메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-204

Reconsidering Open and Distance Learning in the Developing World: Meeting Students' Learning Needs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84917263482     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203966549     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (24)

References (231)
  • 1
    • 79952801013 scopus 로고
    • Implementing experiences from small-scale courses to large education system
    • F. Lockwood (Ed.), London and New York: Routledge
    • Aalto, P. and Jalava, M. (1995). Implementing experiences from small-scale courses to large education system. In F. Lockwood (Ed.), Open and distance learning today. London and New York: Routledge.
    • (1995) Open and Distance Learning Today
    • Aalto, P.1    Jalava, M.2
  • 2
    • 0012417644 scopus 로고
    • The new production systems debate
    • Badham, R. and Matthews, J. (1989). The new production systems debate. Labour and Industry, 2(2), 194-246.
    • (1989) Labour and Industry , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-246
    • Badham, R.1    Matthews, J.2
  • 9
    • 3042514955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design principles for authoring dynamic, reusable learning objects
    • Boyle, T. (2003). Design principles for authoring dynamic, reusable learning objects. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 19(1), 46-58.
    • (2003) Australian Journal of Educational Technology , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-58
    • Boyle, T.1
  • 12
    • 85145539030 scopus 로고
    • Special Edition
    • Campion, M. (Ed.) (1995). Distance Education, Special Edition, 16(2).
    • (1995) Distance Education , vol.16 , Issue.2
    • Campion, M.1
  • 13
    • 84963157142 scopus 로고
    • The supposed demise of fordism - implications for distance and higher education
    • Campion, M. and Renner, W. (1992). The supposed demise of Fordism - implications for distance and higher education. Distance Education, 13(1), 7-28.
    • (1992) Distance Education , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-28
    • Campion, M.1    Renner, W.2
  • 15
    • 0004214952 scopus 로고
    • Paris: Centre for Economic Co-operation and Development
    • Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (1987). Adults in higher education. Paris: Centre for Economic Co-operation and Development.
    • (1987) Adults in Higher Education
  • 17
    • 84917310943 scopus 로고
    • Cabinet split on plan for university of the air
    • 23 January
    • Chapman, C. (1966). Cabinet split on plan for University of the Air. Sunday Times, 23 January.
    • (1966) Sunday Times
    • Chapman, C.1
  • 19
    • 84972597345 scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering research on learning from media
    • Clark, R. E. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of Educational Research, 54(4), 445-460.
    • (1983) Review of Educational Research , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 445-460
    • Clark, R.E.1
  • 20
    • 0010803154 scopus 로고
    • Confounding in educational computer research
    • Clark, R. E. (1985). Confounding in educational computer research. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1(2), 28-42.
    • (1985) Journal of Educational Computing Research , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 28-42
    • Clark, R.E.1
  • 21
    • 84956424856 scopus 로고
    • How students use distance teaching materials: An institutional case study
    • Clyde, A., Crowther, M., Patching, W., Putt, I. and Store, R. (1983). How students use distance teaching materials: an institutional case study. Distance Education, 4(1), 4-26.
    • (1983) Distance Education , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-26
    • Clyde, A.1    Crowther, M.2    Patching, W.3    Putt, I.4    Store, R.5
  • 22
    • 84925975946 scopus 로고
    • Educational outcomes of tutoring: A meta-analysis of findings
    • Cohen, P., Kulik, J. and Kulik, C. (1982). Educational outcomes of tutoring: a meta-analysis of findings. American Educational Research Journal, 19(2), 237-248.
    • (1982) American Educational Research Journal , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-248
    • Cohen, P.1    Kulik, J.2    Kulik, C.3
  • 23
    • 0002544044 scopus 로고
    • Student involvement in learning: Cooperative learning and college instruction
    • A. Goodsell, M. Maher and V. Tinto (Eds.), University Park: National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment
    • Cooper, J. and Mueck, R. (1992). Student involvement in learning: cooperative learning and college instruction. In A. Goodsell, M. Maher and V. Tinto (Eds.), Collaborative learning: a sourcebook for higher education. University Park: National Center on Postsecondary Teaching, Learning, and Assessment.
    • (1992) Collaborative Learning: A Sourcebook for Higher Education
    • Cooper, J.1    Mueck, R.2
  • 24
    • 0005896440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 00/3, Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from
    • Cunningham, S., Ryan, Y., Stedman, L., Tapsall, S., Bagdon, K., Flew, T. and Coaldrake, P. (2000). The business of borderless education. Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 00/3, Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2000) The Business of Borderless Education
    • Cunningham, S.1    Ryan, Y.2    Stedman, L.3    Tapsall, S.4    Bagdon, K.5    Flew, T.6    Coaldrake, P.7
  • 25
    • 0003416025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 97/22, Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from
    • Cunningham, S., Tapsall, S., Ryan, Y., Stedman, L., Flew, T. and Bagdon, K. (1998). New media and borderless education. Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 97/22, Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (1998) New Media and Borderless Education
    • Cunningham, S.1    Tapsall, S.2    Ryan, Y.3    Stedman, L.4    Flew, T.5    Bagdon, K.6
  • 26
    • 80053497371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growing communities of practice among educational technology researchers and practitioners in development-oriented contexts: Linking local and global debates
    • Retrieved 9 September 2006 from
    • Czerniewicz, L. and Carr, T. (2005). Growing communities of practice among educational technology researchers and practitioners in development-oriented contexts: linking local and global debates. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 1(2). Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2005) International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT). , vol.1 , Issue.2
    • Czerniewicz, L.1    Carr, T.2
  • 28
    • 33845990523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open learning and/or distance education: Which one for what purpose?
    • K. Harry (Ed.), London: Routledge
    • Daniel, J. (1999). Open learning and/or distance education: which one for what purpose? In K. Harry (Ed.), Higher education through open and distance learning. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Higher Education through Open and Distance Learning
    • Daniel, J.1
  • 29
    • 0346296576 scopus 로고
    • Discrepancies between intentions and practice: Reexamining some basic assumptions about adult and continuing professional education
    • Day, C. and Baskett, H. K. (1982). Discrepancies between intentions and practice: reexamining some basic assumptions about adult and continuing professional education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1(2), 143-155.
    • (1982) International Journal of Lifelong Education , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-155
    • Day, C.1    Baskett, H.K.2
  • 31
    • 84917310942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Call centre jobs attract adventurous british graduates
    • 23 November
    • Dhillon, A. (2005). Call centre jobs attract adventurous British graduates. South China Morning Post, 23 November.
    • (2005) South China Morning Post
    • Dhillon, A.1
  • 32
    • 84917215366 scopus 로고
    • Economic analysis of radio and tv universities education in china
    • G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press
    • Ding, X. (1994). Economic analysis of radio and TV universities education in China. In G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Economics of distance education: recent experience. Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press.
    • (1994) Economics of Distance Education: Recent Experience
    • Ding, X.1
  • 33
    • 70449619958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2002). interpretive analysis of an internet-based course constructed using a new courseware tool called moodle
    • A. Goody, J. Herrington and M. Northcote (Eds.), Proceedings of the, Annual International
    • Dougiamas, M. and Taylor, P. C. (2002). Interpretive analysis of an internet-based course constructed using a new courseware tool called Moodle. In A. Goody, J. Herrington and M. Northcote (Eds.), Quality conversations. Proceedings of the 2002 Annual International
    • (2002) Quality Conversations
    • Dougiamas, M.1    Taylor, P.C.2
  • 34
    • 85145533919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved 9 September 2006
    • Conference of the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA). Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
  • 35
    • 0004246909 scopus 로고
    • Glencoe: Free Press
    • Durkheim, E. (1961). Suicide. Trans. J. Spaulding and G. Simpson. Glencoe: Free Press.
    • (1961) Suicide
    • Durkheim, E.1
  • 36
    • 84917310939 scopus 로고
    • New south wales: Getting the mixture right
    • K. Smith (Ed.), Toowoomba: Darling Downs Institute Press
    • Eastcott, L. and Small, I. (1984). New South Wales: getting the mixture right. In K. Smith (Ed.), Diversity down under in distance education. Toowoomba: Darling Downs Institute Press.
    • (1984) Diversity down under in Distance Education
    • Eastcott, L.1    Small, I.2
  • 37
    • 0012890235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Education and Manpower Bureau
    • Education and Manpower Bureau (2001). Learning for life: learning through life. Hong Kong: Education and Manpower Bureau.
    • (2001) Learning for Life: Learning through Life
  • 38
    • 0004212508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Education and Manpower Bureau
    • Education and Manpower Bureau (2003). Education statistics. Hong Kong: Education and Manpower Bureau.
    • (2003) Education Statistics
  • 39
    • 17044380594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Education Commission
    • Education Commission (1999). Learning for life. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Education Commission.
    • (1999) Learning for Life
  • 40
    • 0010942547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Education Commission
    • Education Commission (2000). Review of the education system: reform proposals. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Education Commission.
    • (2000) Review of the Education System: Reform Proposals
  • 41
    • 84917310938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in teaching and learning at the uk open university: An exploration of the role of the ‘course team’
    • Proceedings of the Romanian Internet Learning Workshop 1999, Cluj, Romania, 15-28 August. Retrieved 9 September 2006
    • English, S. (1999). Change in teaching and learning at the UK Open University: an exploration of the role of the ‘Course Team’. In Proceedings of the Romanian Internet Learning Workshop 1999, Internet as a vehicle for teaching, Cluj, Romania, 15-28 August. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (1999) Internet as a Vehicle for Teaching
    • English, S.1
  • 43
    • 16644372435 scopus 로고
    • Open and student centred learning: Evangelism and heresy
    • Fay, P. (1988). Open and student centred learning: evangelism and heresy. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 12(1), 3-19.
    • (1988) Journal of Further and Higher Education , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-19
    • Fay, P.1
  • 45
    • 0013211650 scopus 로고
    • Two, three, or four heads are better than one: Modification of college performance by peer monitoring
    • Fraser, S. C., Beaman, A. L., Diener, E. and Kelem, R. T. (1977). Two, three, or four heads are better than one: modification of college performance by peer monitoring. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(2), 101-108.
    • (1977) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 101-108
    • Fraser, S.C.1    Beaman, A.L.2    Diener, E.3    Kelem, R.T.4
  • 46
    • 85064296703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Face-to-face tutorials in a distance learning system: Meeting student needs
    • Fung, Y. and Carr, R. (2000). Face-to-face tutorials in a distance learning system: meeting student needs. Open Learning, 15(1), 35-46.
    • (2000) Open Learning , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-46
    • Fung, Y.1    Carr, R.2
  • 47
    • 23844441191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The real story behind the failure of uk euniversity
    • Garrett, R. (2004). The real story behind the failure of UK eUniversity. Educause Quarterly, 27(4), 4-6.
    • (2004) Educause Quarterly , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 4-6
    • Garrett, R.1
  • 50
    • 0005783797 scopus 로고
    • Peer teaching in higher education: A review
    • Goldschmid, B. and Goldschmid, M. L. (1976). Peer teaching in higher education: a review. Higher Education, 5, 9-33.
    • (1976) Higher Education , vol.5 , pp. 9-33
    • Goldschmid, B.1    Goldschmid, M.L.2
  • 53
    • 56749152045 scopus 로고
    • Conceptions of teaching and their relationship to student learning
    • Gow, L. and Kember, D. (1993). Conceptions of teaching and their relationship to student learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 20-33.
    • (1993) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 20-33
    • Gow, L.1    Kember, D.2
  • 54
    • 84973208552 scopus 로고
    • Teaching learners to be self-directed
    • Grow, G. O. (1991). Teaching learners to be self-directed. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3), 125-149.
    • (1991) Adult Education Quarterly , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 125-149
    • Grow, G.O.1
  • 58
    • 84990471008 scopus 로고
    • Approaches to study of distance education students
    • Harper, G. and Kember, D. (1986). Approaches to study of distance education students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 17(3), 212-222.
    • (1986) British Journal of Educational Technology , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 212-222
    • Harper, G.1    Kember, D.2
  • 59
    • 84865089685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open and distance learning for the new society
    • K. Harry (Ed.), London: Routledge and the Commonwealth of Learning
    • Harry, K. and Perraton, H. (1999) Open and distance learning for the new society. In K. Harry (Ed.), Higher education through open and distance learning. London: Routledge and the Commonwealth of Learning.
    • (1999) Higher Education through Open and Distance Learning
    • Harry, K.1    Perraton, H.2
  • 61
    • 0038384062 scopus 로고
    • Malcolm knowles’ theory of andragogy: A critique
    • Hartree, A. (1984). Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy: a critique. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 3(3), 203-210.
    • (1984) International Journal of Lifelong Education , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 203-210
    • Hartree, A.1
  • 62
    • 84962425625 scopus 로고
    • Measuring the effects of schooling
    • Hattie, J. (1992). Measuring the effects of schooling. Australian Journal of Education, 36(1), 5-13.
    • (1992) Australian Journal of Education , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-13
    • Hattie, J.1
  • 63
    • 0003072585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filial piety and its psychological consequences
    • M. H. Bond (Ed.), London: Oxford University Press
    • Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology. London: Oxford University Press.
    • (1996) The Handbook of Chinese Psychology
    • Ho, D.Y.F.1
  • 69
    • 84987223052 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning on students’ achievement in science class
    • Humphreys, B., Johnson, R. T. and Johnson, D. W. (1982). Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning on students’ achievement in science class. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 19(5), 351-356.
    • (1982) Journal of Research in Science Teaching , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 351-356
    • Humphreys, B.1    Johnson, R.T.2    Johnson, D.W.3
  • 71
    • 84867485519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved 9 September 2006 from
    • Jensen, M. (2006). Lowering the costs of international bandwidth in Africa. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from http://fibreforafrica.net/main.shtml?x=5039689&als[MYALIAS6]=Lowering%20connectivity%20costs%20in%20Africa&als[select]=
      No%20item%20found
      .
    • (2006) Lowering the Costs of International Bandwidth in Africa
    • Jensen, M.1
  • 72
    • 0040689975 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic conditions on children’s problem-solving performance
    • Johnson, D. W., Maruyama, G., Johnson, R. and Nelson, D. (1981). Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic conditions on children’s problem-solving performance. American Educational Research Journal, 17, 83-93.
    • (1981) American Educational Research Journal , vol.17 , pp. 83-93
    • Johnson, D.W.1    Maruyama, G.2    Johnson, R.3    Nelson, D.4
  • 75
    • 84917310936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western governors university improves its grade
    • 3 January. Retrieved 9 September 2006
    • Kelderman, E. (2005). Western Governors University improves its grade. Government Technology, 3 January. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2005) Government Technology
    • Kelderman, E.1
  • 77
    • 84917310935 scopus 로고
    • Tutorial groups in open learning
    • M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon, Harlow: Longman
    • Kelly, P. (1987). Tutorial groups in open learning. In M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon, Open learning for adults. Harlow: Longman.
    • (1987) Open Learning for Adults
    • Kelly, P.1
  • 78
    • 0347913549 scopus 로고
    • Some factors affecting attrition and performance in a distance education course at the university of papua new guinea
    • Kember, D. (1981). Some factors affecting attrition and performance in a distance education course at the University of Papua New Guinea. Distance Education, 2(2), 164-188.
    • (1981) Distance Education , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 164-188
    • Kember, D.1
  • 79
    • 34547152540 scopus 로고
    • External science courses: The practicals problem
    • Kember, D. (1982). External science courses: the practicals problem. Distance Education, 3(2), 207-225.
    • (1982) Distance Education , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 207-225
    • Kember, D.1
  • 81
    • 0002972060 scopus 로고
    • The intention to both memorise and understand: Another approach to learning?
    • Kember, D. (1995). The intention to both memorise and understand: another approach to learning? Higher Education, 31, 341-351.
    • (1995) Higher Education , vol.31 , pp. 341-351
    • Kember, D.1
  • 82
    • 0031232280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reconceptualisation of the research into university academics’ conceptions of teaching
    • Kember, D. (1997). A reconceptualisation of the research into university academics’ conceptions of teaching. Learning and Instruction, 7(3), 255-275.
    • (1997) Learning and Instruction , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 255-275
    • Kember, D.1
  • 83
    • 0348241194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating part-time study with family, work and social obligations
    • Kember, D. (1999). Integrating part-time study with family, work and social obligations. Studies in Higher Education, 24(1), 109-124.
    • (1999) Studies in Higher Education , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 109-124
    • Kember, D.1
  • 84
    • 23044519352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misconceptions about the learning approaches, motivation and study practices of asian students
    • Kember, D. (2000). Misconceptions about the learning approaches, motivation and study practices of Asian students. Higher Education, 40(1), 99-121.
    • (2000) Higher Education , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-121
    • Kember, D.1
  • 85
    • 0347237994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beliefs about knowledge and the process of teaching and learning as a factor in adjusting to study in higher education
    • Kember, D. (2001). Beliefs about knowledge and the process of teaching and learning as a factor in adjusting to study in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 26, 2, 205-221.
    • (2001) Studies in Higher Education , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-221
    • Kember, D.1
  • 87
    • 25844470412 scopus 로고
    • The role of study centres for academic support in distance education
    • Kember, D. and Dekkers, J. (1987). The role of study centres for academic support in distance education. Distance Education, 8(1), 4-17.
    • (1987) Distance Education , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-17
    • Kember, D.1    Dekkers, J.2
  • 88
    • 21344485479 scopus 로고
    • Orientations to teaching and their effect on the quality of student learning
    • Kember, D. and Gow, L. (1994). Orientations to teaching and their effect on the quality of student learning. Journal of Higher Education, 65(1), 58-74.
    • (1994) Journal of Higher Education , vol.65 , Issue.1 , pp. 58-74
    • Kember, D.1    Gow, L.2
  • 89
    • 0010159408 scopus 로고
    • Implications for instruction arising from the relationship between approaches to studying and academic outcomes
    • Kember, D. and Harper, G. (1987). Implications for instruction arising from the relationship between approaches to studying and academic outcomes. Instructional Science, 16, 35-46.
    • (1987) Instructional Science , vol.16 , pp. 35-46
    • Kember, D.1    Harper, G.2
  • 90
    • 29244432316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult students’ perceptions of good teaching as a function of their conceptions of learning - part 1. Influencing the development of self-determination
    • Kember, D., Jenkins, W. and Ng, K. C. (2003). Adult students’ perceptions of good teaching as a function of their conceptions of learning - Part 1. Influencing the development of self-determination. Studies in Continuing Education, 25(2), 240-251.
    • (2003) Studies in Continuing Education , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 240-251
    • Kember, D.1    Jenkins, W.2    Ng, K.C.3
  • 91
    • 3142695559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lecturers’ approaches to teaching and their relationship to conceptions of good teaching
    • N. Hativa and P. Goodyear (Eds.), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
    • Kember, D. and Kwan, K. P. (2000). Lecturers’ approaches to teaching and their relationship to conceptions of good teaching. In N. Hativa and P. Goodyear (Eds.), Teacher thinking, beliefs and knowledge in higher education. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
    • (2000) Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge in Higher Education
    • Kember, D.1    Kwan, K.P.2
  • 93
  • 94
    • 2442586685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the employment of coping mechanisms and a sense of belonging for part-time students
    • Kember, D. and Leung, D. Y. P. (2004). Relationship between the employment of coping mechanisms and a sense of belonging for part-time students. Educational Psychology, 24(3), 345-357.
    • (2004) Educational Psychology , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 345-357
    • Kember, D.1    Leung, D.Y.P.2
  • 95
    • 84916951570 scopus 로고
    • A synthesis of open, distance and student-centred learning
    • Kember, D. and Murphy, D. (1990). A synthesis of open, distance and student-centred learning. Open Learning, 5(2), 3-8.
    • (1990) Open Learning , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 3-8
    • Kember, D.1    Murphy, D.2
  • 98
    • 2942544528 scopus 로고
    • Student progress and withdrawal in the open university
    • Kennedy, D. and Powell, R. (1976). Student progress and withdrawal in the Open University. Teaching at a Distance, 7, 61-75.
    • (1976) Teaching at a Distance , vol.7 , pp. 61-75
    • Kennedy, D.1    Powell, R.2
  • 100
    • 0346435806 scopus 로고
    • Andragogy: An emerging technology for adult learning
    • M. Tight (Ed.), London: Croom Helm
    • Knowles, M. (1983). Andragogy: an emerging technology for adult learning. In M. Tight (Ed.), Adult learning and education. London: Croom Helm.
    • (1983) Adult Learning and Education
    • Knowles, M.1
  • 103
    • 33646487645 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry through distance teaching - a south pacific experiment
    • Koshy, K., Bonato, J. and Faasalaina, T. (1994). Chemistry through distance teaching - a South Pacific experiment. Distance Education, 15(2), 291-299.
    • (1994) Distance Education , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-299
    • Koshy, K.1    Bonato, J.2    Faasalaina, T.3
  • 104
    • 84882264520 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Labour Party’s Study Group on Higher Education
    • Labour Party (1963) The years of crisis. Report of the Labour Party’s Study Group on Higher Education.
    • (1963) The Years of Crisis
  • 105
    • 79956089030 scopus 로고
    • Manifesto of the Labour Party
    • Labour Party (1966) Time for decision. Manifesto of the Labour Party.
    • (1966) Time for Decision
  • 106
    • 84992838150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A profile of teaching techniques used in the university classroom
    • Lammers, L. J. and Murphy, J. J. (2002). A profile of teaching techniques used in the university classroom. Active Learning in Higher Education, 3(1), 54-67.
    • (2002) Active Learning in Higher Education , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 54-67
    • Lammers, L.J.1    Murphy, J.J.2
  • 109
    • 33846000156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The past, present and future of research in distance education: Results of a content analysis
    • Lee, Y., Driscoll, M. P. and Nelson, D. W. (2004). The past, present and future of research in distance education: results of a content analysis. American Journal of Distance Education, 18(4), 225-241.
    • (2004) American Journal of Distance Education , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 225-241
    • Lee, Y.1    Driscoll, M.P.2    Nelson, D.W.3
  • 111
    • 0003357252 scopus 로고
    • The analysis and application of media
    • R. M. W. Travers (Ed.), Chicago: Rand McNally
    • Levie, W. H. and Dickie, K. (1973). The analysis and application of media. In R. M. W. Travers (Ed.), Second handbook of research on teaching. Chicago: Rand McNally.
    • (1973) Second Handbook of Research on Teaching
    • Levie, W.H.1    Dickie, K.2
  • 112
    • 84973710624 scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction
    • Levin, H., Glass, G. and Meister, G. (1987). Cost-effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction. Evaluation Review, 7(1), 50-72.
    • (1987) Evaluation Review , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-72
    • Levin, H.1    Glass, G.2    Meister, G.3
  • 115
    • 21244504031 scopus 로고
    • J. Tunstall (Ed.), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
    • MacArthur, B. (1974). In J. Tunstall (Ed.), The Open University opens. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    • (1974) The Open University Opens
    • MacArthur, B.1
  • 120
    • 0001789655 scopus 로고
    • On qualitative differences in learning, outcome and process i
    • Marton, F. and Saljo, R. (1976). On qualitative differences in learning, outcome and process I. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 4-11.
    • (1976) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 4-11
    • Marton, F.1    Saljo, R.2
  • 121
    • 84965419289 scopus 로고
    • The issue of andragogy
    • McKenzie, L. (1977). The issue of andragogy. Adult Education, 27(4), 225-229.
    • (1977) Adult Education , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 225-229
    • Mc Kenzie, L.1
  • 122
    • 84967627722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the contexts in which we work. [editorial for special issue on ‘open learning for development’.]
    • McNaught, C. (2005). Understanding the contexts in which we work. [Editorial for special issue on ‘Open learning for development’.] Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 20(3), 205-209.
    • (2005) Open Learning: The Journal of Open and Distance Learning , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 205-209
    • Mc Naught, C.1
  • 123
    • 77950354371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing criteria for successful learning repositories
    • press, J. Filipe, J. Cordeiro and V. Pedrosa (Eds.), Dordrecht: Springer
    • McNaught, C. (in press). Developing criteria for successful learning repositories. In J. Filipe, J. Cordeiro and V. Pedrosa (Eds.), Web information systems and technologies I. Dordrecht: Springer.
    • Web Information Systems and Technologies I
    • Mc Naught, C.1
  • 125
    • 38249015790 scopus 로고
    • Effects of two cooperative conditions on peer-group discussions, reading comprehension, and metacognition
    • Meloth, M. and Deering, P. (1992). Effects of two cooperative conditions on peer-group discussions, reading comprehension, and metacognition. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 17(2), 175-193.
    • (1992) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-193
    • Meloth, M.1    Deering, P.2
  • 126
    • 68649096056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The closing of the us open university
    • Retrieved 20 October 2006 from
    • Meyer, K. (2006). The closing of the US Open University. Educause Quarterly, 29(2). Retrieved 20 October 2006 from .
    • (2006) Educause Quarterly , vol.29 , Issue.2
    • Meyer, K.1
  • 127
    • 85145527957 scopus 로고
    • Tutors and markers for external students
    • Launceston: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education
    • Mezger, R. (1983). Tutors and markers for external students. Mimeograph. Launceston: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education.
    • (1983) Mimeograph
    • Mezger, R.1
  • 131
    • 0001700413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning in the south pacific and phenomenography across cultures
    • Mugler, F. and Landbeck, R. (1997). Learning in the South Pacific and phenomenography across cultures. Higher Education Research and Development, 16(2), 227-239.
    • (1997) Higher Education Research and Development , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 227-239
    • Mugler, F.1    Landbeck, R.2
  • 132
    • 0034165549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning, memorisation and understanding among distance learners in the south pacific
    • Mugler, F. and Landbeck, R. (2000). Learning, memorisation and understanding among distance learners in the South Pacific. Learning and Instruction, 10(2), 179-202.
    • (2000) Learning and Instruction , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-202
    • Mugler, F.1    Landbeck, R.2
  • 133
    • 48749129485 scopus 로고
    • Some economic aspects of conventional and distance education systems in india
    • G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press
    • Naidu, C. G. (1994). Some economic aspects of conventional and distance education systems in India. In G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Economics of distance education: recent experience. Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press.
    • (1994) Economics of Distance Education: Recent Experience
    • Naidu, C.G.1
  • 135
    • 84933726130 scopus 로고
    • Milton Keynes: The Open University
    • Open University (1977). Teaching for the Open University. Milton Keynes: The Open University.
    • (1977) Teaching for the Open University
  • 136
    • 84917093711 scopus 로고
    • Milton Keynes: Open University
    • Open University (1979). The First Ten Years. Milton Keynes: Open University.
    • (1979) The First Ten Years
  • 137
    • 84917036790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong
    • Open University of Hong Kong. (1999a). Prospectus October 1999/April 2000. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong.
    • (1999) Prospectus October 1999/April 2000
  • 138
    • 0346605830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong
    • Open University of Hong Kong. (1999b). Tutor Orientation and Training. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong.
    • (1999) Tutor Orientation and Training
  • 139
    • 0004324720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong
    • Open University of Hong Kong. (2000-2006). Facts and figures. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong.
    • (2000) Facts and Figures
  • 146
    • 0001714584 scopus 로고
    • Different worlds in the same classroom
    • P. Ramsden (Ed.), London: Kogan Page
    • Perry, W. G. (1988). Different worlds in the same classroom. In P. Ramsden (Ed.), Improving learning: new perspectives. London: Kogan Page.
    • (1988) Improving Learning: New Perspectives
    • Perry, W.G.1
  • 147
    • 85145541527 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer
    • Perspective on Education in Hong Kong: report by a visiting panel. (1982). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government Printer.
    • (1982)
  • 148
    • 84909088296 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of public funding of distance education and other modes of higher education in england
    • G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press
    • Peters, G. and Daniel, J. S. (1994). Comparison of public funding of distance education and other modes of higher education in England. In G. Dhanarajan, P. K. Ip, K. S. Yuen and C. Swales (Eds.), Economics of distance education: recent experience. Hong Kong: Open Learning Institute Press.
    • (1994) Economics of Distance Education: Recent Experience
    • Peters, G.1    Daniel, J.S.2
  • 149
    • 26444497019 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical aspects of correspondence instruction
    • O. Mackenzie and E. L. Christensen (Eds.), University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press
    • Peters, O. (1971). Theoretical aspects of correspondence instruction. In O. Mackenzie and E. L. Christensen (Eds.), The changing world of correspondence study. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.
    • (1971) The Changing World of Correspondence Study
    • Peters, O.1
  • 151
    • 84916976755 scopus 로고
    • London: HMSO
    • Planning Committee (1969). The Open University. Report of the Planning Committee to the Secretary of State for Education and Science. London: HMSO.
    • (1969) The Open University
  • 152
    • 34548181597 scopus 로고
    • Andragogical assumptions: Some counter-intuitive logic
    • Raleigh: North Carolina State University
    • Pratt, D. D. (1984). Andragogical assumptions: some counter-intuitive logic. Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Conference, No. 25. Raleigh: North Carolina State University.
    • (1984) Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Conference , pp. 25
    • Pratt, D.D.1
  • 153
    • 84965869332 scopus 로고
    • Andragogy as a relational construct
    • Pratt, D. D. (1988). Andragogy as a relational construct. Adult Education Quarterly, 38(3), 160-181.
    • (1988) Adult Education Quarterly , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 160-181
    • Pratt, D.D.1
  • 154
    • 33845730812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Face-to-face versus online tutoring support in distance education
    • Price, L., Richardson, J. T. E., Jelfs, A. (2007). Face-to-face versus online tutoring support in distance education. Studies in Higher Education, 32(1), 1-20.
    • (2007) Studies in Higher Education , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-20
    • Price, L.1    Richardson, J.T.E.2    Jelfs, A.3
  • 155
    • 84970398650 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative versus competitive efforts and problem solving
    • Qin, Z., Johnson, D. W. and Johnson, R. T. (1995). Cooperative versus competitive efforts and problem solving. Review of Educational Research, 65(2), 129-143.
    • (1995) Review of Educational Research , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-143
    • Qin, Z.1    Johnson, D.W.2    Johnson, R.T.3
  • 157
    • 84917310926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiculturalism and learning technologies in adult basic education and training (Abet) programmes at the university of south africa
    • press
    • Quan-Baffour, K. P. and Vambe, M. T. (in press). Multiculturalism and learning technologies in adult basic education and training (ABET) programmes at the University of South Africa. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning.
    • Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning
    • Quan-Baffour, K.P.1    Vambe, M.T.2
  • 158
    • 0001054970 scopus 로고
    • Improving teaching and learning in higher education: The case for a relational perspective
    • Ramsden, P. (1987). Improving teaching and learning in higher education: the case for a relational perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 12(3), 275-286.
    • (1987) Studies in Higher Education , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-286
    • Ramsden, P.1
  • 159
    • 0000847477 scopus 로고
    • Effects of learning skills interventions on first year university students’ learning
    • Ramsden, P., Beswick, D. and Bowden, J. (1986). Effects of learning skills interventions on first year university students’ learning. Human Learning, 5, 151-164.
    • (1986) Human Learning , vol.5 , pp. 151-164
    • Ramsden, P.1    Beswick, D.2    Bowden, J.3
  • 160
    • 85145542451 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Chinese University Press
    • Report of the Planning Committee for the Open Learning Institute of Hong Kong. (1989). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
    • (1989)
  • 162
    • 21844510681 scopus 로고
    • Cultural specificity of approaches to studying in higher education: A literature survey
    • Richardson, J. T. E. (1994). Cultural specificity of approaches to studying in higher education: a literature survey. Higher Education, 27, 449-468.
    • (1994) Higher Education , vol.27 , pp. 449-468
    • Richardson, J.T.E.1
  • 164
    • 3042515669 scopus 로고
    • London: Education Division, Human Resource Development Group, Commonwealth Secretariat
    • Rumble, G. (1986). Costing distance education. London: Education Division, Human Resource Development Group, Commonwealth Secretariat.
    • (1986) Costing Distance Education
    • Rumble, G.1
  • 165
    • 0003385503 scopus 로고
    • An experimental analysis of teaching by telephone: Theoretical and practical implications for social psychology
    • G. M. Stephenson and J. Davis (Eds.), New York: John Wiley and Sons
    • Rutter, D. R. and Robinson, B. (1981). An experimental analysis of teaching by telephone: theoretical and practical implications for social psychology. In G. M. Stephenson and J. Davis (Eds.), Progress in applied social psychology (vol. 1). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    • (1981) Progress in Applied Social Psychology , vol.1
    • Rutter, D.R.1    Robinson, B.2
  • 166
    • 1842469044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 02/1. Canberra: Higher Education Group. Retrieved 9 September 2006
    • Ryan, Y. and Stedman, L. (2002). The business of borderless education 2001 update. Evaluations and Investigations Programme Report 02/1. Canberra: Higher Education Group. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2002) The Business of Borderless Education 2001 Update
    • Ryan, Y.1    Stedman, L.2
  • 168
    • 33645693769 scopus 로고
    • Distance teaching: A contradiction in terms?
    • Sewart, D. (1981). Distance teaching: a contradiction in terms? Teaching at a Distance, 19, 8-18.
    • (1981) Teaching at a Distance , vol.19 , pp. 8-18
    • Sewart, D.1
  • 169
    • 84909329624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open learning in india: Evolution, diversification and reaching out
    • Sharma, R. C. (2005). Open learning in India: evolution, diversification and reaching out. Open Learning, 20(3), 227-241.
    • (2005) Open Learning , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-241
    • Sharma, R.C.1
  • 170
    • 0040222991 scopus 로고
    • Mathematics achievement in cooperative versus individualistic goal-structured high school classrooms
    • Sherman, L. W. and Thomas, M. (1986) Mathematics achievement in cooperative versus individualistic goal-structured high school classrooms. Journal of Educational Research, 79, 169-172.
    • (1986) Journal of Educational Research , vol.79 , pp. 169-172
    • Sherman, L.W.1    Thomas, M.2
  • 171
    • 0000258197 scopus 로고
    • When does cooperative learning increase student achievement?
    • Slavin, R. E. (1983). When does cooperative learning increase student achievement? Psychological Bulletin, 94(3), 429-445.
    • (1983) Psychological Bulletin , vol.94 , Issue.3 , pp. 429-445
    • Slavin, R.E.1
  • 172
    • 0004275177 scopus 로고
    • (2nd edn). Washington, D.C.: National Educational Association
    • Slavin, R. E. (1987). Cooperative learning: student teams (2nd edn). Washington, D.C.: National Educational Association.
    • (1987) Cooperative Learning: Student Teams
    • Slavin, R.E.1
  • 175
    • 53349113517 scopus 로고
    • Course development procedures
    • Smith, K. C. (1980). Course development procedures. Distance Education, 1(1), 61-67.
    • (1980) Distance Education , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-67
    • Smith, K.C.1
  • 177
    • 0002674804 scopus 로고
    • Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis
    • Spady, W. (1970). Dropouts from higher education: an interdisciplinary review and synthesis. Interchange, 1, 64-85.
    • (1970) Interchange , vol.1 , pp. 64-85
    • Spady, W.1
  • 178
    • 34250472030 scopus 로고
    • Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model
    • Spady, W. (1971). Dropouts from higher education: toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2, 38-62.
    • (1971) Interchange , vol.2 , pp. 38-62
    • Spady, W.1
  • 179
    • 0347235546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student perceptions of the tutor’s role in distance learning
    • Stevenson, K., Sander, P. and Naylor, P. (1996). Student perceptions of the tutor’s role in distance learning. Open Learning, 11(1), 22-30.
    • (1996) Open Learning , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-30
    • Stevenson, K.1    Sander, P.2    Naylor, P.3
  • 181
    • 84973021913 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous collaborative learning: A new dimension in student learning experience?
    • Tang, K. C. C. (1993). Spontaneous collaborative learning: a new dimension in student learning experience? Higher Education Research and Development, 12(2), 115-130.
    • (1993) Higher Education Research and Development , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-130
    • Tang, K.C.C.1
  • 183
    • 3042632278 scopus 로고
    • Student persistence in distance education: A cross-cultural multi-institutional perspective
    • Taylor, J. C. et al. (1986). Student persistence in distance education: a cross-cultural multi-institutional perspective. Distance Education, 7(1), 68-91.
    • (1986) Distance Education , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-91
    • Taylor, J.C.1
  • 185
    • 0001521090 scopus 로고
    • Contextual differences of learning approaches: The effects of assessments
    • Thomas, P. R. and Bain, J. D. (1984). Contextual differences of learning approaches: the effects of assessments. Human Learning, 3, 227-240.
    • (1984) Human Learning , vol.3 , pp. 227-240
    • Thomas, P.R.1    Bain, J.D.2
  • 186
    • 84917310935 scopus 로고
    • Tutorial groups in open learning
    • M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Harlow: Longman
    • Thorpe, M. (1987). Tutorial groups in open learning. In M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Open Learning for adults. Harlow: Longman.
    • (1987) Open Learning for Adults
    • Thorpe, M.1
  • 187
    • 0347734477 scopus 로고
    • Moving into open learning
    • M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Harlow: Longman
    • Thorpe, M. and Grugeon, D. (1987). Moving into open learning. In M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Open learning for adults. Harlow: Longman.
    • (1987) Open Learning for Adults
    • Thorpe, M.1    Grugeon, D.2
  • 188
    • 84952437643 scopus 로고
    • The human dimension in open university study
    • Thorpe, M., Giles, K. and Dyer, G. (1986). The human dimension in open university study. Open Learning, 1(2), 14-20.
    • (1986) Open Learning , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 14-20
    • Thorpe, M.1    Giles, K.2    Dyer, G.3
  • 189
    • 84938563193 scopus 로고
    • Drop-out from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research
    • Tinto, V. (1975). Drop-out from higher education: a theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89-125.
    • (1975) Review of Educational Research , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-125
    • Tinto, V.1
  • 190
    • 0346653065 scopus 로고
    • Limits of theory and practice in student attrition
    • Tinto, V. (1982). Limits of theory and practice in student attrition. Research in Higher Education, 26, 115-129.
    • (1982) Research in Higher Education , vol.26 , pp. 115-129
    • Tinto, V.1
  • 191
    • 0003701668 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Tinto, V. (1987). Leaving college. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1987) Leaving College
    • Tinto, V.1
  • 192
    • 0000589390 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative learning and peer tutoring: An overview
    • Topping, K. (1992). Cooperative learning and peer tutoring: an overview. The Psychologist, 5(4), 151-157.
    • (1992) The Psychologist , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 151-157
    • Topping, K.1
  • 196
    • 42149178037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: University Grants Committee Secretariat. Retrieved 20 November 2005 from
    • University Grants Committee of Hong Kong. (2003). Facts and figures 2002. Hong Kong: University Grants Committee Secretariat. Retrieved 20 November 2005 from .
    • (2003) Facts and Figures 2002
  • 197
    • 39949085550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: University Grants Committee Secretariat. Retrieved 16 August 2006 from
    • University Grants Committee of Hong Kong. (2006). Facts and figures 2005. Hong Kong: University Grants Committee Secretariat. Retrieved 16 August 2006 from .
    • (2006) Facts and Figures 2005
  • 198
    • 84917310921 scopus 로고
    • Suva: University of the South Pacific
    • University of the South Pacific (1993). A garland of achievement. Suva: University of the South Pacific.
    • (1993) A Garland of Achievement
  • 199
    • 0004169854 scopus 로고
    • Trans. M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Coffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Van Gannep, A. (1960) The rites of passage. Trans. M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Coffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1960) The Rites of Passage
    • Van Gannep, A.1
  • 200
    • 0002739504 scopus 로고
    • Student interaction and learning in small groups: A research summary
    • R. E. Slavinet al.,, New York: Plenum
    • Webb, N. (1985). Student interaction and learning in small groups: a research summary. In R. E. Slavin et al., Learning to cooperative, cooperate to learn. New York: Plenum.
    • (1985) Learning to Cooperative, Cooperate to Learn
    • Webb, N.1
  • 203
    • 85071206239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning objects and the e-learning cost dilemma
    • Weller, M. (2004). Learning objects and the e-learning cost dilemma. Open Learning, 19(3), 293-302.
    • (2004) Open Learning , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-302
    • Weller, M.1
  • 204
    • 84917310920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distance from isolation: Why communities are the logical conclusion in e-learning
    • press
    • Weller, M. (in press). The distance from isolation: why communities are the logical conclusion in e-learning. Computers and Education.
    • Computers and Education
    • Weller, M.1
  • 205
    • 84908382565 scopus 로고
    • London: HMSO, Command
    • White Paper (1966) A University of the Air. London: HMSO, Command 2922.
    • (1966) A University of the Air , pp. 2922
  • 206
    • 84911579105 scopus 로고
    • A review of psychological research comparing communications media
    • Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Telephony Conference, Wisconsin
    • Williams, E. and Chapanis, A. (1976). A review of psychological research comparing communications media. In The Status of the Telephone in Education, Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Telephony Conference, Wisconsin.
    • (1976) The Status of the Telephone in Education
    • Williams, E.1    Chapanis, A.2
  • 207
    • 84916973920 scopus 로고
    • Improving satellite tutorials at the university of the south pacific
    • Williams, I. and Gillard, G. (1986). Improving satellite tutorials at the University of the South Pacific. Distance Education, 7(2), 261-274.
    • (1986) Distance Education , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-274
    • Williams, I.1    Gillard, G.2
  • 208
    • 84917310919 scopus 로고
    • Labour and the scientific revolution
    • London: Labour Party
    • Wilson, H. (1963a). Labour and the scientific revolution. In the Report of the 62nd Conference. London: Labour Party.
    • (1963) Report of the 62Nd Conference
    • Wilson, H.1
  • 211
    • 84917310916 scopus 로고
    • Open university: Birth of a dream
    • 31 May
    • Wilson, H. (1979) Open University: birth of a dream. New Scientist, 31 May.
    • (1979) New Scientist
    • Wilson, H.1
  • 212
  • 215
    • 0347865977 scopus 로고
    • Understanding adult student drop-out
    • M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Harlow: Longman
    • Woodley, A. (1987). Understanding adult student drop-out. In M. Thorpe and D. Grugeon (Eds.), Open learning for adults. Harlow: Longman.
    • (1987) Open Learning for Adults
    • Woodley, A.1
  • 216
    • 84906468437 scopus 로고
    • A string of pearls? A broader approach to course evaluation
    • F. Lockwood (Ed.), London: Routledge
    • Woodley, A. (1995) A string of pearls? A broader approach to course evaluation. In F. Lockwood (Ed.), Open and distance learning today. London: Routledge.
    • (1995) Open and distance learning today
    • Woodley, A.1
  • 219
    • 40749130404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from
    • World Summit on the Information Society. (2005). WSIS outcomes documents, December. Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2005) WSIS Outcomes Documents
  • 220
    • 9344235992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-design of a community digital library
    • Retrieved 9 September 2006
    • Wright, M., Marlino, M. and Sumner, T. (2002). Meta-design of a community digital library. D-Lib Magazine, 8(5). Retrieved 9 September 2006 from .
    • (2002) D-Lib Magazine , vol.8 , Issue.5
    • Wright, M.1    Marlino, M.2    Sumner, T.3
  • 221
    • 1842467740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the curriculum and learning environment on the learning approaches of groups of students outside the classroom
    • Yan, L. and Kember, D. (2003). The influence of the curriculum and learning environment on the learning approaches of groups of students outside the classroom. Learning Environments Research, 6, 285-307.
    • (2003) Learning Environments Research , vol.6 , pp. 285-307
    • Yan, L.1    Kember, D.2
  • 222
    • 1342268317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoider and engager approaches by out-of-class groups: The group equivalent to individual learning approaches
    • Yan, L. and Kember, D. (2004a). Avoider and engager approaches by out-of-class groups: the group equivalent to individual learning approaches. Learning and Instruction, 14(1), 27-49.
    • (2004) Learning and Instruction , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-49
    • Yan, L.1    Kember, D.2
  • 223
    • 8144226838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engager and avoider behaviour in types of activities performed by out-ofclass learning groups
    • Yan, L. and Kember, D. (2004b). Engager and avoider behaviour in types of activities performed by out-ofclass learning groups. Higher Education, 48, 419-438.
    • (2004) Higher Education , vol.48 , pp. 419-438
    • Yan, L.1    Kember, D.2
  • 224
    • 84876663220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contextual influences on the formation and behaviour of out-of-class study groups
    • press
    • Yan, L. and Kember, D. (in press). Contextual influences on the formation and behaviour of out-of-class study groups. Curriculum and Teaching.
    • Curriculum and Teaching
    • Yan, L.1    Kember, D.2
  • 226
    • 6844219614 scopus 로고
    • Social- and individual-oriented achievement motivation: Conceptualization and measurement. paper presented at the symposium on chinese personality and social psychology
    • Sydney, Australia
    • Yang, K. S. and Yu, A. B. (1988). Social- and individual-oriented achievement motivation: conceptualization and measurement. Paper presented at the Symposium on Chinese Personality and Social Psychology, 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney, Australia.
    • (1988) 24Th International Congress of Psychology
    • Yang, K.S.1    Yu, A.B.2
  • 227
    • 0001350497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultimate life concerns, self, and chinese achievement motivation
    • M. H. Bond (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Yu, A. B. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self, and Chinese achievement motivation. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1996) The Handbook of Chinese Psychology
    • Yu, A.B.1
  • 229
    • 84917310913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • D. Murphy, K. S. Yuen, F. H. Liao, P. K. W. Chan, K. C. Li and M. Robertshaw, Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press
    • Yuen, K. S. (1997). Introduction. In D. Murphy, K. S. Yuen, F. H. Liao, P. K. W. Chan, K. C. Li and M. Robertshaw, Study skills for open learning. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press.
    • (1997) Study Skills for Open Learning
    • Yuen, K.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.