메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 24-29

The molecular basis of Clostridium difficile disease and host response

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Clostridium difficile; Host response; Inflammatory cytokines; Intestinal inflammation

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FIDAXOMICIN; INTERLEUKIN 8; METRONIDAZOLE; VANCOMYCIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

EID: 84917682907     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: 15317056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000131     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:334-339.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 2
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficileassociated disease
    • McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficileassociated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5:40-48.
    • (2008) Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 40-48
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 3
    • 35348991541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in children
    • Benson L, Song X, Campos J, Singh N. Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:1233-1235.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 1233-1235
    • Benson, L.1    Song, X.2    Campos, J.3    Singh, N.4
  • 4
    • 84877309639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in children: A population-based study
    • Khanna S, Baddour LM, Huskins WC, et al. The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in children: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1401-1406.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1401-1406
    • Khanna, S.1    Baddour, L.M.2    Huskins, W.C.3
  • 5
    • 84903950312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage
    • Alasmari F, Seiler SM, Hink T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:216-222.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.59 , pp. 216-222
    • Alasmari, F.1    Seiler, S.M.2    Hink, T.3
  • 6
    • 84884510020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverse sources of C. Difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing
    • Eyre DW, Cule ML, Wilson DJ, et al. Diverse sources of C. difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1195-1205.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 1195-1205
    • Eyre, D.W.1    Cule, M.L.2    Wilson, D.J.3
  • 7
    • 84892603571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity in prevalent PCR ribotypes of clinical strains of C. Difficile
    • Brabazon E, Carton M, Sheehan R, et al. Diversity in prevalent PCR ribotypes of clinical strains of C. difficile. Ir Med J 2014; 107:16-18.
    • (2014) Ir Med J , vol.107 , pp. 16-18
    • Brabazon, E.1    Carton, M.2    Sheehan, R.3
  • 8
    • 84901778651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of a ribotype 244 strain of Clostridium difficile associated with severe disease and related to the epidemic ribotype 027 strain
    • Lim SK, Stuart RL, Mackin KE, et al. Emergence of a ribotype 244 strain of Clostridium difficile associated with severe disease and related to the epidemic ribotype 027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1723-1730.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.58 , pp. 1723-1730
    • Lim, S.K.1    Stuart, R.L.2    Mackin, K.E.3
  • 9
    • 84903216693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain types and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Clostridium difficile isolates from the United States: 2011-2013
    • Healthcare Associated Infection Consortium
    • Healthcare Associated Infection Consortium. Tickler IA, Goering RV, Whitmore JD, et al. Strain types and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Clostridium difficile isolates from the United States: 2011-2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4214-4218.
    • (2014) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.58 , pp. 4214-4218
    • Tickler, I.A.1    Goering, R.V.2    Whitmore, J.D.3
  • 10
    • 84899800621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NAP1 strain type predicts outcomes from Clostridium difficile infection
    • See I, Mu Y, Cohen J, et al. NAP1 strain type predicts outcomes from Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1394-1400.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.58 , pp. 1394-1400
    • See, I.1    Mu, Y.2    Cohen, J.3
  • 11
    • 84893096137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of changes in Clostridium difficile testing practices on stool rejection policies and C. Difficile positivity rates across multiple laboratories in the United States
    • Cohen J, Limbago B, Dumyati G, et al. Impact of changes in Clostridium difficile testing practices on stool rejection policies and C. difficile positivity rates across multiple laboratories in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:632-634.
    • (2014) J Clin Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 632-634
    • Cohen, J.1    Limbago, B.2    Dumyati, G.3
  • 12
    • 84884189613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of change to molecular testing for Clostridium difficile infection on healthcare facility-associated incidence rates
    • Moehring RW, Lofgren ET, Anderson DJ. Impact of change to molecular testing for Clostridium difficile infection on healthcare facility-associated incidence rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:1055-1061.
    • (2013) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.34 , pp. 1055-1061
    • Moehring, R.W.1    Lofgren, E.T.2    Anderson, D.J.3
  • 13
    • 84905027614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reset of a critically disturbed microbial ecosystem: Faecal transplant in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Fuentes S, van Nood E, Tims S, et al. Reset of a critically disturbed microbial ecosystem: faecal transplant in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. ISME J 2014; 8:1621-1633.
    • (2014) ISME J , vol.8 , pp. 1621-1633
    • Fuentes, S.1    Van Nood, E.2    Tims, S.3
  • 14
    • 84903894091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients
    • Kelly CR, Ihunnah C, Fischer M, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1065-1071.
    • (2014) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.109 , pp. 1065-1071
    • Kelly, C.R.1    Ihunnah, C.2    Fischer, M.3
  • 15
    • 84926135123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation in children with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • [Epub ahead of print]
    • Pierog A, Mencin A, Reilly NR. Fecal microbiota transplantation in children with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
    • (2014) Pediatr Infect Dis J
    • Pierog, A.1    Mencin, A.2    Reilly, N.R.3
  • 16
    • 84873019302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile
    • van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:407-415.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , pp. 407-415
    • Van Nood, E.1    Vrieze, A.2    Nieuwdorp, M.3
  • 17
    • 84903987886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization as a reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Galdys AL, Curry SR, Harrison LH. Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization as a reservoir for Clostridium difficile infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:967-980.
    • (2014) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther , vol.12 , pp. 967-980
    • Galdys, A.L.1    Curry, S.R.2    Harrison, L.H.3
  • 18
    • 84868014572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium Difficile infections (CDI) in hospital stays, 2009: Statistical brief #124
    • Edited by the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (US)
    • Lucado J, Gould C, Elixhauser A. Clostridium Difficile infections (CDI) in hospital stays, 2009: statistical brief #124. In Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs. Edited by the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (US); 2009.
    • (2009) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs
    • Lucado, J.1    Gould, C.2    Elixhauser, A.3
  • 19
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 20
    • 84887269162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide analysis of cell typespecific gene transcription during spore formation in Clostridium difficile
    • Saujet L, Pereira FC, Serrano M, et al. Genome-wide analysis of cell typespecific gene transcription during spore formation in Clostridium difficile. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003756.
    • (2013) PLoS Genet , vol.9 , pp. e1003756
    • Saujet, L.1    Pereira, F.C.2    Serrano, M.3
  • 21
    • 84887306016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spore differentiation pathway in the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile
    • Pereira FC, Saujet L, Tome AR, et al. The spore differentiation pathway in the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003782.
    • (2013) PLoS Genet , vol.9 , pp. e1003782
    • Pereira, F.C.1    Saujet, L.2    Tome, A.R.3
  • 22
    • 84874760766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional analysis of the CspB protease required for Clostridium spore germination
    • Adams CM, Eckenroth BE, Putnam EE, et al. Structural and functional analysis of the CspB protease required for Clostridium spore germination. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003165.
    • (2013) PLoS Pathog , vol.9 , pp. e1003165
    • Adams, C.M.1    Eckenroth, B.E.2    Putnam, E.E.3
  • 23
    • 33947260554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: New insights into structure and function
    • Jank T, Giesemann T, Aktories K. Rho-glucosylating Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: new insights into structure and function. Glycobiology 2007; 17:15R-22R.
    • (2007) Glycobiology , vol.17 , pp. 15R-22R
    • Jank, T.1    Giesemann, T.2    Aktories, K.3
  • 24
    • 0030890152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile
    • Hundsberger T, Braun V, Weidmann M, et al. Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile. Eur J Biochem 1997; 244:735-742.
    • (1997) Eur J Biochem , vol.244 , pp. 735-742
    • Hundsberger, T.1    Braun, V.2    Weidmann, M.3
  • 25
    • 84892524901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary history of the Clostridium difficile pathogenicity locus
    • Dingle KE, Elliott B, Robinson E, et al. Evolutionary history of the Clostridium difficile pathogenicity locus. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:36-52.
    • (2014) Genome Biol Evol , vol.6 , pp. 36-52
    • Dingle, K.E.1    Elliott, B.2    Robinson, E.3
  • 26
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2433-2441.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Killgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 27
    • 17844406602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial cytotoxins: Targeting eukaryotic switches
    • Aktories K, Barbieri JT. Bacterial cytotoxins: targeting eukaryotic switches. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:397-410.
    • (2005) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.3 , pp. 397-410
    • Aktories, K.1    Barbieri, J.T.2
  • 28
    • 84874693787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 contributes to Clostridium difficile-associated inflammation
    • Bobo LD, El Feghaly RE, Chen YS, et al. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 contributes to Clostridium difficile-associated inflammation. Infect Immun 2013; 81:713-722.
    • (2013) Infect Immun , vol.81 , pp. 713-722
    • Bobo, L.D.1    El Feghaly, R.E.2    Chen, Y.S.3
  • 29
    • 84907270863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome
    • Xu H, Yang J, Gao W, et al. Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome. Nature 2014; 513:237-241.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.513 , pp. 237-241
    • Xu, H.1    Yang, J.2    Gao, W.3
  • 30
    • 84877306933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, et al. Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1589-1600.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1589-1600
    • Walker, A.S.1    Eyre, D.W.2    Wyllie, D.H.3
  • 31
    • 84888621749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection severity in patients hospitalised in medical intensive care
    • Khanafer N, Toure A, Chambrier C, et al. Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection severity in patients hospitalised in medical intensive care. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8034-8041.
    • (2013) World J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , pp. 8034-8041
    • Khanafer, N.1    Toure, A.2    Chambrier, C.3
  • 32
    • 84874677665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin levels associate with severity of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Rao K, Walk ST, Micic D, et al. Procalcitonin levels associate with severity of Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58265.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e58265
    • Rao, K.1    Walk, S.T.2    Micic, D.3
  • 33
    • 84879499357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In recurrent C. Difficile, the CRP response to the primary C. Difficile infection predicts whether the same strain or a different strain will cause a second infection
    • Chen K, d'Arc S, Setty N, et al. In recurrent C. difficile, the CRP response to the primary C. difficile infection predicts whether the same strain or a different strain will cause a second infection. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1683-1688.
    • (2013) Dig Dis Sci , vol.58 , pp. 1683-1688
    • Chen, K.1    D'Arc, S.2    Setty, N.3
  • 34
    • 84871928001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphopenia as a novel marker of Clostridium difficile infection recurrence
    • Lavergne V, Beausejour Y, PichetteG, et al. Lymphopenia as a novel marker of Clostridium difficile infection recurrence. J Infect 2013; 66:129-135.
    • (2013) J Infect , vol.66 , pp. 129-135
    • Lavergne, V.1    Pichetteg, B.Y.2
  • 35
    • 84877077779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: A prospective analysis of risk predictors
    • Bloomfield MG, Carmichael AJ, Gkrania-Klotsas E. Mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a prospective analysis of risk predictors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25:700-705.
    • (2013) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.25 , pp. 700-705
    • Bloomfield, M.G.1    Carmichael, A.J.2    Gkrania-Klotsas, E.3
  • 36
    • 84897953126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in serum albumin and total protein in patients with hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kumarappa VS, Patel H, Shah A, et al. Temporal changes in serum albumin and total protein in patients with hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2014; 44:32-37.
    • (2014) Ann Clin Lab Sci , vol.44 , pp. 32-37
    • Kumarappa, V.S.1    Patel, H.2    Shah, A.3
  • 37
    • 84898668122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The systemic inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Rao K, Erb-Downward JR, Walk ST, et al. The systemic inflammatory response to Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92578.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e92578
    • Rao, K.1    Erb-Downward, J.R.2    Walk, S.T.3
  • 38
    • 84907285774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile recurrence is characterized by pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype
    • Yacyshyn MB, Reddy TN, Plageman LR, et al. Clostridium difficile recurrence is characterized by pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1260-1273.
    • (2014) J Med Microbiol , vol.63 , pp. 1260-1273
    • Yacyshyn, M.B.1    Reddy, T.N.2    Plageman, L.R.3
  • 39
    • 0030853278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin- 1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Steiner TS, Flores CA, Pizarro TT, Guerrant RL. Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin- 1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4:719-722.
    • (1997) Clin Diagn Lab Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 719-722
    • Steiner, T.S.1    Flores, C.A.2    Pizarro, T.T.3    Guerrant, R.L.4
  • 40
    • 75649094933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Clostridium difficile infection: A suggested laboratory diagnostic algorithm
    • Wren MW, Kinson R, Sivapalan M, et al. Detection of Clostridium difficile infection: a suggested laboratory diagnostic algorithm. Br J Biomed Sci 2009; 66:175-179.
    • (2009) Br J Biomed Sci , vol.66 , pp. 175-179
    • Wren, M.W.1    Kinson, R.2    Sivapalan, M.3
  • 41
    • 84887988539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated lactoferrin is associated with moderate to severe Clostridium difficile disease, stool toxin, and 027 infection
    • Boone JH, DiPersio JR, Tan MJ, et al. Elevated lactoferrin is associated with moderate to severe Clostridium difficile disease, stool toxin, and 027 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1517-1523.
    • (2013) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 1517-1523
    • Boone, J.H.1    Dipersio, J.R.2    Tan, M.J.3
  • 42
    • 84903816556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ribotype 027 Clostridium difficile infections with measurable stool toxin have increased lactoferrin and are associated with a higher mortality
    • Boone JH, Archbald-Pannone LR, Wickham KN, et al. Ribotype 027 Clostridium difficile infections with measurable stool toxin have increased lactoferrin and are associated with a higher mortality. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1045-1051.
    • (2014) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 1045-1051
    • Boone, J.H.1    Archbald-Pannone, L.R.2    Wickham, K.N.3
  • 43
    • 84897936165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic immunopathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Darkoh C, Turnwald BP, Koo HL, et al. Colonic immunopathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:509-517.
    • (2014) Clin Vaccine Immunol , vol.21 , pp. 509-517
    • Darkoh, C.1    Turnwald, B.P.2    Koo, H.L.3
  • 44
    • 84883226853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of interleukin 23 signaling in Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Buonomo EL, Madan R, Pramoonjago P, et al. Role of interleukin 23 signaling in Clostridium difficile colitis. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:917-920.
    • (2013) J Infect Dis , vol.208 , pp. 917-920
    • Buonomo, E.L.1    Madan, R.2    Pramoonjago, P.3
  • 45
    • 84878317467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection
    • El Feghaly RE, Stauber JL, Deych E, et al. Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1713-1721.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 1713-1721
    • El Feghaly, R.E.1    Stauber, J.L.2    Deych, E.3
  • 46
    • 84888325292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal inflammatory biomarkers and outcome in pediatric Clostridium difficile infections
    • El Feghaly RE, Stauber JL, Tarr PI, Haslam DB. Intestinal inflammatory biomarkers and outcome in pediatric Clostridium difficile infections. J Pediatr 2013; 163:1697-1704.
    • (2013) J Pediatr , vol.163 , pp. 1697-1704
    • El Feghaly, R.E.1    Stauber, J.L.2    Tarr, P.I.3    Haslam, D.B.4
  • 47
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1586-1590.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3
  • 48
    • 80055115172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Nelson RL, Kelsey P, Leeman H, et al. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD004610.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. CD004610
    • Nelson, R.L.1    Kelsey, P.2    Leeman, H.3
  • 49
    • 84861884807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment failure and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole: A systematic review of the evidence
    • Vardakas KZ, Polyzos KA, Patouni K, et al. Treatment failure and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole: a systematic review of the evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:1-8.
    • (2012) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.40 , pp. 1-8
    • Vardakas, K.Z.1    Polyzos, K.A.2    Patouni, K.3
  • 50
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • OPT-80-003 Clinical Study Group. Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:422-431.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 51
    • 75749133608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial flagellin stimulates tolllike receptor 5-dependent defense against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection
    • Kinnebrew MA, Ubeda C, Zenewicz LA, et al. Bacterial flagellin stimulates tolllike receptor 5-dependent defense against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:534-543.
    • (2010) J Infect Dis , vol.201 , pp. 534-543
    • Kinnebrew, M.A.1    Ubeda, C.2    Zenewicz, L.A.3
  • 52
    • 84859911615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NLRC4-driven production of IL-1beta discriminates between pathogenic and commensal bacteria and promotes host intestinal defense
    • Franchi L, Kamada N, Nakamura Y, et al. NLRC4-driven production of IL-1beta discriminates between pathogenic and commensal bacteria and promotes host intestinal defense. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:449-456.
    • (2012) Nat Immunol , vol.13 , pp. 449-456
    • Franchi, L.1    Kamada, N.2    Nakamura, Y.3
  • 53
    • 57449118239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial flora drives interleukin 22 production in intestinal NKp46+ cells that provide innate mucosal immune defense
    • Satoh-Takayama N, Vosshenrich CA, Lesjean-Pottier S, et al. Microbial flora drives interleukin 22 production in intestinal NKp46+ cells that provide innate mucosal immune defense. Immunity 2008; 29:958-970.
    • (2008) Immunity , vol.29 , pp. 958-970
    • Satoh-Takayama, N.1    Vosshenrich, C.A.2    Lesjean-Pottier, S.3
  • 54
    • 77952679997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thuricin CD, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against Clostridium difficile
    • Rea MC, Sit CS, Clayton E, et al. Thuricin CD, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against Clostridium difficile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9352-9357.
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.107 , pp. 9352-9357
    • Rea, M.C.1    Sit, C.S.2    Clayton, E.3
  • 55
    • 84892894991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Theriot CM, Koenigsknecht MJ, Carlson PE Jr, et al. Antibiotic-induced shifts in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome increase susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3114.
    • (2014) Nat Commun , vol.5 , pp. 3114
    • Theriot, C.M.1    Koenigsknecht, M.J.2    Carlson, P.E.3
  • 56
    • 84885573828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate postantibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens
    • Ng KM, Ferreyra JA, Higginbottom SK, et al. Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate postantibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens. Nature 2013; 502:96-99.
    • (2013) Nature , vol.502 , pp. 96-99
    • Ng, K.M.1    Ferreyra, J.A.2    Higginbottom, S.K.3
  • 57
    • 84872846834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children
    • Committee On Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Schutze GE, Willoughby RE. Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children. Pediatrics 2013; 131:196-200.
    • (2013) Pediatrics , vol.131 , pp. 196-200
    • Schutze, G.E.1    Willoughby, R.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.