Submicron aerosol source apportionment of wintertime pollution in Paris, France by double positive matrix factorization (PMF2) using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and a multi-wavelength Aethalometer

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 13773-13787

  Petit, J E ^a,b   Favez, O ^a   Sciare, J ^b   Canonaco, F ^c   Croteau, P ^d   Mocnik G ^e   Jayne, J ^d   Worsnop, D ^d   Leoz Garziandia, E ^a  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L ENVIRONNEMENT INDUSTRIEL ET DES RISQUES INERIS   (France)

^b LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^c PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^d AERODYNE RESEARCH INC   (United States)

^e Aerosol doo   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY); VOLATILE ELEMENT;

FRANCE; ILE DE FRANCE; PARIS; VILLE DE PARIS;

EID: 84919784803     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-13773-2014     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Adler, G., Flores, J. M., Abo Riziq, A., Borrmann, S., and Rudich, Y.: Chemical, physical, and optical evolution of biomass burning aerosols: a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1491-1503, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1491-2011, 2011.
2. Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R. M., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0)-Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6633-6653, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009, 2009.
3. Allan, J. D.,Williams, P. I., Morgan,W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M.W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647-668, doi:10.5194/acp-10-647-2010, 2010.
4. Bressi, M., Sciare, J., Ghersi, V., Bonnaire, N., Nicolas, J. B., Petit, J.-E., Moukhtar, S., Rosso, A., Mihalopoulos, N., and Féron, A.: A one-year comprehensive chemical characterisation of fine aerosol (PM2:5) at urban, suburban and rural background sites in the region of Paris (France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7825-7844, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7825-2013, 2013.
5. Bressi, M., Sciare, J., Ghersi, V., Mihalopoulos, N., Petit, J.-E., Nicolas, J. B., Moukhtar, S., Rosso, A., Féron, A., Bonnaire, N., Poulakis, E., and Theodosi, C.: Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8813-8839, doi:10.5194/acp-14-8813-2014, 2014.
6. Budisulistiorini, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Croteau, P. L., Baumann, K., Edgerton, E. S., Kollman, M. S., Ng, N. L., Verma, V., Shaw, S. L., Knipping, E. M., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Weber, R.J., and Surratt, J. D.: Intercomparison of an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) with ambient fine aerosol measurements in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1929-1941, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1929-2014, 2014.
7. Canonaco, F., Crippa, M., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3649-3661, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3649-2013, 2013.
8. Carbone, S., Saarikoski, S., Frey, A., Reyes, F., Reyes, P., Castillo, M., Gramsch, E., Oyola, P., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical Characterization of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Santiago de Chile, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 462-473, doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.10.0261, 2013.
9. Chirico, R., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Tritscher, T., Richter, R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Gysel, M., Laborde, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Impact of aftertreatment devices on primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from in-use diesel vehicles: results from smog chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11545-11563, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11545-2010, 2010.
10. Chirico, R., Prévôt, A. S. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Richter, R.,Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Aerosol and trace gas vehicle emission factors measured in a tunnel using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and other on-line instrumentation, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2182-2192, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.069, 2011.
11. Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Apituley, A., Ceburnis, D., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Flentje, H., Henzing, J. S., Jennings, S. G., Moerman, M., Petzold, A., Schmid, O., and Baltensperger, U.: Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer: evaluation of five correction algorithms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 457-474, doi:10.5194/amt-3-457-2010, 2010.
12. Crippa, M., Canonaco, F., Slowik, J. G., El Haddad, I., De-Carlo, P. F., Mohr, C., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Marchand, N., Temime-Roussel, B., Abidi, E., Poulain, L., Wiedensohler, A., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Primary and sec-ondary organic aerosol origin by combined gas-particle phase source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8411-8426, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8411-2013, 2013a.
13. Crippa, M., El Haddad, I., Slowik, J. G., DeCarlo, P. F., Mohr, C., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Marchand, N., Sciare, J., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Identification of marine and continental aerosol sources in Paris using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1950-1963, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50151, 2013b.
14. Crippa, M., Canonaco, F., Lanz, V. A., Äijälä, M., Allan, J. D., Carbone, S., Capes, G., Ceburnis, D., Dall'Osto, M., Day, D. A., De-Carlo, P. F., Ehn, M., Eriksson, A., Freney, E., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Hillamo, R., Jimenez, J. L., Junninen, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kortelainen, A.-M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mensah, A. A., Mohr, C., Nemitz, E., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Pandis, S. N., Petäjä, T., Poulain, L., Saarikoski, S., Sellegri, K., Swietlicki, E., Tiitta, P., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS data sets across Europe using a consistent ME-2 based source apportionment approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6159-6176, doi:10.5194/acp-14-6159-2014, 2014.
15. DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Crounse, J., de Foy, B., Dunlea, E. J., Aiken, A. C., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Campos, T., Wennberg, P. O., and Jimenez, J. L.: Investigation of the sources and processing of organic aerosol over the Central Mexican Plateau from aircraft measurements during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5257-5280, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5257-2010, 2010.
16. Favez, O., Cachier, H., Sciare, J., Sarda-estève, R., and Martinon, L.: Evidence for a significant contribution of wood burning aerosols to PM2.5 during the winter season in Paris, France, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3640-3644, 2009.
17. Favez, O., El Haddad, I., Piot, C., Boréave, A., Abidi, E., Marchand, N., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Besombes, J.-L., Personnaz, M.-B., Sciare, J., Wortham, H., George, C., and D'Anna, B.: Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5295-5314, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5295-2010, 2010.
18. Favez, O., Petit, J.-E., Bessagnet, B., Meleux, F., Chiappini, L., Lemeur, S., Labartette, C., Chappaz, C., Guergnion, P.-Y., Saison, J.-Y., Chretien, E., Pallares, C., Verlhac, S., Aujay, R., Malherbe, L., Beauchamp, M., Piot, C., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Besombes, J.-L., Sciare, J., Rouïl, L., and Leoz-Garziandia, E.: Main properties and origines of winter PM10 pollution events in France, Pollut. Atmospherique, November 2012 special issue, 163-182, 2012.
19. Freutel, F., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., von derWeiden-Reinmüller, S.-L., Crippa, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Poulain, L., Wiedensohler, A., Sciare, J., Sarda-Estève, R., Burkhart, J. F., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Gros, V., Colomb, A., Michoud, V., Doussin, J. F., Borbon, A., Haeffelin, M., Morille, Y., Beekmann, M., and Borrmann, S.: Aerosol particle measurements at three stationary sites in the megacity of Paris during summer 2009: meteorology and air mass origin dominate aerosol particle composition and size distribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 933-959, doi:10.5194/acp-13-933-2013, 2013.
20. Ghersi, V., Rosso, A., Moukhtar, S., Léger, K., Sciare, J., Bressi, M., Nicolas, J., Féron, A., and Bonnaire, N.: Origine des particules fines (PM2:5) en Ile-de-France, Pollut. Atmospherique, November 2012 special issue, p. 189, 2012.
21. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009.
22. Haeffelin, M., Barthès, L., Bock, O., Boitel, C., Bony, S., Bouniol, D., Chepfer, H., Chiriaco, M., Cuesta, J., Delanoë, J., Drobinski, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Flamant, C., Grall, M., Hodzic, A., Hourdin, F., Lapouge, F., Lemaître, Y., Mathieu, A., Morille, Y., Naud, C., Noël, V., O'Hirok, W., Pelon, J., Pietras, C., Protat, A., Romand, B., Scialom, G., and Vautard, R.: SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research, Ann. Geophys., 23, 253-275, doi:10.5194/angeo-23-253-2005, 2005.
23. Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513-543, 2000.
24. Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Kamili, K., Merkel, M., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Sarda-Estève, R., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1681-1700, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012, 2012.
25. Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Crippa, M., Wiedensohler, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Sarda-Estève, R., McGuire, M. L., Jeong, C.-H., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., Evans, G. J., andWenger, J. C.: Quantitative determination of carbonaceous particle mixing state in Paris using single-particle mass spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9479-9496, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9479-2013, 2013.
26. Henry, R., Norris, G. A., Vedantham, R., and Turner, J. R.: Source Region Identification Using Kernel Smoothing, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4090-4097, doi:10.1021/es8011723, 2009.
27. Heringa, M. F., DeCarlo, P. F., Chirico, R., Tritscher, T., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Richter, R., Wehrle, G., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5945-5957, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5945-2011, 2011.
28. Ji, X., Le Bihan, O., Ramalho, O., Mandin, C., D'Anna, B., Martinon, L., Nicolas, M., Bard, D., and Pairon, J.-C.: Characterization of particles emitted by incense burning in an experimental house, Indoor Air, 20, 147-158, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00634.x, 2010.
29. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, doi:10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
30. Laborde, M., Crippa, M., Tritscher, T., Jurányi, Z., Decarlo, P. F., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., and Gysel, M.: Black carbon physical properties and mixing state in the European megacity Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5831-5856, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5831-2013, 2013.
31. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modeling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503-1522, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007, 2007.
32. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Szidat, S., Wehrli, M. N., Wacker, L., Weimer, S., and Caseiro, A.: Source attribution of submicron organic aerosols during wintertime inversions by advanced factor analysis of aerosol mass spectra, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 214-220, 2008.
33. Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Alfarra, M. R., Weimer, S., Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Gianini, M. F. D., Hueglin, C., Schneider, J., Favez, O., D'Anna, B., George, C., and Baltensperger, U.: Characterization of aerosol chemical composition with aerosol mass spectrometry in Central Europe: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10453-10471, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10453-2010, 2010.
34. Lenschow, P., Abraham, H.-J., Kutzner, K., Lutz, M., Preuß, J.-D., and Reichenbächer, W.: Some ideas about the sources of PM10, Atmos. Environ., 35, S23-S33, 2001.
35. May, A. A., Levin, E. J. T., Hennigan, C. J., Riipinen, I., Lee, T., Collett, J. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Gas-particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol emissions: 3. Biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11327-11338, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50828, 2013.
36. McGuire, M. L., Chang, R. Y.-W., Slowik, J. G., Jeong, C.-H., Healy, R. M., Lu, G., Mihele, C., Abbatt, J. P. D., Brook, J. R., and Evans, G. J.: Enhancing non-refractory aerosol apportionment from an urban industrial site through receptor modeling of complete high time-resolution aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8017-8042, doi:10.5194/acp-14-8017-2014, 2014.
37. Ng, N. L., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A., Canagaratna, M. R., Croteau, P. L., Onasch, T. B., Sueper, D.,Worsnop, D. R., Zhang, Q., and Sun, Y. L.: An aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) for routine monitoring of the composition and mass concentrations of ambient aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 780-794, 2011.
38. Norris, G. A., Vedantham, R., Wade, K., Brown, S., Prouty, J., and Foley, C.: EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 3.0: Fundamentals & User Guide, US Environmental Protection Agency, available at: http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100GDUM.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2006+Thru+2010&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D:-zyfiles-IndexData-06thru10-Txt-00000033-P100GDUM.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h|-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p|f&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Resultspage&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL (last access: 20 February 2014), 2008.
39. Paatero, P. and Hopke, P. K.: Discarding or downweighting highnoise variables in factor analytic models, Anal. Chim. Acta, 490, 277-289, 2003.
40. Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111-126, doi:10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994.
41. Pay, M. T., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., and Baldasano, J. M.: Assessing sensitivity regimes of secondary inorganic aerosol formation in Europe with the CALIOPE-EU modeling system, Atmos. Environ., 51, 146-164, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.027, 2012.
42. Platt, S. M., El Haddad, I., Zardini, A. A., Clairotte, M., Astorga, C., Wolf, R., Slowik, J. G., Temime-Roussel, B., Marchand, N., Jezek, I., Drinovec, L., Mo?cnik, G., Möhler, O., Richter, R., Barmet, P., Bianchi, F., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline vehicle emissions in a new mobile environmental reaction chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9141-9158, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9141-2013, 2013.
43. Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., Paatero, P., Malm, W. C., and Sisler, J. F.: Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental composition and sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 19045-19057, doi:10.1029/98JD01212, 1998.
44. Pope, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 709-742, doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485, 2006.
45. Pope, C. A., Hansen, M. L., Long, R. W., Nielsen, K. R., Eatough, N. L.,Wilson,W. E., and Eatough, D. J.: Ambient Particulate Air Pollution, Heart Rate Variability, and Blood Markers of Inflammation in a Panel of Elderly Subjects, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 339-345, 2004.
46. Poulain, L., Iinuma, Y., Müller, K., Birmili, W., Weinhold, K., Brüggemann, E., Gnauk, T., Hausmann, A., Löschau, G., Wiedensohler, A., and Herrmann, H.: Diurnal variations of ambient particulate wood burning emissions and their contribution to the concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seiffen, Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12697-12713, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12697-2011, 2011.
47. Robinson, A. L., Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., Bernardo-Bricker, A., and Rogge, W. F.: Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol 2. Biomass Smoke, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7811-7819, doi:10.1021/es060782h, 2006.
48. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.
49. Rosenfeld, D., Lohmann, U., Raga, G. B., O'Dowd, C. D., Kulmala, M., Fuzzi, S., Reissell, A., and Andreae, M. O.: Flood or drought: how do aerosols affect precipitation?, Science, 321, 1309-1313, 2008.
50. Sage, A. M., Weitkamp, E. A., Robinson, A. L., and Donahue, N. M.: Evolving mass spectra of the oxidized component of organic aerosol: results from aerosol mass spectrometer analyses of aged diesel emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1139-1152, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1139-2008, 2008.
51. Sandradewi, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Perron, N., Alfarra, M. R., Lanz, V. A., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Using Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements for the Quantitative Determination of Wood Burning and Traffic Emission Contributions to Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3316-3323, doi:10.1021/es702253m, 2008.
52. Sciare, J., d' Argouges, O., Sarda-Estève, R., Gaimoz, C., Dolgorouky, C., Bonnaire, N., Favez, O., Bonsang, B., and Gros, V.: Large contribution of water-insoluble secondary organic aerosols in the region of Paris (France) during wintertime, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D22203, doi:10.1029/2011JD015756, 2011.
53. Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Dong, H., Yang, T., Li, J., Pan, X., Chen, P., and Jayne, J. T.: Characterization of summer organic and inorganic aerosols in Beijing, China with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, Atmos. Environ., 51, 250-259, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.013, 2012.
54. Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q.,Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891-2918, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
55. Viana, M., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Harrison, R. M., Hopke, P. K., Winiwarter, W., Vallius, M., Szidat, S., Prévôt, A. S. H., Hueglin, C., Bloemen, H., Wåhlin, P., Vecchi, R., Miranda, A. I., Kasper-Giebl, A., Maenhaut, W., and Hitzenberger, R.: Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827-849, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.05.007, 2008.
56. Waked, A., Favez, O., Alleman, L. Y., Piot, C., Petit, J.-E., Delaunay, T., Verlinden, E., Golly, B., Besombes, J.-L., Jaffrezo, J.-L., and Leoz-Garziandia, E.: Source apportionment of PM10 in a north-western Europe regional urban background site (Lens, France) using positive matrix factorization and including primary biogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3325-3346, doi:10.5194/acp-14-3325-2014, 2014.
57. Weimer, S., Alfarra, M. R., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Organic aerosol mass spectral signatures from wood-burning emissions: Influence of burning conditions and wood type, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10304, doi:10.1029/2007JD009309, 2008.
58. Weingartner, E., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., Streit, N., Bitnar, B., and Baltensperger, U.: Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of Aethalometers, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1445-1463, 2003.
59. Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Pierce, J. R., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Organic Aerosol Formation from Photochemical Oxidation of Diesel Exhaust in a Smog Chamber, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6969-6975, doi:10.1021/es070193r, 2007.
60. Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Deconvolution and Quantification of Hydrocarbon-like and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938-4952, doi:10.1021/es048568l, 2005.
61. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., De-Carlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007.
62. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3045-3067, doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y, 2011.