Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic clostridium difficile carriage

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 216-222

  Alasmari, Faisal ^a,b   Seiler, Sondra M ^a   Hink, Tiffany ^a   Burnham, Carey Ann D ^a   Dubberke, Erik R ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b KING FAHAD MEDICAL CITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

asymptomatic carrier

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; FECES; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; AGED; CLASSIFICATION; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; GENETICS; HETEROZYGOTE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; PREVALENCE; RECTUM; RISK FACTOR; SAUDI ARABIA; VERY ELDERLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CARRIER STATE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; FECES; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECTUM; RISK FACTORS; SAUDI ARABIA; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84903950312     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu258     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet 2011; 377:63-73.
2. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2442-9. (Pubitemid 41770165)
3. McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2433-41. (Pubitemid 41770164)
4. Miller BA, Chen LF, Sexton DJ, Anderson DJ. Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-Associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-Associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:387-90.
5. Dubberke ER, Olsen MA. Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55(suppl 2):S88-92.
6. Hall AJ, Curns AT, McDonald LC, Parashar UD, Lopman BA. The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-Associated deaths in the United States, 1999-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55:216-23.
7. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:431-55.
8. Dubberke ER, Gerding DN, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29(suppl 1):S81-92.
9. Dubberke ER. Prevention of healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile infection: What works? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31(suppl 1): S38-41.
10. Koll BS, Ruiz RE, Calfee DP, et al. Prevention of hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection in the New York metropolitan region using a collaborative intervention model. J Healthc Qual 2013; 36:35-45.
11. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, StammWE. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:204-10. (Pubitemid 19034145)
12. Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, Arbeit RD, Karchmer AW. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med 1996; 100:32-40. (Pubitemid 26049323)
13. Sethi AK, Al Nassir WN, Nerandzic MM, Bobulsky GS, Donskey CJ. Persistence of skin contamination and environmental shedding of Clostridium difficile during and after treatment of C. difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:21-7.
14. Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: Evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis. 1992; 166:561-7.
15. Lanzas C, Dubberke ER, Lu Z, Reske KA, Grohn YT. Epidemiological model for Clostridium difficile transmission in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:553-61.
16. Eyre DW, Cule ML, Wilson DJ, et al. Diverse sources of C. difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1195-205.
17. Hink T, Burnham CA, Dubberke ER. A systematic evaluation of methods to optimize culture-based recovery of Clostridium difficile from stool specimens. Anaerobe 2013; 19:39-43.
18. Westblade LF, Chamberland RR, Maccannell D, et al. Development and evaluation of a novel, semiautomated Clostridium difficile typing platform. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:621-4.
19. McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke E, Song X, Horan T, Kutty PK. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:140-5. (Pubitemid 46374153)
20. Antikainen J, Pasanen T, Mero S, et al. Detection of virulence genes of Clostridium difficile by multiplex PCR. APMIS 2009; 117:607-13.
21. Didelot X, Eyre DW, Cule M, et al. Microevolutionary analysis of Clostridium difficile genomes to investigate transmission. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R118.
22. Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, et al. Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001172.
23. Wullt M, Laurell MH. Low prevalence of nosocomial Clostridium difficile transmission, as determined by comparison of arbitrarily primed PCR and epidemiological data. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43:265-73. (Pubitemid 30045825)
24. Curry SR, Muto CA, Schlackman JL, et al. Use of multilocus variable number of tandem repeats analysis genotyping to determine the role of asymptomatic carriers in Clostridium difficile transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57:1094-102.
25. Brazier JS, Fitzgerald TC, Hosein I, et al. Screening for carriage and nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile by culture: A study of 284 admissions of elderly patients to six general hospitals in Wales. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43:317-9. (Pubitemid 30045834)
26. Heard SR, O'Farrell S, Holland D, Crook S, Barnett MJ, Tabaqchali S. The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile with use of a typing scheme: Nosocomial acquisition and cross-infection among immunocompromised patients. J Infect Dis. 1986; 153:159-62. (Pubitemid 16212472)
27. Hutin Y, Casin I, Lesprit P, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization at admission to an infectious diseases ward. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24:920-4. (Pubitemid 27193878)
28. Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:390-7. (Pubitemid 30084537)
29. Leekha S, Aronhalt KC, Sloan LM, Patel R, Orenstein R. Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization in a tertiary care hospital: Admission prevalence and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41:390-3.
30. Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1693-703.
31. Rudensky B, Rosner S, Sonnenblick M, van Dijk Y, Shapira E, Isaacsohn M. The prevalence and nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile in elderly hospitalized patients. Postgrad Med J 1993; 69:45-7. (Pubitemid 23052769)
32. Samore MH, DeGirolami PC, Tlucko A, Lichtenberg DA, Melvin ZA, Karchmer AW. Clostridium difficile colonization and diarrhea at a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 18:181-7. (Pubitemid 24055256)
33. Schoevaerdts D, Swine C, Verroken A, Huang TD, Glupczynski Y. Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in older adults admitted to a geriatric unit: A prospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:2179-81.
34. Donskey CJ, Hoyen CK, Das SM, Helfand MS, Hecker MT. Recurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus stool colonization during antibiotic therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:436-40.
35. Donskey CJ. The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 39:219-26. (Pubitemid 38971493)
36. Sloan LM, Duresko BJ, Gustafson DR, Rosenblatt JE. Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1996-2001. (Pubitemid 351831833)
37. Campbell RJ, Giljahn L, Machesky K, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Ohio hospitals and nursing homes during 2006. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:526-33.
38. Dubberke ER, Butler AM, Yokoe DS, et al. Multicenter study of Clostridium difficile infection rates from 2000 to 2006. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1030-7.
39. Zilberberg MD, Tabak YP, Sievert DM, et al. Using electronic health information to risk-stratify rates of Clostridium difficile infection in US hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:649-55.
40. Chitnis AS, Holzbauer SM, Belflower RM, et al. Epidemiology of community-Associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173:1359-67.
41. Samore MH, Bettin KM, DeGirolami PC, Clabots CR, Gerding DN, Karchmer AW. Wide diversity of Clostridium difficile types at a tertiary referral hospital. J Infect Dis. 1994; 170:615-21. (Pubitemid 24262263)
42. Tenover FC, Akerlund T, Gerding DN, et al. Comparison of strain typing results for Clostridium difficile isolates from North America. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1831-7.
43. Waslawski S, Lo ES, Ewing SA, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype diversity at six health care institutions in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1938-41.
44. Cheknis AK, Sambol SP, Davidson DM, et al. Dis.tribution of Clostridium difficile strains from a North American, European and Australian trial of treatment for C. difficile infections: 2005-2007. Anaerobe 2009; 15:230-3.
45. McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12:409-15.
46. Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 1998; 351:633-6. (Pubitemid 28098446)
47. Gupta S, Miller M, Mehta V, et al. A large prospective North American epidemiologic study of hospital-Associated Clostridium difficile colonization and infection. In: International Clostridium difficile Symposium, Bled, Slovenia, 22 September 2012. Abstract O20. Diseases