Investigation of the sources and processing of organic aerosol over the Central Mexican Plateau from aircraft measurements during MILAGRO

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 5257-5280

  Decarlo, P F ^a,e   Ulbrich, I M ^a   Crounse, J ^b   De Foy, B ^c   Dunlea, E J ^a   Aiken, A C ^a,f   Knapp, D ^d   Weinheimer, A J ^d   Campos, T ^d   Wennberg, P O ^b   Jimenez, J L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c Saint Louis University   (United States)

^d NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^e PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^f Institute of Neuroinformatics Zurich   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR MASS; AIRBORNE SURVEY; AMMONIUM NITRATE; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOMASS BURNING; CARBON MONOXIDE; OXYGENATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PLATEAU; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); TRACER;

FEDERAL DISTRICT [MEXICO]; MEXICO CITY; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA];

EID: 76749169911     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-5257-2010     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., and Jimenez, J. L.: Elemental Analysis of Organic Species with Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79(21), 8350-8358, doi:10.1021/ac071150w, 2007. (Pubitemid 350060037)
2. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A. M., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Bal-tensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, 2008.
3. Aiken, A. C., de Foy, B., Wiedinmyer, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Wehrli, M. N., Szidat, S., Prevot, A. S. H., Noda, J., Wacker, L., Volkamer, R., Fortner, E., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanan-dan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., Querol, X., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0), Part 2: Analysis of the biomass burning contribution and the modern carbon fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 25915-25981, 2009a, http://www.atmos-chem-phys- discuss.net/9/25915/2009/.
4. Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6633-6653, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009, 2009b.
5. Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Sandradewi, J., Weimer, S., Lanz, V. A., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of the Mass Spectral Signature of Organic Aerosols from Wood Burning Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(16), 5770-5777, doi:5710.1021/es062289b, 2007.
6. Allan, J. D., Jimenez, J. L., Williams, P. I., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Jayne, J. T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D. R.: Quantitative Sampling Using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: 1. Techniques of Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D9), 4090, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002358, 2003.
7. Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Morgan, W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M. W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647-668, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 647-2010, 2010.
8. Andreae, M. O., Andreae, T. W., Annegarn, H., Beer, J., Cachier, H., le Canut, P., Elbert, W., Maenhaut, W., Salma, I., Wienhold, F. G., and Zenker, T.: Airborne studies of aerosol emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa: 2. Aerosol chemical composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 32119-32128, 1998. (Pubitemid 128665627)
9. Babbitt, R. E., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. S., Artaxo, P., and Kauff-man, J. B.: A comparison of concurrent airborne and ground based emissions generated from biomass burning in the Amazon Basin, SCAR-B Proceedings, Transtech Editorial, Sao José dos Campos, Brazil 1997, 23-26, 1997.
10. Cappa, C. D. and Jimenez, J. L.: Quantitative estimates of the volatility of ambient organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 1901-1938, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-1901-2010, 2010.
11. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Edgerton, S. A., and Vega, E.: Chemical composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City during winter 1997, Sci. Total Environ., 287, 177-201, 2002.
12. Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel, E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., Mc-Cabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929-4944, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4929-2009, 2009.
13. de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kasten-deuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209-1224, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1209-2008, 2008.
14. de Foy, B., Krotkov, N. A., Bei, N., Herndon, S. C., Huey, L. G., Martnez, A. P., Ruiz-Suarez, L. G., Wood, E. C., Zavala, M., and Molina, L. T.: Hit from both sides: tracking industrial and volcanic plumes in Mexico City with surface measurements and OMI SO2 retrievals during the MILAGRO field campaign, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9599-9617, 2009a, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/9599/ 2009/.
15. de Foy, B., Zavala, M., Bei, N., and Molina, L. T.: Evaluation of WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysis for the MILAGRO field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4419-4438, 2009b, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/9/4419/2009/.
16. de Gouw, J. and Jimenez, J. L.: Organic Aerosols in the Earth's Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7614-7618, doi:10.1021/Es9006004, 2009.
17. de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Pszenny, A. A. P., Keene, W. C., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., and Bates, T. S.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D16305, doi:10.1029/2004JD004662, 2005. (Pubitemid 41431134)
18. de Gouw, J. A., Brock, C. A., Atlas, E. L., Bates, T. S., Fehsen-feld, F. C., Goldan, P. D., Holloway, J. S., Kuster, W. C., Lerner, B. M., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Onasch, T. B., Peltier, R. E., Quinn, P. K., Senff, C. J., Stohl, A., Sullivan, A. P., Trainer, M., Warneke, C., Weber, R. J., and Williams E. J.: Sources of Particulate Matter in the Northeastern United States: 1. Direct Emissions and Secondary Formation of Organic Matter in Urban Plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D08301, doi:08310.01029/02007JD009243, 2008.
19. de Gouw, J. A., Welsh-Bon, D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Alexander, L., Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Cana-garatna, M., Celada, A. T., Huey, L. G., Junkermann, W., Onasch, T. B., Salcido, A., Sjostedt, S. J., Sullivan, A. P., Tanner, D. J., Vargas, O., Weber, R. J., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X. Y., and Zaveri, R.: Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3425-3442, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3425-2009, 2009.
20. DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281-8289, 2006.
21. DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027-4048, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4027-2008, 2008.
22. Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Eatough, D. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655-7662, 2008.
23. Doran, J. C., Fast, J. D., Barnard, J. C., Laskin, A., Desya-terik, Y., and Gilles, M. K.: Applications of lagrangian dispersion modeling to the analysis of changes in the specific absorption of elemental carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1377-1389, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1377-2008, 2008.
24. Dunlea, E. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Kimmel, J. R., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Shinozuka, Y., McNaughton, C. S., Howell, S. G., Clarke, A. D., Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Pfister, G. G., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Millet, D. B., Heald, C. L., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evolution of Asian aerosols during transpacific transport in INTEX-B, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7257-7287, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7257-2009, 2009.
25. Dzepina, K., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., Tulet, P., Ulbrich, I. M., Zhang, Q., Cappa, C. D., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a case study in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5681-5709, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5681-2009, 2009.
26. Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Hess, P. G., Avery, M., Blake, D., Brune, W., Campos, T., Crawford, J., DeCarlo, P. F., Hall, S., Heikes, B., Holloway, J., Jimenez, J. L., Knapp, D. J., Kok, G., Mena-Carrasco, M., Olson, J., O'Sullivan, D., Sachse, G., Walega, J., Weibring, P., Weinheimer, A., and Wied-inmyer, C.: Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 3457-3498, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-3457-2010, 2010.
27. Fast, J., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Hern-don, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X.-Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6191-6215, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6191-2009, 2009.
28. Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILA-GRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233-2257, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2233-2007, 2007.
29. George, I. J., Slowik, J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Chemical aging of ambient organic aerosol from heterogeneous reaction with hydroxyl radicals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2008GL033884, 2008.
30. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009a.
31. Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009b.
32. 2 emissions from Popocatépetl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6655-6663, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6655-2008, 2008.
33. Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
34. Heald, C. L., Goldstein, A. H., Allan, J. D., Aiken, A. C., Apel, E., Atlas, E. L., Baker, A. K., Bates, T. S., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Campos, T., Coe, H., Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., de Gouw, J. A., Dunlea, E. J., Flocke, F. M., Fried, A., Goldan, P., Griffin, R. J., Herndon, S. C., Holloway, J. S., Holzinger, R., Jimenez, J. L., Junkermann, W., Kuster, W. C., Lewis, A. C., Meinardi, S., Millet, D. B., Onasch, T., Polidori, A., Quinn, P. K., Riemer, D. D., Roberts, J. M., Salcedo, D., Sive, B., Swanson, A. L., Talbot, R., Warneke, C., Weber, R. J., Weib-ring, P., Wennberg, P. O., Worsnop, D. R., Wittig, A. E., Zhang, R., Zheng, J., and Zheng, W.: Total observed organic carbon (TOOC) in the atmosphere: a synthesis of North American observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2007-2025, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2007-2008, 2008.
35. Hecobian, A., Liu, Z., Hennigan, C., et al.: Comparison of the Chemical and Physical Evolution and Characteristics of 495 Biomass Burning Plumes Intercepted by the NASA DC-8 Aircraft during the ARCTAS/CARB-2008 Field Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in prep., 2010.
36. Hennigan, C. J., Sullivan, A. P., Collett, J. L. J., and Robinson, A. L.: Levoglucosan stability in biomass burning particles exposed to hydroxyl radicals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09806, doi:10.1029/2010GL043088, 2010.
37. Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Aiken, A. C., Bessag-net, B., Curci, G., Fast, J., Lamarque, J.-F., Onasch, T. B., Roux, G., Schauer, J. J., Stone, E. A., and Ulbrich, I. M.: Modeling organic aerosols during MILAGRO: importance of biogenic secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6949-6981, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6949-2009, 2009.
38. Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Canagaratna, M. R., De-Carlo, P. F., Kleinman, L., and Fast., J.: Potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol in the Mexico City region., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 657-710, doi:610.5194/acpd-5110-5657-2010, 2010.
39. Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Aiken, A. C., Cubison, M. J., Ul-brich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-resolved aerosol volatility measurements from two megacity field studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7161-7182, 2009a, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7161/2009/.
40. Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Mohr, C., Cubison, M. J., Ul-brich, I. M., Ziemann, P. J., Onasch, T. B., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-Resolved Volatility Measurements of Organic Aerosol from Different Sources, Environ Sci Technol, 43, 14, 5351-5357, doi:10.1021/es803539d, 2009b.
41. Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X. F., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P. Ambient Aerosol Sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geo-phys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8425, doi:8410.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
42. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kul-mala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dun-lea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Bor-rmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, doi:1510.1126/science. 1180353, 2009.
43. Kiendler-Scharr, A., Zhang, Q., Hohaus, T., Kleist, E., Mensah, A., Mentel, T. F., Spindler, C., Uerlings, R., Tillmann, R., and Wildt, J.: Aerosol Mass Spectrometric Features of Biogenic SOA: Observations from a Plant Chamber and in Rural Atmospheric Environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8166-8172, doi:10.1021/es901420b, 2009.
44. Kleinman, L. I., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y. N., Senum, G. I., Springston, S. R., Wang, J., Berkowitz, C., Hubbe, J., Zaveri, R. A., Brech-tel, F. J., Jayne, J., Onasch, T. B., and Worsnop, D.: Aircraft observations of aerosol composition and ageing in New England and Mid-Atlantic States during the summer 2002 New England Air Quality Study field campaign, J Geophys Res-Atmos, 112, D09310, doi:09310.01029/02006JD007786 2007.
45. Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nun-nermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Wang, J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol composition over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1559-1575, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1559-2008, 2008.
46. Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R.: Measurement of Fragmentation and Func-tionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 8005-8014, doi:8010.1039/b905289e, 2009.
47. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of sub-micron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503-1522, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1503/2007/.
48. Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Szidat, S., Wehrli, M. N., Wacker, L., Weimer, S., Caseiro, A., Puxbaum, H., and Prevot, A. S. H.: Source attribution of submicron organic aerosols during wintertime inversions by advanced factor analysis of aerosol mass spectra, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 214-220, doi:10.1021/es0707207, 2008.
49. Lanz, V. A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Alfarra, M. R., Mohr, C., De-Carlo, P. F., Weimer, S., Gianini, M. F. D., Hueglin, C., Schneider, J., Favez, O., D'Anna, B., George, C., and Baltensperger, U.: Characterization of aerosol chemical composition by aerosol mass spectrometry in Central Europe: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 24985-25021, doi:10.5194/acpd-9-24985- 2009, 2009.
50. Liousse, C., Devaux, C., Dulac, F., and Cachier, H.: Aging of Savanna Biomass Burning Aerosols-Consequences on thier Optical Properties, J. Atmos. Chem., 22, 1-17, 1995.
51. Marley, N. A., Gaffney, J. S., Tackett, M., Sturchio, N. C., Heraty, L., Martinez, N., Hardy, K. D., Marchany-Rivera, A., Guilder-son, T., MacMillan, A., and Steelman, K.: The impact of bio-genic carbon sources on aerosol absorption in Mexico City, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1537-1549, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/9/1537/2009/.
52. Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Kimmel, J. R., Ulbricht, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Meat Cooking, Trash Burning, and Motor Vehicles with High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry and Comparison with Ambient and Chamber Observations, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 43, 2443-2449, doi:10.1021/Es8011518, 2009.
53. Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., de Foy, B., Lamb, B. K., Brune, W. H., Jimenez, J. L., Ramos-Villegas, R., Sarmiento, J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., Cardenas, B., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V., and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in North America's most populous city-overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2447-2473, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2447/2007/. (Pubitemid 46751595)
54. Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., Apel, E., de Foy, B., Fast, J., Ferrare, R., Herndon, S., Jimenez, J. L., Lamb, B., Osornio-Vargas, A. R., Russell, P., Schauer, J. J., Stevens, P. S., and Zavala, M.: An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 7819-7983, doi:10.5194/acpd-10- 7819-2010, 2010.
55. Nemitz, E., Jimenez, J. L., Huffman, J. A., Canagaratna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., and Guenther, A. B.: An eddy-covariance system for the measurement of surface/atmosphere exchange fluxes of submicron aerosol chemical species-first application above an urban area, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 636-657, 2008.
56. Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prvt, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625-4641, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.
57. Paatero, P.: User's guide for positive matrix factorization programs PMF2. EXE and PMF3.EXE University of Helsinki, Finland, 2007.
58. Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Brock, C. A., Wollny, A. G., Holloway, J. S., de Gouw, J. A., and Warneke, C.: Fine aerosol bulk composition measured on WP-3D research aircraft in vicinity of the Northeastern United States-results from NEAQS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3231-3247, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3231-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47012395)
59. Querol, X., Pey, J., Minguillón, M. C., Pérez, N., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Bernabé, R. M., Blanco, S., Cárdenas, B., Vega, E., Sosa, G., Escalona, S., Ruiz, H., and Art́iñano, B.: PM speciation and sources in Mexico during the MILAGRO-2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 111-128, doi:10.5194/acp-8-111- 2008, 2008.
60. Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F., and Eleuterio, D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799-825, doi:10.5194/acp-5-799-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40479142)
61. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, 2007.
62. Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabé, R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Super-site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925-946, doi:10.5194/acp-6-925-2006, 2006.
63. Schauer, J. J., Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., and Cass, G. R.: Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3837-3855, 1996.
64. Schneider, J., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Helas, G., Gwaze, P., Schmid, O., Andreae, M. O., and Kirchner, U.: Mass spectrometric analysis and aerodynamic properties of various types of combustion-related aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spec-trom., 258, 37-49, 2006.
65. Shrivastava, M. K., Lipsky, E. M., Stanier, C. O., and Robinson, A. L.: Modeling semivolatile organic aerosol mass emissions from combustion systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2671-2677, 2006.
66. Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEX-PART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/2461/2005/.
67. Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO Experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249-1259, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/1249/2008/.
68. Takegawa, N., Miyakawa, T., Kondo, Y., Blake, D. R., Kanaya, Y., Koike, M., Fukuda, M., Komazaki, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Shimono, A., and Takeuchi, T.: Evolution of submicron organic aerosol in polluted air exported from Tokyo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15814, doi:15810.11029/12006GL025815, 2006.
69. Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, L., Ulbrich, I. M., Jimenez, J. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 525-546, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 525-2010, 2010.
70. Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891-2918, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.
71. 10 in the atmosphere of Mexico City during 2000-2002, J. Air Waste Manage., 54, 786-798, 2004.
72. Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026899., 2006.
73. Wiedinmyer, C., Quayle, B., Geron, C., Belote, A., McKenzie, D., Zhang, X. Y., O'Neill, S., and Wynne, K. K.: Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling, At-mos. Environ., 40, 3419-3432, 2006.
74. Wood, E. C., Canagaratna, M. R., Herndon, S. C., Kroll, J. H., Onasch, T. B., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Knighton, W. B., Seila, R., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., DeCarlo, P. F., Jimenez, J. L., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Jobson, B. T., Stutz, J., Kuster, W. C., and Williams, E. J.: Investigation of the correlation between odd oxygen and secondary organic aerosol in Mexico City and Houston, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 3547-3604, doi:10.5194/acpd-10- 3547-2010, 2010.
75. Yokelson, R. J., Urbanski, S. P., Atlas, E. L., Toohey, D. W., Al-varado, E. C., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Fisher, M. E., Wold, C. E., Campos, T. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions from forest fires near Mexico City, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5569-5584, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5569-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 350098932)
76. Yokelson, R. J., Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Karl, T., Urbanski, S., Atlas, E., Campos, T., Shinozuka, Y., Kapustin, V., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Holloway, J., Weibring, P., Flocke, F., Zheng, W., Toohey, D., Wennberg, P. O., Wiedinmyer, C., Mauldin, L., Fried, A., Richter, D., Walega, J., Jimenez, J. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., Hall, S. R., and Shetter, R.: Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785-5812, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5785-2009, 2009.
77. Zavala, M., Herndon, S. C., Wood, E. C., Onasch, T. B., Knighton, W. B., Marr, L. C., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, L. T.: Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6305-6317, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6305-2009, 2009.
78. Zhang, K. M. and Wexler, A. S.: Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways-Part I: analysis of aerosol dynamics and its implications for engine emission measurement, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6643-6653, 2004.
79. Zhang, K. M., Wexler, A. S., Zhu, Y. F., et al.: Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways. Part II: the 'road-to-ambient' process, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6655-6665, 2004.
80. Zhang, K. M., Wexler, A. S., Zhu, Y. F., Hinds, W. C., and Sioutas, C.: Deconvolution and Quantification of Primary and Oxygenated Organic Aerosols Based on Aerosol Mass Spectrome-try. Part 1: Development and Validation of the Method., Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4938-4952, doi:4910.1021/es0485681, 2005a.
81. Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols in Pittsburgh: insights into sources and processes of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289-3311, 2005b, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/3289/2005/. (Pubitemid 43085629)
82. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., De-Carlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demer-jian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys Res Lett, 34, L13801, doi:13810.11029/ 12007GL029979, 2007.