Stomach Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Shibata, Atsuko ^a   Parsonnet, Julie ^b  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer epidemiology; Cancer prevention; Cancer risk; Gastoesophageal junction; Gastric cardia; Stomach

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920467584     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0037     Document Type: Chapter

References (167)

1. Akre K, Ekstrom AM, Signorello LB, Hansson LE, Nyren O. 2001. Aspirin and risk for gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 84:965-968.
2. Allgayer H, Heiss MM, Schildberg FW. 1997. Prognostic factors in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 84:1651-1664.
3. American Joint Committee on Cancer. 2002. Stomach Cancer. In: American Joint Committee on Cancer, ed. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 99-106.
4. Ames BN, Gold LS. 1990. Too many rodent carcinogens: Mitogenesis increases mutagenesis [published erratum appears in Science (1990) 249:1487]. Science 249:970-971.
5. Aras RA, Small AJ, Ando T, Blaser MJ. 2002. Helicobacter pylori interstrain restriction-modification diversity prevents genome subversion by chromosomal DNA from competing strains. Nucleic Acids Research 30:5391-5397.
6. Becker K-F, Atkinson MJ, Reich U, et al. 1994. E-cadherin gene mutations provide clues to diffuse type gastric carcinomas. Cancer Res 54:3845-3852.
7. Bedoya A, Garay J, Sanzon F, Bravo LE, Bravo JC, Correa H, et al. 2003. Histopathology of gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected children from populations at high and low gastric cancer risk. Human Pathology 34:206-213.
8. Blaser MJ, Berg DE. 2001. Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity and risk of human disease. J Clin Invest 107:767-773.
9. Blaser MJ, Chyou PH, Nomura A. 1995. Age at establishment of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer risk. Cancer Res 55:562-565.
10. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, et al. 1993. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1483-1492.
11. Brown LM, Devesa SS. 2002. Epidemiologic trends in esophageal and gastric cancer in the United States. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 11:235-256.
12. Brown WM, Doll R. 1965. Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J 5474:1327-1332.
13. Burgess DE, Woodman CB, Flavell KJ, Rowlands DC, Crocker J, Scott K, et al. 2002. Low prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in incident gastric adenocarcinomas from the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer 86:702-704.
14. Cai L, Yu SZ, Zhan ZF. 2001a. Cytochrome P450 2E1 genetic polymorphism and gastric cancer in Changle, Fujian Province. World J Gastroenterol 7:792-795.
15. Cai L, Yu SZ, Zhang ZF. 2001b. Glutathione S-transferases M1, T1 genotypes and the risk of gastric cancer: A case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 7:506-509.
16. Caldas C, Carneiro F, Lynch HT, et al. 1999. Familial gastric cancer: Overview and guidelines for management. J Med Genet 36:873-880.
17. Carvalho F, Seruca R, David L, et al. 1997. MUC1 gene polymorphism and gastric cancer-an epidemiological study. Glycoconj J 14:107-111.
18. Chamberlain J, Day NE, Hakama M, Miller AB, Prorok PC. 1986. UICC workshop of the Project on Evaluation of Screening Programmes for Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Cancer 37:329-334.
19. Chao A, Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE. 2002. Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: The Cancer Prevention Study II. Int J Cancer 101:380-389.
20. Charnley G, Tannenbaum SR. 1985. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of sodium chloride on gastric cancer risk in the rat. Cancer Res 45:5608-5616.
21. Chow WH, Blot WJ, Vaughan TL, et al. 1998. Body mass index and risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:150-155.
22. Chow WH, Finkle WD, McLaughlin JK, Frankl H, Ziel HK, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1995. The relation of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its treatment to adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 274:474-477.
23. Coggon D, Osmond C, Barker DJ. 1990. Stomach cancer and migration within England and Wales. Br J Cancer 61:573-574.
24. Coleman MP, Esteve J, Damiecki P, Arslan A, Renard H. 1993. Stomach. In: Coleman MP, Esteve J, Damiecki P, Arslan A, Renard H, eds. Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 193-224.
25. Coogan PF, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Strom BL, Zauber AG, Stolley PD, et al. 2000. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of digestive cancers at sites other than the large bowel. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9:119-123.
26. Correa P. 1992. Human gastric carcinogenesis: A multistep and multifactorial process-First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res 52:6735-6740.
27. Correa P. 2002. Stomach. In: Franco EL, Rohan TE, eds. Cancer precursors: Epidemiology, detection, and prevention. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 117-126.
28. Correa P, Chen VW. 1994. Gastric Cancer. In: Doll R, Fraumeni JF, Jr., Muir CS, eds. Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp. 55-75.
29. Correa P, Cuello C, Duque E, et al. 1976. Gastric cancer in Colombia. III. Natural history of precursor lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 57:1027-1035.
30. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, et al. 2000. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1881-1888.
31. Del Giudice G, Covacci A, Telford JL, Montecucco C, Rappuoli R. 2001. The design of vaccines against Helicobacter pylori and their development. Annual Rev Immunol 19:523-563.
32. Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1998. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 83:2049-2053.
33. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. 1996. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1161-1181.
34. Ekstrom AM, Serafini M, Nyren O, Hansson LE, Ye W, Wolk A. 2000. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 87:133-140.
35. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, et al. 2000. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404:398-402.
36. Farrow DC, Vaughan TL, Hansten PD, Stanford JL, Risch HA, Gammon MD, et al. 1998. Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 7:97-102.
37. Farrow DC, Vaughan TL, Sweeney C, et al. 2000. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, use of H2 receptor antagonists, and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Causes Control 11:231-238.
38. Fascioli S, Capocaccia R, Mariotti S. 1995. Cancer mortality in migrant populations within Italy. Int J Epidemiol 24:8-18.
39. Fendrick AM, Chernew ME, Hirth RA, Bloom BS, Bandekar RR, Scheiman JM. 1999. Clinical and economic effects of population-based Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer. Arch Intern Med 159:142-148.
40. Fox JG, Rogers AB, Ihrig M, Taylor NS, Whary MT, Dockray G, et al. 2003. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer in INS-GAS mice is gender specific. Cancer Res 63:942-950.
41. Friis S, Sorensen HT, McLaughlin JK, Johnsen SP, Blot WJ, Olsen JH. 2003. A population-based cohort study of the risk of colorectal and other cancers among users of low-dose aspirin. Br J Cancer 88:684-688.
42. Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Ahsan H, et al. 1997. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1277-1284.
43. Gao C, Takezaki T, Wu J, et al. 2002. Interaction between cytochrome P-450 2E1 polymorphisms and environmental factors with risk of esophageal and stomach cancers in Chinese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:29-34.
44. Gayther SA, Gorringe KL, Ramus SJ, et al. 1998. Identification of germ-line E-cadherin mutations in gastric cancer families of European origin. Cancer Res 58:4086-4089.
45. Genta RM, Graham DY. 1993. Intestinal metaplasia, not atrophy or achlorhydria, creates a hostile environment for Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 28:924-928.
46. Gerhard M, Lehn N, Neumayer N, et al. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12778-12783.
47. Gillen D, McColl KE. 2001. Problems associated with the clinical use of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacol Toxicol 89:281-286.
48. Gonzalez CA, Sala N, Capella G. 2002. Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk. Int. J Cancer 100:249-260.
49. Gronberg H, Bergh A, Damber JE, Emanuelsson M. 2000. Cancer risk in families with hereditary prostate carcinoma. Cancer 89:1315-1321.
50. Guilford P, Hopkins J, Harraway J, et al. 1998. E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature 392:402-405.
51. Guilford PJ, Hopkins JB, Grady WM, et al. 1999. E-cadherin germline mutations define an inherited cancer syndrome dominated by diffuse gastric cancer. Hum Mutat 14:249-255.
52. Guyonnet D, Belloir C, Suschetet M, Siess MH, Le Bon AM. 2000. Liver sub-cellular fractions from rats treated by organosulfur compounds from Allium modulate mutagen activation. Mutat Res 466:17-26.
53. Haenszel W, Correa P, Cuello C, et al. 1976. Gastric cancer in Colombia. II. Case-control epidemiologic study of precursor lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 57:1021-1026.
54. Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA. 2000a. Tumours of the oesophagogastric junction. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology of Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon: IARC Press, pp. 31-36.
55. Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA. 2000b. Tumours of the stomach. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology of Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon: IARC Press, pp. 37-66.
56. Hanai A, Fujimoto I, Taniguchi H. 1982. Trends of stomach cancer incidence and histologic types in Osaka. In: Magnus K, ed. Trends in Cancer Incidence: Causes and Practical Implications. Washington: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, pp. 143-154.
57. Hansen S, Melby KK, Aase S, Jellum E, Vollset SE. 1999. Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of cardia cancer and non-cardia gastric cancer. A nested case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 34:353-360.
58. Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. 2001. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 49:347-353.
59. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Shibata A, Paganini-Hill A, Yu MC. 1992. Environmental carcinogens and anticarcinogens. In: Wattenberg L, Lipkin M, Boone CW, eds. Cancer chemoprevention. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 3-17.
60. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. 1996. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334:1145-1149.
61. Henrik SJ, Forsgren A, Berglund G, Floren CH. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a decreased risk of developing oesophageal neoplasms. Helicobacter 6:310-316.
62. Herrmann K, Niedobitek G. 2003. Epstein-Barr virus-associated carcinomas: facts and fiction. J Pathol 199:140-145.
63. Hosokawa O, Tsuda S, Kidani E, et al. 1998. Diagnosis of gastric cancer up to three years after negative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 30:669-674.
64. Howson CP, Hiyama T, Wynder EL. 1986. The decline in gastric cancer: Epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol Rev 8:1-27.
65. Hsing AW, Hansson LE, McLaughlin JK, et al. 1993. Pernicious anemia and subsequent cancer. A population-based cohort study. Cancer 71:745-750.
66. Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Chen Y, Hunt RH. 1998. Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 114:1169-1179.
67. Humar B, Graziano F, Cascinu S, et al. 2002. Association of CDH1 haplotypes with susceptibility to sporadic diffuse gastric cancer. Oncogene 21:8192-8195.
68. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Strategies. 2002a. Cancer-preventive effects. In: Vainio H, Bianchini F, eds. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention: Weight Control and Physical Activity. Lyon: IARC Press, pp. 83-199.
69. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer Preventive Strategies. 2002b. Characteristics of weight control and physical activity. In: Vainio H, Bianchini F, eds. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention: Weight Control and Physical Activity. Lyon: IARC Press, pp. 1-12.
70. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 1994. Infection with Helicobacter Pylori. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ed. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes, and Helicobactor pylori. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 177-241.
71. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 1986. Tobacco Smoking. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
72. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. 2002. Tobacco Smoking and Tobacco Smoke. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
73. Ilver D, Arnqvist A, Ogren J, et al. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279:373-377.
74. Israel DA, Salama N, Arnold CN, Moss SF, Ando T, Wirth HP, et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori strain-specific differences in genetic content, identified by microarray, influence host inflammatory responses. J Clin Invest 107:611-620.
75. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. 2005. Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 55:11.
76. Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, et al. 1997. Body mass index and the risk of cancers of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:481-485.
77. Jonsson BA, Bergh A, Stattin P, Emmanuelsson M, Gronberg H. 2002. Germline mutations in E-cadherin do not explain association of hereditary prostate cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Int J Cancer 98:838-843.
78. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J, Kelley RO. 1998. Digestive tract. In: Junqueira LC, Carneiro J, Kelley RO, eds. Basic Histology. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, pp. 272-303.
79. Kai M, Luebeck EG, Moolgavkar SH. 1997. Analysis of the incidence of solid cancer among atomic bomb survivors using a two-stage model of carcinogenesis. Radiat Res 148:348-358.
80. Kneller RW, You WC, Chang YS, et al. 1992. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for progression of precancerous stomach lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1261-1266.
81. Kohn HI, Fry RJ. 1984. Radiation carcinogenesis. N Engl J Med 310:504-511.
82. Kokkola A, Sipponen P, Rautelin H, Harkonen M, Kosunen TU, Haapiainen R, et al. 2002. The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the natural course of atrophic gastritis with dysplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:515-520.
83. Kokkola A, Sjoblom SM, Haapiainen R, Sipponen P, Puolakkainen P, Jarvinen H. 1998. The risk of gastric carcinoma and carcinoid tumours in patients with pernicious anaemia. A prospective follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:88-92.
84. Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Nomura AM. 1986. Multiethnic studies of diet, nutrition, and cancer in Hawaii. In: Hayashi Y, Nagao M, Sugimura T, Takayama S, Tomatis L, Wattenberg LW, Wogan GN, eds. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund. Japan Scientific Societies Press/VNU Science Press BV, Tokyo/Utrecht, pp. 29-40.
85. Kono S, Hirohata T. 1996. Nutrition and stomach cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7:41-55.
86. Kreinitz W. 1906. Ueber das Auftreten von Spirochaeten verschiedener Form im Mageninhalt bei Carcinoma ventriculi. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 32:872.
87. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Havu N, Festen HP, Liedman B, et al. 1996. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 334:1018-1022.
88. La Vecchia C, Tavani A. 2002. A review of epidemiological studies on cancer in relation to the use of anti-ulcer drugs. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 11:117-123.
89. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. 1999a. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 340:825-831.
90. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Nyren O. 1999b. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med 130:883-890.
91. Lambert R. 1998. Mass screening programs in Japan: What can we learn in the West? Endoscopy 30:721-723.
92. Laurén P. 1965. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: Diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. Acta Path et Microbiol Scandinav 64:31-49.
93. Lee SG, Kim B, Choi J, Kim C, Lee I, Song K. 2002. Genetic polymorphisms of XRCC1 and risk of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 187:53-60.
94. Leung SY, Chen X, Chu KM, et al. 2002. Phospholipase A2 group IIA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with prolonged survival and less frequent metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16203-1628.
95. Lewin KJ, Appelman HD. 1995. Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
96. Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B, et al. 1993. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1492-1498.
97. Lundegardh G, Lindgren A, Rohul A, et al. 1991. Intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer: secular trends in Sweden since 1951. Br J Cancer 64:1182-1186.
98. Machado JC, Figueiredo C, Canedo P, et al. 2003. A proinflammatory genetic profile increases the risk for chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 125:364-371.
99. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, et al. 2002. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:167-180.
100. Malila N, Taylor PR, Virtanen MJ, et al. 2002. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland). Cancer Causes Control 13:617-623.
101. Masci E, Viale E, Freschi M, Porcellati M, Tittobello A. 1996. Precancerous gastric lesions and Helicobacter pylori. Hepatogastroenterology 43:854-858.
102. Mayne ST, Navarro SA. 2002. Diet, obesity and reflux in the etiology of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia in humans. J Nutr 132:3467S-3470S.
103. McMichael AJ, McCall MG, Hartshorne JM, Woodings TL. 1980. Patterns of gastro-intestinal cancer in European migrants to Australia: The role of dietary change. Int J Cancer 25:431-437.
104. Miao X, Xing D, Tan W, Qi J, Lu W, Lin D. 2002. Susceptibility to gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and genetic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in an at-risk chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:1454-1458.
105. Miller AB, Chamberlain J, Day NE, Hakama M, Prorok PC. 1990. Report on a Workshop of the UICC Project on Evaluation of Screening for Cancer. Int J Cancer 46:761-769.
106. Mirvish SS. 1983. The etiology of gastric cancer. Intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories. J Natl Cancer Inst 71:629-647.
107. Misumi A, Murakami A, Harada K, Baba K, Akagi M. 1989. Definition of carcinoma of the gastric cardia. Langenbecks Arch Chir 374:221-226.
108. Muta H, Noguchi M, Kanai Y, Ochiai A, Nawata H, Hirohashi S. 1996. Ecadherin gene mutations in signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach. Jpn J Cancer Res 87:843-848.
109. National Cancer Institute. 2002a. Gastric cancer (PDQ®): Treatment (health professional version). Available at: Accessed 10-9-2002.
110. National Cancer Institute. 2002b. Report of the stomach/esophageal cancers progress review group. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.
111. National Cancer Institute. 2002c. Gastric cancer (PDQ®): Screening (health professional version). Available at: Accessed 10-10-2002.
112. Neugut AI, Hayek M, Howe G. 1996. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 23:281-291.
113. Osawa H, Inoue F, Yoshida Y. 1996. Inverse relation of serum Helicobacter pylori antibody titres and extent of intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Pathol 49:112-115.
114. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. 1999. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 49:33-64.
115. Parsonnet J. 1999. Helicobacter pylori and gastric adenocarcinoma. In: Par-sonnet J, ed. Microbes and Malignancy: Infection as a Cause of Human Cancer. New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 372-408.
116. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in persons with CagA positive and CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 40:297-301.
117. Parsonnet J, Harris RA, Hack HM, Owens DK. 1996. Modelling cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer: a mandate for clinical trials. Lancet 348:150-154.
118. Peek RM, Jr, Vaezi MF, Falk GW, Goldblum JR, Perez-Perez GI, Richter JE, et al. 1999. Role of Helicobacter pylori cagA(+) strains and specific host immune responses on the development of premalignant and malignant lesions in the gastric cardia. Int J Cancer 82:520-524.
119. Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C. 2001. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology 121:1348-1353.
120. Prinz C, Schoniger M, Rad R, et al. 2001. Key importance of the Helicobacter pylori adherence factor blood group antigen binding adhesin during chronic gastric inflammation. Cancer Res 61:1903-1909.
121. Raghunath A, Hungin AP, Wooff D, Childs S. 2003. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: systematic review. BMJ 326:737-743.
122. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. 2002. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1999. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.
123. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. 2003. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2000, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. Available at
124. Roderick P, Davies R, Raftery J, Crabbe D, Pearce R, Bhandari P, et al. 2003. The cost-effectiveness of screening for Helicobacter pylori to reduce mortality and morbidity from gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease: a discrete-event simulation model. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 7:1-86.
125. Rugge M, Correa P, Dixon MF, et al. 2000. Gastric dysplasia: The Padova international classification. Am J Surg Pathol 24:167-176.
126. Rupnow MF, Owens DK, Shachter R, Parsonnet J. 1999. Helicobacter pylori vaccine development and use: a cost-effectiveness analysis using the Institute of Medicine Methodology. Helicobacter 4:272-280.
127. Rupnow MFT, Shachter RD, Owens DK, Parsonnet J. 2001. A Vaccine for Ulcers and Gastric Cancer: A Rationale for an H. pylori Vaccine. The Fourth Annual Conference on Vaccine Research. Arlington, VA. Arlington, VA.
128. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. 2002. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and subsequent gastric cancer risk by subsite and histologic type. Int. J Cancer 101:560-566.
129. Segal ED, Lange C, Covacci A, Tompkins LS, Falkow S. 1997. Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:7595-7599.
130. Shen H, Xu Y, Qian Y, et al. 2000. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 88:601-606.
131. Shinmura K, Kohno T, Takahashi M, et al. 1999. Familial gastric cancer: Clinicopathological characteristics, RER phenotype and germline p53 and E-cadherin mutations. Carcinogenesis 20:1127-1131.
132. Siman JH, Forsgren A, Berglund G, Floren CH. 2001. Tobacco smoking increases the risk for gastric adenocarcinoma among Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals. Scand J Gastroenterol 36:208-213.
133. Simon R, Radmacher MD, Dobbin K, McShane LM. 2003. Pitfalls in the use of DNA microarray data for diagnostic and prognostic classification. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:14-18.
134. Singh VN, Gaby SK. 1991. Premalignant lesions: Role of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene in risk reduction and prevention of malignant transformation. Am J Clin Nutr 53:386S-390S.
135. Siurala M, Sipponen P, Kekki M. 1985. Chronic gastritis: dynamic and clinical aspects. Scand J Gastroenterol (suppl) 109:69-76.
136. Sivam GP, Lampe JW, Ulness B, Swanzy SR, Potter JD. 1997. Helicobacter pylori-in vitro susceptibility to garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Nutr Cancer 27:118-121.
137. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. 2003. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53:27-43.
138. Sparnins VL, Mott AW, Barany G, Wattenberg LW. 1986. Effects of allyl methyl trisulfide on glutathione S-transferase activity and BP-induced neoplasia in the mouse. Nutr Cancer 8:211-215.
139. Stalnikowicz R, Benbassat J. 1990. Risk of gastric cancer after gastric surgery for benign disorders. Arch Intern Med 150:2022-2026.
140. Stein M, Bagnoli F, Halenbeck R, Rappuoli R, Fantl WJ, Covacci A. 2002. c-Src/Lyn kinases activate Helicobacter pylori CagA through tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPIYA motifs. Mol Microbiol 43:971-980.
141. Stemmermann GN. 1994. Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. A status report. Cancer 74:556-564.
142. Sung JJ, Lin SR, Ching JY, Zhou LY, To KF, Wang RT, et al. 2000. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia one year after cure of H. pylori infection: a prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology 119:7-14.
143. Takada K. 2000. Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. Mol Pathol 53:255-261.
144. Tatematsu M, Tsukamoto T, Inada K. 2003. Stem cells and gastric cancer: Role of gastric and intestinal mixed intestinal metaplasia. Cancer Sci. 94:135-141.
145. Terry MB, Gaudet MM, Gammon MD. 2002. The epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 12:111-127.
146. Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, Tersmette KW, et al. 1990. Meta-analysis of the risk of gastric stump cancer: Detection of high risk patient subsets for stomach cancer after remote partial gastrectomy for benign conditions. Cancer Res 50:6486-6489.
147. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, Yamaguchi S, Mashiba H, Taniyama K, et al. 1997. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 6:639-642.
148. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 345:784-789.
149. Vermeer IT, Engels LG, Pachen DM, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC, van Maanen JM. 2001. Intragastric volatile N-nitrosamines, nitrite, pH, and Helicobacter pylori during long-term treatment with omeprazole. Gastroenterology 121:517-525.
150. Warren JR, Marshall BJ. 1983. Unidentified curved bacilli in gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1:1273-1275.
151. Watanabe H, Jass JR, Sobin LH. 1990. Histological Typing of Oesophageal and Gastric Tumours. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
152. Watanabe Y, Fukao A. 2001. Stomach cancer screening. In: Hisamichi S, ed. Report on the evaluation of the efficacy of new cancer screening methods. Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan, pp 81-120 (in Japanese).
153. Wayman J, Forman D, Griffin SM. 2001. Monitoring the changing pattern of esophago-gastric cancer: Data from a UK regional cancer registry. Cancer Causes Control 12:943-949.
154. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997a. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.
155. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997b. Stomach. In: World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, ed. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, pp. 148-175.
156. World Health Organization. 2002. The World Health Report 2002. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
157. Wu MS, Huang SP, Chang YT, et al. 2002. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. J Infect Dis 185:106-109.
158. Wu MS, Shun CT, Wu CC, Hsu TY, Lin MT, Chang MC, et al. 2000. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinomas: relation to H. pylori infection and genetic alterations. Gastroenterology 118:1031-1038.
159. Wynder EL, Kmet J, Dungal N, Segi M. 1963. An epidemiological investigation of gastric cancer. Cancer 16:1461-1496.
160. Yabuta T, Shinmura K, Tani M, et al. 2002. E-cadherin gene variants in gastric cancer families whose probands are diagnosed with diffuse gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 101:434-441.
161. Yamazaki S, Yamakawa A, Ito Y, Ohtani M, Higashi H, Hatakeyama M, et al. 2003. The CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori is translocated into epithelial cells and binds to SHP-2 in human gastric mucosa. J infect Dis 187:334-337.
162. Yanai H, Takada K, Shimizu N, Mizugaki Y, Tada M, Okita K. 1997. Epstein-Barr virus infection in non-carcinomatous gastric epithelium. Journal of Pathology 183:293-298.
163. Yang PC, Davis S. 1998. Epidemiological characteristics of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in the United States, 1973-1982. Int J Epidemiol 17:293-297.
164. Yang CS, Wang ZY. 1993. Tea and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1038-1049.
165. Yoon KA, Ku JL, Yang HK, Kim WH, Park SY, Park JG. 1999. Germline mutations of E-cadherin gene in Korean familial gastric cancer patients. J Hum Genet 44:177-180.
166. Zaridze D, Borisova E, Maximovitch D, Chkhikvadze V. 1999. Aspirin protects against gastric cancer: results of a case-control study from Moscow, Russia. Int J Cancer 82:473-476.
167. Zhou L, Sung JJ, Lin S, Jin Z, Ding S, Huang X, et al. 2003. A five-year follow-up study on the pathological changes of gastric mucosa after H. pylori eradication. Chinese Med J 116:11-14.