Addressing liver disease in the UK: A blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis

The Lancet

Volumn 384, Issue 9958, 2014, Pages 1953-1997

  Williams, Roger ^a   Aspinall, Richard ^b   Bellis, Mark ^c   Camps Walsh, Ginette ^d   Cramp, Matthew ^e,f   Dhawan, Anil ^g   Ferguson, James ^h   Forton, Dan ⁱ   Foster, Graham ^j   Gilmore, Sir Ian ^k   Hickman, Matthew ^l   Hudson, Mark ^m   Kelly, Deirdre ⁿ   Langford, Andrew ^o   Lombard, Martin ^p   Longworth, Louise ^q   Martin, Natasha ^l   Moriarty, Kieran ^r   Newsome, Philip ^s   O'Grady, John ^g   Pryke, Rachel ^t   Rutter, Harry ^u   Ryder, Stephen ^v   Sheron, Nick ^w   Smith, Tom ^x   more..

^a INSTITUTE OF HEPATOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d Medical Marketing Consultants   (United Kingdom)

^e PLYMOUTH HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f PLYMOUTH UNIVERSITY PENINSULA SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United Kingdom)

^g KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h QUEEN ELIZABETH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^j QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^l UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^m FREEMAN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ BIRMINGHAM CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^o British Liver Trust   (United Kingdom)

^p ROYAL LIVERPOOL AND BROADGREEN UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^q BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^r ROYAL BOLTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^s University of Birmingham   (United Kingdom)

^t Winyates Health Centre   (United Kingdom)

^u LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^v NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^w UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^x British Thoracic Society   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GENERAL HOSPITAL; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICE; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITAL SERVICE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER GRAFT; LIVER RESECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PREMATURE MORTALITY; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT; UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL; VIRUS HEPATITIS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DEMOGRAPHY; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HOSPITALIZATION; INTENSIVE CARE; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; MIDDLE AGED; NURSE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMICS; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION; UNITED KINGDOM; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; CRITICAL CARE; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY, PREMATURE; NURSE CLINICIANS; OBESITY; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84919372737     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61838-9     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. K Bhaskaran, I Douglas, H Forbes, I dos-Santos-Silva, DA Leon, L Smeeth Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults Lancet 384 2014 755 765
2. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) Alcohol-related liver disease: measuring the units http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2013arld.htm 2013 (accessed April 16, 2014).
3. All-Party Parliamentary Hepatology Group (APPHG) Inquiry into improving outcomes in liver disease. Liver disease: today's complacency, tomorrow's catastrophe http://appghep.org.uk.dedi452.your-server.de/liver-inquiry-2014/ 2014 (accessed April 16, 2014).
4. World Health Organization regional office for Europe European health for all database (HFA-DB) http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/ 2014 (accessed June 4, 2014).
5. Office for National Statistics Mortality statistics: deaths registered in England and Wales (series DR), 2010 2011 Office for National Statistics Newport, UK
6. Department of Health Living well for longer: a call to action to reduce avoidable premature mortality https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/181103/Living-well-for-longer.pdf 2013 (accessed April 16, 2014).
7. National Health Service Right Care Liver disease: the NHS atlas of variation in healthcare for people with liver disease http://www.rightcare.nhs.uk/index.php/atlas/liver-disease-nhs-atlas-of-variation-in-healthcare-for-people-with-liver-disease 2013 (accessed April 23, 2014).
8. The Royal College of Psychiatrists The Royal College of General Practitioners Alcohol and brain damage in adults, with reference to high risk groups http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/files/pdfversion/CR185.pdf 2014 (accessed April 16, 2014).
9. R Beaglehole, R Bonita, R Horton for the Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis Lancet 377 2011 1438 1447
10. T Poynard, Y Ngo, H Perazzo et al. Prognostic value of liver fibrosis biomarkers: a meta-analysis Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY) 7 2011 445 454
11. J Jewell, N Sheron Trends in European liver death rates: implications for alcohol policy Clin Med 10 2010 259 263
12. P Anderson, B Baumberg Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective 2006 Institute of Alcohol Studies London
13. Academy of Medical Sciences Calling time: the nation's drinking as a major health issue 2004 Academy of Medical Sciences London
14. N Sheron, F Chilcot, L Matthews, B Challoner, M Thomas Impact of a minimum price per unit of alcohol on UK patients with liver disease Clin Med 14 2014 396 403
15. Office for National Statistics Mortality statistics: deaths registered in England and Wales (series DR), 2012 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/mortality-statistics - deaths-registered-in-england-and-wales - series-dr-/2012/index.html 2013 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
16. D Sheen Statistical handbook 2013, British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA) 2013 Brewing Publications Limited London
17. Department of Health (UK) Safe, sensible, social: the government's alcohol strategy http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Alcoholmisuse/DH-085386 2008 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
18. House of Commons Health Committee Alcohol: first report of session 2009-10 2010 House of Commons Health Committee London
19. J Hatton, A Burton, H Nash, E Munn, L Burgoyne, N Sheron Drinking patterns, dependency and life-time drinking history in alcohol-related liver disease Addiction 104 2009 587 592
20. Public Health England Local alcohol profiles for England (LAPE)-local authority alcohol indicators http://www.lape.org.uk (accessed Sept 1, 2014).
21. Public Health England Health profiles for England - indicator data and meta data http://www.healthprofiles.info (accessed Sept 1, 2014).
22. CP Day Who gets alcoholic liver disease: nature or nurture? J R Coll Physicians Lond 34 2000 557 562
23. MJ Armstrong, DD Houlihan, L Bentham et al. Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort J Hepatol 56 2012 234 240
24. G Sarri, M Westby, S Bermingham, G Hill-Cawthorne, H Thomas the Guideline Development Group Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance BMJ 346 2013 f3893
25. EJ Lawitz, FE Membreno Response-guided therapy in patients with genotype 1 Hepatitis C virus: current status and future prospects J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29 2014 1574 1581
26. NK Martin, M Hickman, SJ Hutchinson, DJ Goldberg, P Vickerman Combination interventions to prevent HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: modeling the impact of antiviral treatment, needle and syringe programs, and opiate substitution therapy Clin Infect Dis 57 suppl 2 2013 S39 S45
27. R de Franchis Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 43 2005 167 176
28. S Ratib, KM Fleming, CJ Crooks, GP Aithal, J West 1 and 5 year survival estimates for people with cirrhosis of the liver in England, 1998-2009: a large population study J Hepatol 60 2014 282 289
29. C Verrill, H Markham, A Templeton, NJ Carr, N Sheron Alcohol-related cirrhosis - early abstinence is a key factor in prognosis, even in the most severe cases Addiction 104 2009 768 774
30. National Health Service Blood and Transplant Taking organ transplantation to 2020 www.nhsbt.nhs.uk/to2020/ (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
31. HCV Action A Census of medical workforce and infrastructure for liver disease strategy: summary of findings http://www.hcvaction.org.uk/resource/census-medical-workforce-infrastructure-liver-disease-strategy-summary-findings 2011 (accessed June 4, 2014).
32. NHS Information Centre Indicators for quality improvement https://mqi.ic.nhs.uk/ 2014 (accessed June 4, 2014).
33. Public Health England Deaths from liver disease: implications for end of life care in England http://www.endoflifecare-intelligence.org.uk/resources/publications/deaths-from-liver-disease 2012 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: management http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg141 2012 (accessed April 16, 2014).
35. Centre for Workforce Intelligence Recommendations for medical specialty training: gastroenterology http://www.cfwi.org.uk/publications/gastroenterology-cfwi-medical-fact-sheet-and-summary-sheet-august-2011/@@publication-detail 2011 (accessed April 23, 2014).
36. JG O'Grady Network and satellite arrangements in liver disease Frontline Gastroenterol 4 2013 187 190
37. V Jairath, S Rehal, R Logan et al. Acute variceal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom: patient characteristics, management and outcomes in a nationwide audit Dig Liver Dis 46 2014 419 426
38. W Bernal, A Hyyrylainen, A Gera et al. Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients J Hepatol 59 2013 74 80
39. AJ O'Brien, CA Welch, M Singer, DA Harrison Prevalence and outcome of cirrhosis patients admitted to UK intensive care: a comparison against dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure patients Intensive Care Med 38 2012 991 1000
40. MM Levy, RP Dellinger, SR Townsend et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis Intensive Care Med 36 2010 222 231
41. JJ Goldberger, AE Buxton Personalized medicine vs guideline-based medicine JAMA 309 2013 2559 2560
42. ML Volk, JD Piette, AS Singal, AS Lok Chronic disease management for patients with cirrhosis Gastroenterology 139 2010 14 16 e1.
43. F Morando, G Maresio, S Piano et al. How to improve care in outpatients with cirrhosis and ascites: a new model of care coordination by consultant hepatologists J Hepatol 59 2013 257 264
44. JK Moriarty, P Cassidy, D Dalton a joint position paper on behalf of the BSG Alcohol Health Alliance UK & BASL Alcohol-related disease: meeting the challenge of improved quality of care and better use of resources http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/clinical/publications/bsg-alc-disease-10.pdf 2014 (accessed April 23, 2014).
45. K Moriarty The British Society of Gastroenterology Bolton NHS Foundation Trust Quality and productivity: proven case study - alcohol care teams: reducing acute hospital admissions and improving quality of care https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/search?q=Quality%20and%20productivity%3A%20proven%20case%20study%20-%20alcohol%20care%20teams&ps=20 2014 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
46. University of Stirling Health first: an evidence based alcohol strategy for the UK 2013 University of Stirling Scotland
47. SD Ryder, GP Aithal, M Holmes, M Burrows, NR Wright Effectiveness of a nurse-led alcohol liaison service in a secondary care medical unit Clin Med 10 2010 435 440
48. GB Smith, DR Prytherch, P Meredith, PE Schmidt, PI Featherstone The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death Resuscitation 84 2013 465 470
49. NR Hughes, N Houghton, H Nadeem et al. Salford alcohol assertive outreach team: a new model for reducing alcohol-related admissions Frontline Gastroenterol 4 2013 130 134
50. KJ Moriarty Collaborative liver and psychiatry care in the Royal Bolton Hospital for people with alcohol-related liver disease Frontline Gastroenterology 2 2011 77 81
51. I Patanwala, M Hudson Hepatology training in the UK Frontline Gastroenterology 3 2012 52 56
52. General Medical Council Specialty training curriculum for gastroenterology 2010 (amendments August 2013) http://www.gmc-uk.org/education/gastroenterology.asp 2010 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
53. Royal College of Nursing Competences Caring for people with liver disease: a competence framework for nursing https://www.rcn.org.uk/-data/assets/pdf-file/0017/503540/004-376.pdf 2013 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
54. IR Wanless, JS Lentz Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors Hepatology 12 1990 1106 1110
55. S Bellentani, G Saccoccio, F Masutti et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy Ann Intern Med 132 2000 112 117
56. G Vernon, A Baranova, ZM Younossi Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34 2011 274 285
57. A Marcos, RA Fisher, JM Ham et al. Selection and outcome of living donors for adult to adult right lobe transplantation Transplantation 69 2000 2410 2415
58. Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) Public Health England National child measurement programme: England, 2012/13 school year http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13115/nati-chil-meas-prog-eng-2012-2013-rep.pdf 2013 (accessed April 16, 2014).
59. MR Pagadala, AJ McCullough Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: not all about body mass index Am J Gastroenterol 107 2012 1859 1861
60. NatCen Social Research University College London Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Health Survey for England, 2012 2014 UK Data Archive Colchester http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7480-1
61. Government Office for Science Tackling obesities: future choices - project report http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/287937/07-1184x-tackling-obesities-future-choices-report.pdf 2014 (accessed April 14, 2014).
62. S Romeo, J Kozlitina, C Xing et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nat Genet 40 2008 1461 1465
63. J Kozlitina, E Smagris, S Stender et al. Exome-wide association study identifies a TM6SF2 variant that confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nat Genet 46 2014 352 356
64. Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) Hospital episode statistics http://www.hscic.gov.uk/hes (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
65. J Dyson, B Jaques, D Chattopadyhay et al. Hepatocellular cancer: the impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team J Hepatol 60 2014 110 117
66. S Verma, D Jensen, J Hart, SR Mohanty Predictive value of ALT levels for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Liver Int 33 2013 1398 1405
67. RJ Lilford, L Bentham, A Girling et al. Birmingham and Lambeth Liver Evaluation Testing Strategies (BALLETS): a prospective cohort study Health Technol Assess 17 2013 i xiv 1-307.
68. S McPherson, SF Stewart, E Henderson, AD Burt, CP Day Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 59 2010 1265 1269
69. S Petta, E Vanni, E Bugianesi et al. The combination of liver stiffness measurement and NAFLD fibrosis score improves the noninvasive diagnostic accuracy for severe liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Liver Int 2014 10.1111/liv.12584 online publication May 2.
70. JR Morling, JA Fallowfield, IN Guha the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study investigators Using non-invasive biomarkers to identify hepatic fibrosis in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study J Hepatol 60 2014 384 391
71. M Ekstedt, LE Franzén, UL Mathiesen et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes Hepatology 44 2006 865 873
72. NHS Commissioning Board Clinic commissioning policy: complex and specialised obesity surgery http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/a05-p-a.pdf 2013 (accessed Nov 15, 2014).
73. MJ Armstrong, JM Hazlehurst, R Parker et al. Severe asymptomatic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in routine diabetes care; a multi-disciplinary team approach to diagnosis and management QJM 107 2014 33 41
74. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Measuring up the medical profession's prescription for the nation's obesity crisis http://www.aomrc.org.uk/doc-view/9673-measuring-up 2013 (accessed Nov 15, 2014).
75. V Siegler, A Al-Hamad, B Johnson, C Wells, N Sheron Social inequalities in alcohol-related adult mortality by National Statistics socio-economic classification, England and Wales, 2001-03 Health Stat Q 50 2011 4 39
76. MA Bellis, K Hughes, N Leckenby, C Perkins, H Lowey National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England BMC Med 12 2014 72
77. N Sheron, M Moore, W O'Brien, S Harris, P Roderick Feasibility of detection and intervention for alcohol-related liver disease in the community: the Alcohol and Liver Disease Detection study (ALDDeS) Br J Gen Pract 63 2013 e698 e705
78. KD Shield, J Rehm, MX Rehm, G Gmel, C Drummond The potential impact of increased treatment rates for alcohol dependence in the United Kingdom in 2004 BMC Health Serv Res 14 2014 53
79. D Olds, CR Henderson Jr, R Cole et al. Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial JAMA 280 1998 1238 1244
80. TF Babor, R Caetano, S Casswell et al. Alcohol: no ordinary commodity - research and public policy 2003 Oxford University Press Oxford
81. Yeomans J. The Grocer (Crawley). Budget 2014: Osborne scraps the alcohol duty escalator. March 19, 2014.
82. N Sheron Vary VAT on alcohol to achieve minimum pricing BMJ 341 2011 1105
83. R Nakamura, M Suhrcke, R Pechey, M Morciano, M Roland, TM Marteau Impact on alcohol purchasing of a ban on multi-buy promotions: a quasi-experimental evaluation comparing Scotland with England and Wales Addiction 109 2014 558 567
84. J Holmes, Y Meng, PS Meier et al. Effects of minimum unit pricing for alcohol on different income and socioeconomic groups: a modelling study Lancet 383 2014 1655 1664
85. Chief Medical Officer for England Annual Report http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/phealth/cmoannualreport.htm 2008 (accessed April 16, 2014).
86. T Stockwell, J Zhao, S Macdonald et al. Impact on alcohol-related mortality of a rapid rise in the density of private liquor outlets in British Columbia: a local area multi-level analysis Addiction 106 2011 768 776
87. J Zhao, T Stockwell, G Martin et al. The relationship between minimum alcohol prices, outlet densities and alcohol-attributable deaths in British Columbia, 2002-09 Addiction 108 2013 1059 1069
88. W Liang, T Chikritzhs Revealing the link between licensed outlets and violence: counting venues versus measuring alcohol availability Drug Alcohol Rev 30 2011 524 535
89. G Hastings, N Sheron Alcohol marketing to children BMJ 342 2011 d1767
90. G Hastings, N Sheron Alcohol marketing: grooming the next generation: children are more exposed than adults and need much stronger protection BMJ 346 2013 f1227
91. Rand Europe Assessment of young people's exposure to alcohol marketing in audiovisual and online media 2012 European Commission London
92. Department of Health Public health responsibility deal: alcohol network https://responsibilitydeal.dh.gov.uk/category/alcohol-network/ (accessed Nov 15, 2014).
93. Science Group of the European Alcohol and Health Forum Does marketing communication impact on the volume and patterns of consumption of alcoholic beverages, especially by young people? A review of longitudinal studies http://www.amphoraproject.net/w2box/data/AMPHORA%20Reports/Marketing%20communication%20impact.pdf 2009 (accessed Nov 13, 2014).
94. J Gornall Is the billion unit pledge just window dressing? BMJ 348 2014 g3190
95. Gornall J Alcohol and Public Health Under the influence BMJ 348 2014 f7646
96. EF Kaner, F Beyer, HO Dickinson et al. Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2007 CD004148.
97. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Alcohol dependence - nalmefene https://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/InDevelopment/GID-TAG442 (accessed Nov 13, 2014).
98. NICE Hepatitis B and C: ways to promote and offer testing to people at risk of infection www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph43 2012 (accessed June 4, 2014).
99. D De Angelis, M Sweeting, A Ades, M Hickman, V Hope, M Ramsay An evidence synthesis approach to estimating Hepatitis C prevalence in England and Wales Stat Methods Med Res 18 2009 361 379
100. SJ Hutchinson, KM Roy, S Wadd et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in Scotland: epidemiological review and public health challenges Scott Med J 51 2006 8 15
101. N Afdhal, S Zeuzem, P Kwo the ION-1 Investigators Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection N Engl J Med 370 2014 1889 1898
102. KV Kowdley, SC Gordon, KR Reddy the ION-3 Investigators Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for 8 or 12 weeks for chronic HCV without cirrhosis N Engl J Med 370 2014 1879 1888
103. P Ferenci, D Bernstein, J Lalezari the PEARL-III Study the PEARL-IV Study ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for HCV N Engl J Med 370 2014 1983 1992
104. IM Jacobson, SC Gordon, KV Kowdley the POSITRON Study the FUSION Study Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 in patients without treatment options N Engl J Med 368 2013 1867 1877
105. NK Martin, P Vickerman, J Grebely et al. Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals Hepatology 58 2013 1598 1609
106. DE Wallis, EH Boxall Immunisation of infants at risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B: retrospective audit of vaccine uptake BMJ 318 1999 1112 1113
107. G Godbole, D Irish, M Basarab et al. Management of hepatitis B in pregnant women and infants: a multicentre audit from four London hospitals BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13 2013 222
108. I Giraudon, N Permalloo, G Nixon et al. Factors associated with incomplete vaccination of babies at risk of perinatal hepatitis B transmission: a London study in 2006 Vaccine 27 2009 2016 2022
109. NK Martin, P Vickerman, A Miners et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus antiviral treatment for injection drug user populations Hepatology 55 2012 49 57
110. RJ Harris, B Thomas, J Griffiths et al. Increased uptake and new therapies are needed to avert rising hepatitis C-related end stage liver disease in England: modelling the predicted impact of treatment under different scenarios J Hepatol 61 2014 530 537
111. KM Turner, S Hutchinson, P Vickerman et al. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence Addiction 106 2011 1978 1988
112. P Vickerman, N Martin, K Turner, M Hickman Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings Addiction 107 2012 1984 1995
113. JA Kwon, J Anderson, CC Kerr et al. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of needle-syringe programs in Australia AIDS 26 2012 2201 2210
114. NK Martin, GR Foster, J Vilar et al. HCV treatment rates and sustained viral response among people who inject drugs in seven UK sites: real world results and modelling of treatment impact J Viral Hepat 2014 10.1111/jvh.1233 published online Oct 6.
115. EJ Aspinall, S Corson, JS Doyle et al. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis Clin Infect Dis 57 suppl 2 2013 S80 S89
116. National Offender Management Service National partnership agreement https://www.justice.gov.uk/about/noms/working-with-partners/health-and-justice/partnership-agreement 2013 (accessed Nov 15, 2014).
117. T Coates, R Wilson, G Patrick, F André, V Watson Hepatitis B vaccines: assessment of the seroprotective efficacy of two recombinant DNA vaccines Clin Ther 23 2001 392 403
118. Chief Medical Officer Department of Health Getting ahead of the curve: a strategy for combating infectious diseases (including other aspects of health protection) http://antibiotic-action.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/DH-Getting-ahead-of-the-curve-v2002.pdf 2014 (accessed June 4, 2014).
119. S Hahné, M Ramsay, K Balogun, WJ Edmunds, P Mortimer Incidence and routes of transmission of hepatitis B virus in England and Wales, 1995-2000: implications for immunisation policy J Clin Virol 29 2004 211 220
120. YC Chien, CF Jan, HS Kuo, CJ Chen Nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan: effectiveness in the 20 years after it was launched Epidemiol Rev 28 2006 126 135
121. MA Balogun, JV Parry, K Mutton et al. Hepatitis B virus transmission in pre-adolescent schoolchildren in four multi-ethnic areas of England Epidemiol Infect 141 2013 916 925
122. MR Siddiqui, N Gay, WJ Edmunds, M Ramsay Economic evaluation of infant and adolescent hepatitis B vaccination in the UK Vaccine 29 2011 466 475
123. J McVernon, N Andrews, MP Slack, ME Ramsay Risk of vaccine failure after Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) combination vaccines with acellular pertussis Lancet 361 2003 1521 1523
124. C Lee, Y Gong, J Brok, EH Boxall, C Gluud Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 332 2006 328 336
125. MJ Dwyer, PG McIntyre Ante-natal screening for hepatitis B surface antigen: an appraisal of its value in a low prevalence area Epidemiol Infect 117 1996 121 131
126. R Williams, AP Holt Screening immigrants for tuberculosis - why not for HBV infection? Lancet 381 2013 2164 2165
127. N Sheron, M Moore, W O'Brien, S Harris, P Roderick Feasibility of detection and intervention for alcohol-related liver disease in the community: the Alcohol and Liver Disease Detection study (ALDDeS) Br J Gen Pract 63 2013 e698 e705
128. D Harman, E Wilkes, M James, S Ryder, G Aithal, N Guha Non-invasive biomarkers unearth undiagnosed cirrhosis in the community [abstract] Hepatology 58 2014 328a 329a
129. C Puoti, R Guarisco, L Spilabotti et al. Should we treat HCV carriers with normal ALT levels? The '5Ws' dilemma J Viral Hepat 19 2012 229 235
130. A Lawson the Trent Hepatitis C Study Group Hepatitis C virus-infected patients with a persistently normal alanine aminotransferase: do they exist and is this really a group with mild disease? J Viral Hepat 17 2010 51 58
131. PT Donnan, D McLernon, JF Dillon et al. Development of a decision support tool for primary care management of patients with abnormal liver function tests without clinically apparent liver disease: a record-linkage population cohort study and decision analysis (ALFIE) Health Technol Assess 13 2009 iii iiv ix-xi, 1-134.
132. TG Simon, LY King, H Zheng, RT Chung Statin use is associated with a reduced risk of fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C J Hepatol 2014 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.013 published online Aug 15.
133. EF Kaner, HO Dickinson, F Beyer et al. The effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care settings: a systematic review Drug Alcohol Rev 28 2009 301 323
134. N Sheron, M Moore, S Ansett, C Parsons, A Bateman Developing a 'traffic light' test with potential for rational early diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in the community Br J Gen Pract 62 2012 e616 e624
135. NHS National Institute of Health Research LOCATE Study http://www.ukctg.nihr.ac.uk/trialdetails/ISRCTN03563761 2014 (accessed June 4, 2014).
136. DJ McLernon, PT Donnan, FM Sullivan et al. Prediction of liver disease in patients whose liver function tests have been checked in primary care: model development and validation using population-based observational cohorts BMJ Open 4 2014 e004837
137. B Petersson, H Kristenson, E Trell, B Hood Screening and intervention for alcohol-related disease in middle-aged men: the Malmö Preventive Programme Ciba Found Symp 110 1985 143 163
138. B Peterson, E Trell, H Kristenson Comparison of gamma-glutamyltransferase and questionnaire test as alcohol indicators in different risk groups Drug Alcohol Depend 11 1983 279 286
139. J Vergniol, J Boursier, C Coutzac et al. Evolution of noninvasive tests of liver fibrosis is associated with prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C Hepatology 60 2014 65 76
140. M Friedrich-Rust, MF Ong, S Martens et al. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis Gastroenterology 134 2008 960 974
141. T Poynard, R Morra, P Halfon et al. Meta-analyses of FibroTest diagnostic value in chronic liver disease BMC Gastroenterol 7 2007 40
142. D Roulot, JL Costes, JF Buyck et al. Transient elastography as a screening tool for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in a community-based population aged over 45 years Gut 60 2011 977 984
143. T Poynard, P Lebray, P Ingiliz et al. Prevalence of liver fibrosis and risk factors in a general population using non-invasive biomarkers (FibroTest) BMC Gastroenterol 10 2010 40
144. VW Wong, WC Chu, GL Wong et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography Gut 61 2012 409 415
145. D Kim, WR Kim, HJ Kim, TM Therneau Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and mortality among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States Hepatology 57 2013 1357 1365
146. JR Morling, JA Fallowfield, RM Williamson et al. Non-invasive hepatic biomarkers (ELF and CK18) in people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study Liver Int 34 2014 1267 1277
147. Z Hrubec, GS Omenn Evidence of genetic predisposition to alcoholic cirrhosis and psychosis: twin concordances for alcoholism and its biological end points by zygosity among male veterans Alcohol Clin Exp Res 5 1981 207 215
148. R Moodie, D Stuckler, C Monteiro the Lancet NCD Action Group Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries Lancet 381 2013 670 679
149. PJ McKiernan, AJ Baker, DA Kelly The frequency and outcome of biliary atresia in the UK and Ireland Lancet 355 2000 25 29
150. M Davenport, E Ong, K Sharif et al. Biliary atresia in England and Wales: results of centralization and new benchmark J Pediatr Surg 46 2011 1689 1694
151. P Cartledge, N Kevlani, L Shapiro, P McClean An audit of a community protocol for identifying neonatal liver disease Arch Dis Child 97 2012 166 168
152. NICE Neonatal jaundice http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98 2010 (accessed June 16, 2014).
153. SM Chen, MH Chang, JC Du et al. Screening for biliary atresia by infant stool color card in Taiwan Pediatrics 117 2006 1147 1154
154. I Mushtaq, S Logan, M Morris et al. Screening of newborn infants for cholestatic hepatobiliary disease with tandem mass spectrometry BMJ 319 1999 471 477
155. JE Powell, S Keffler, DA Kelly, A Green Population screening for neonatal liver disease: potential for a community-based programme J Med Screen 10 2003 112 116
156. British Society of Paediatric Gastreonterology Hepatology and Nutrition Investigation of neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia https://bspghan.org.uk/documents/Investigation%20of%20Conjugated%20hyperbilirubinaemia%202012.pdf 2012 (accessed June 16, 2014).
157. CK Bruce, M Smith, F Rahman et al. Design and validation of a metabolic disorder resequencing microarray (BRUM1) Hum Mutat 31 2010 858 865
158. M Abdel-Hady, SK Bunn, J Sira et al. Chronic hepatitis C in children-review of natural history at a National Centre J Viral Hepat 18 2011 e535 e540
159. EH Boxall, J Sira, RA Standish et al. Natural history of hepatitis B in perinatally infected carriers Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89 2004 F456 F460
160. Public Health England National Liver Disease Information Service Local authority liver disease profiles http://www.endoflifecare-intelligence.org.uk/profiles/liver-disease/E10000015.pdf 2014 (accessed Nov 16, 2014).
161. HSCIC Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet: England 2014 www.hscic.gov.uk 2014 (accessed March 3, 2014).
162. NJ Barshop, CB Sirlin, JB Schwimmer, JE Lavine Review article: epidemiology, pathogenesis and potential treatments of paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28 2008 13 24
163. V Nobili, M Pinzani Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 59 2010 561 564
164. AE Feldstein, P Charatcharoenwitthaya, S Treeprasertsuk, JT Benson, FB Enders, P Angulo The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: a follow-up study for up to 20 years Gut 58 2009 1538 1544
165. G Mieli-Vergani, D Vergani Auto immune liver disease D Kelly Diseases of the liver and biliary system 3rd edn. 2008 Wiley-Blackwell Oxford 191 206
166. GV Gregorio, B McFarlane, P Bracken, D Vergani, G Mieli-Vergani Organ and non-organ specific autoantibody titres and IgG levels as markers of disease activity: a longitudinal study in childhood autoimmune liver disease Autoimmunity 35 2002 515 519
167. RA Annunziato, S Emre, B Shneider, C Barton, CA Dugan, E Shemesh Adherence and medical outcomes in pediatric liver transplant recipients who transition to adult services Pediatr Transplant 11 2007 608 614
168. JE McDonagh, DA Kelly Transitioning care of the pediatric recipient to adult caregivers Pediatr Clin North Am 50 2003 1561 1583 xi-xii.
169. Department of Health Transition: moving on well. A good practice guide for health professionals and their partners on transition planning for young people with complex health needs or a disability http://www.bacdis.org.uk/policy/documents/transition-moving-on-well.pdf 2008 (accessed July 7, 2014).
170. Department of Health Programme budgeting guidance manual 2006-07 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070705121405/http://dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH-073055 2007 (accessed Nov 14, 2014).
171. P Scarborough, P Bhatnagar, KK Wickramasinghe, S Allender, C Foster, M Rayner The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 2006-07 NHS costs J Public Health (Oxf) 33 2011 527 535
172. Department of Health. Consultation on a strategy for improving liver disease outcomes in England 2011. 2011.
173. SC Gordon, PJ Pockros, NA Terrault et al. Impact of disease severity on healthcare costs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection Hepatology 56 2012 1651 1660
174. M Wright, R Grieve, J Roberts, J Main, HC Thomas UK Mild Hepatitis C Trial Investigators Health benefits of antiviral therapy for mild chronic hepatitis C: randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation Health Technol Assess 10 2006 1 113 iii.
175. Prime Ministers Strategy Unit. Strategy unit alcohol harm reduction project: interim analytical report. 2003.
176. Lister G. Evaluating social marketing for health - the need for consensus. Proceedings of the National Social Marketing Centre. 2007.
177. HM Government The government's alcohol strategy https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/224075/alcohol-strategy.pdf 2012 (accessed April 23, 2014).
178. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Alcohol-use disorders: preventing the development of hazardous and harmful drinking http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13001/48984/48984.pdf 2010 (accessed April 23, 2014).
179. WR Miller, PL Wilbourne Mesa Grande: a methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders Addiction 97 2002 265 277
180. Jackson R, Johnson M, Campbell F, et al and ScHARR Public Health Collaborating Centre. Screening and brief interventions for prevention and early identification of alcohol use disorders in adults and young people: report to the NICE Centre for Public Health Excellence. 2009.
181. RC Purshouse, PS Meier, A Brennan, KB Taylor, R Rafia Estimated effect of alcohol pricing policies on health and health economic outcomes in England: an epidemiological model Lancet 375 2010 1355 1364
182. MJ Crawford, R Patton, R Touquet et al. Screening and referral for brief intervention of alcohol-misusing patients in an emergency department: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial Lancet 364 2004 1334 1339
183. B Barrett, S Byford, MJ Crawford et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening and referral to an alcohol health worker in alcohol misusing patients attending an accident and emergency department: a decision-making approach Drug Alcohol Depend 81 2006 47 54
184. KJ Moriarty, H Platt, S Crompton et al. Collaborative care for alcohol-related liver disease Clin Med 7 2007 125 128
185. H Wedemeyer, AS Duberg, M Buti et al. Strategies to manage hepatitis C virus (HCV) disease burden J Viral Hepat 21 suppl 1 2014 60 89
186. NK Martin, M Hickman, A Miners, SJ Hutchinson, A Taylor, P Vickerman Cost-effectiveness of HCV case-finding for people who inject drugs via dried blood spot testing in specialist addiction services and prisons BMJ Open 3 2013 e003153
187. E Castelnuovo, J Thompson-Coon, M Pitt et al. The cost-effectiveness of testing for hepatitis C in former injecting drug users Health Technol Assess 10 2006 iii iiv ix-xii, 1-93.
188. SM Martínez, G Crespo, M Navasa, X Forns Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis Hepatology 53 2011 325 335
189. Crossan C, Tsochatzis EA, Longworth L. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive methods for assessment and monitoring of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess (in press).
190. WHO Guidelines for screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis C infection 2014 World Health Organization Geneva
191. M Stevenson, M Lloyd-Jones, MY Morgan, R Wong Non-invasive diagnostic assessment tools for the detection of liver fibrosis in patients with suspected alcohol-related liver disease: a systematic review and economic evaluation Health Technol Assess 16 2012 1 174
192. VJ Felitti, RF Anda, D Nordenberg et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study Am J Prev Med 14 1998 245 258
193. SR Dube, JW Miller, DW Brown et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence J Adolesc Health 38 2006 444 e1-10.
194. M Dong, SR Dube, VJ Felitti, WH Giles, RF Anda Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into the causal pathway Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1949 1956
195. MA Bellis, H Lowey, N Leckenby, K Hughes, D Harrison Adverse childhood experiences: retrospective study to determine their impact on adult health behaviours and health outcomes in a UK population J Public Health (Oxf) 36 2014 81 91
196. WHO Regional Office for Europe European report on preventing child maltreatment 2013 World Health Organization Geneva
197. DL Olds, J Eckenrode, CR Henderson Jr et al. Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial JAMA 278 1997 637 643
198. Office for National Statistics Cancer survival rates http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/cancer-unit/cancer-survival/index.html 2014 (accessed April 23, 2014).
199. JB Saunders, OG Aasland, TF Babor, JR de la Fuente, M Grant Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption - II Addiction 88 1993 791 804