 28, 3534 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Clin. Onc. Abstr. , vol.28 , pp. 3534
    • Kopetz, S.1
  • 134
    • 84873728334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance
    • Das Thakur, M. et al. Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance. Nature 494, 251-255 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.494 , pp. 251-255
    • Das Thakur, M.1
  • 135
    • 84880057441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiproliferative effects of continued mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibition following acquired resistance to BRAF and/or MEK inhibition in melanoma
    • Carlino, M. S. et al. Antiproliferative effects of continued mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibition following acquired resistance to BRAF and/or MEK inhibition in melanoma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 12, 1332-1342 (2013).
    • (2013) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.12 , pp. 1332-1342
    • Carlino, M.S.1
  • 136
    • 84923805796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of novel, dual mechanism ERK inhibitors by affinity selection screening of an inactive kinase
    • Deng, Y. et al. Discovery of novel, dual mechanism ERK inhibitors by affinity selection screening of an inactive kinase. J.Med.Chem http://dx.doi. org/10.1021/jm500847m (2014).
    • (2014) J.Med.Chem
    • Deng, Y.1
  • 137
    • 84921278792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unique inhibitor binding site in ERK1/2 is associated with slow binding kinetics
    • Chaikuad, A. et al. A unique inhibitor binding site in ERK1/2 is associated with slow binding kinetics. Nature Chem. Biol. 10, 853-860 (2014).
    • (2014) Nature Chem. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 853-860
    • Chaikuad, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.