The politics of heritage tourism in China: A view from Lijiang

The Politics of Heritage Tourism in China: A View from Lijiang

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-208

  Su, Xiaobo ^a   Teo, Peggy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917246677     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203873687     Document Type: Book

References (507)

1. Adams, K. M. (2003) The politics of heritage in Tana Toraja, Indonesia: interplaying the local and the global, Indonesia and the Malay World, 31: 92-107.
2. Adamson, W. L. (1980) Hegemony and Revolution: A Study of Antonio Gramsci's Political and Cultural Theory. Berkeley and London: University of California Press.
3. Agnew, J. A. and Corbridge, S. (1995) Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. London: Routledge.
4. Agnew, J. A. and Duncan, J. S. (eds) (1989) The Power of Place: Bringing together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations. London: Unwin Hyman.
5. Aitchison, C. (1999) New cultural geographies: the spatiality of leisure, gender and sexuality, Leisure Studies, 18: 19-39.
6. Aitchison, C. (2001) Theorizing Other discourses of tourism, gender and culture: can the subaltern speak (in tourism)? Tourist Studies, 1: 133-147.
7. Aitchison, C., MacLeod, N. E., and Shaw, S. J. (2000) Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social And Cultural Geographies. London and New York: Routledge.
8. Albers, P. and James, W. (1988) Travel photography: a methodological approach, Annals of Tourism Research, 15: 134-158.
9. Alsayyad, N. (2001) Global norms and urban forms in the age of tourism: manufacturing heritage, consuming tradition. In: N. Alsayyad (ed.), Consuming Tradition, Manufacturing Heritage: Global Norms and Urban Forms in the Age of Tourism (pp. 1-31). London: Routledge.
10. Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (2002) Cities: Reimagining the Urban. Cambridge: Polity.
11. Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
12. Anderson, K. J. (1988) Cultural hegemony and the race-definition process in Chinatown, Vancouver: 1880-1980, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 6: 127-149.
13. Anderson, P. (1976) The antinomies of Antonio Gramsci, New Left Review, 100: 5-79.
14. Andriotis, K. (2001) Tourism planning and development in Crete: recent tourism policies and their efficacy, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9: 298-316.
15. Anonymous (2006) I want to visit Lijiang after watching Yimiyangguan (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 21 March 2007).
16. Anonymous (2007) Debating our China excursion [in] Yunnan or Lijiang and TLG? Available at (accessed 21 March 2007).
17. Appadurai, A. (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
18. Ashworth, G. J. and Tunbridge, J. E. (1990) The Tourist-Historic City. London and New York: Belhaven Press.
19. Ateljevic, I. (2000) Circuits of tourism: stepping beyond the 'production/consumption' dichotomy, Tourism Geographies, 2: 369-388.
20. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2002) Representing New Zealand: tourism imagery and ideology, Annals of Tourism Research, 29: 648-667.
21. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2003) Culture, economy and tourism commodities: social relations of production and consumption, Tourist Studies, 3: 123-141.
22. Bao, J. and Su, X. (2004) Studies on tourism commercialization in historic towns (in Chinese), ACTA Geographical Sinica, 59: 427-436.
23. Bates, T. R. (1975) Gramsci and the theory of hegemony, Journal of the History of Ideas, 36: 351-366.
24. Béja, J. P. (2006) The changing aspects of civil society in China, Social Research: An International Quarterly of Social Sciences, 73: 53-74.
25. Bendor, J., Taylor, S. and Gaalen, R. V. (1987) Politicians, bureaucrats, and asymmetric information, American Journal of Political Science, 31: 796-828.
26. Benjamin, W. (2001) The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. In: M. G. Durham and D. M. Kellner (eds), Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks (pp. 48-70). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
27. Bennett, T. (1986) Introduction: 'the turn to Gramsci'. In: T. Bennett, C. Mercer, and J. Wollacott (eds), Popular Culture and Social Relations (pp. xi-xix). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
28. Bian, Y. (2002) Chinese social stratification and social mobility, Annual Review Sociology, 28: 91-116.
29. Bianchi, R. V. (2002) Towards a new political economy of global tourism. In: R. Sharpley and D. J. Telfer (eds), Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues (pp. 265-299). Clevedon: Channel View Publication.
30. Bishop, P. (1989) The Myth of Shangri-la: Tibet, Travel Writing and the Western Creation of Sacred Landscape. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
31. Blom, T. (2000) Morbid tourism: a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 54: 29-36.
32. Bocock, R. (1986) Hegemony. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
33. Boniface, P. and Fowler, P. J. (1993) Heritage and Tourism in "the Global Village". London and New York: Routledge.
34. Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
35. Bourdieu, P. (2001) The forms of capital. In: M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg (eds), The Sociology of Economic Life, 2nd edn (pp. 96-111). Colorado: Westview Press.
36. Boyd, S. (2002) Cultural and heritage tourism in Canada: opportunities, principles and challenges, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3: 211-233.
37. Boyer, M. C. (1994) The City of Collective Memory: Its Historic Imagery and Architectural Entertainment. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
38. Brandt, L. and Rawski, T. G. (eds) (2008) China's Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Brenner, N. (1999).Beyond state-centrism? space, territoriality, and geographical scale in globalization studies, Theory and Society, 28: 39-78.
40. Breslin, S. (2004) Capitalism with Chinese characteristics: the public, the private and the international. Perth: Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University (working paper No. 104).
41. Britton, S. (1980) The spatial organization of tourism in a neo-colonial economy: a Fiji case study, Pacific Viewpoint, 21: 144-165.
42. Britton, S. (1982) The political economy of tourism in the third world, Annals of Tourism Research, 9: 331-358.
43. Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital and place: towards a critical geography of tourism, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9: 451-478.
44. Brown, M. J. (1996) Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley Center for Chinese Studies.
45. Bryman, A. (1995) Disney and his Worlds. London: Routledge.
46. Bunnell, T. (1999) Views from above and below: the Petronas Twin Towers and/in contesting visions of development in contemporary Malaysia, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 20: 1-23.
47. Bunnell, T. (2004) Malaysia, Modernity, and the Multimedia Supper Corridor: A Critical Geography of Intelligent Landscapes. London: Routledge.
48. Burgess, J. A. and Gold, J. R. (1985) Geography, the Media & Popular Culture. London: Croom Helm.
49. Burns, P. and Novelli, M. (eds) (2006) Tourism and Politics: Global Frameworks and Local Realities. Boston: Elsevier.
50. Butler, T. (2007) Re-urbanizing London Docklands: gentrification, suburbanization or new urbanism? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31: 759-781.
51. Chang, T. C. (1997) Heritage as a tourism commodity: traversing the tourist-local divide, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 18: 46-68.
52. Chang, T. C. (1999) Local uniqueness in the global village: heritage tourism in Singapore, Professional Geographer, 51: 91-103.
53. Chang, T. C. (2000) Theming cities, taming places: insights from Singapore, Geografiska Annaler B, 1: 35-54.
54. Chang, T. C. and Huang, S. (2005) Recreating place, replacing memories: creative destruction at the Singapore River, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 46: 267-280.
55. Chang, T. C., Milne, S., Fallon, D., and Pohlmann, C. (1996) Urban heritage tourism: the global-local nexus, Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 284-305.
56. Chao, E. (1996) Hegemony, agency, and re-presenting the past: the invention of Dongba culture among the Naxi of southwest China? In: M. J. Brown (ed.), Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan. (pp. 208-239). Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. Chao, L. and Myers, S. H. (1998) China's consumer revolution: the 1990s and beyond, Journal of Contemporary China, 7: 351-368.
58. Chatterton, P. and Hollands, R. (2003) Urban Nightscapes: Youth Cultures, Pleasure Spaces and Corporate Power. London and New York: Routledge.
59. Chen, Z. (2005) Nationalism, internationalism and Chinese foreign policy, Journal of Contemporary China, 14: 35-53.
60. Cheong, S. and Miller, M. L. (2000) Power and tourism: a Foucauldian observation, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 371-390.
61. China Daily (4 January 2006) Lijiang. Available at (accessed 10 March 2007).
62. China Daily (3 April 2006) Travel tips to the ancient town of Lijiang, p. 9.
63. China Daily (25 July 2006) Historical sites need protection. Available at (accessed 5 June 2008).
64. China Daily (16 November 2007) Multi-party cooperation the historical choice. Available at (accessed 2 May 2008).
65. China Daily (16 December 2007) China makes 3 traditional festivals holidays. Available at (accessed 1 July 2008).
66. China Daily (29 December 2007) Urban renewal needs to respect history. Available at (accessed 17 July 2008).
67. China Daily (8 February 2008) China to become world's top tourist destination before 2020. Available at (accessed 4 July 2008).
68. China Daily (16 June 2008) Profiting from culture. Available at (accessed 11 July 2008).
69. China Youth Daily (23 December 2005) Yunnan Stops Lijiang's Binding 'Naxi Cultural Route' for Sale (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 15 March 2007).
70. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2005) Blue Book of Chinese Society. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
71. China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) (1997) The measurement and assessment of star hotel (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 1 May 2006).
72. Chinese National Tourism Administration (CNTA) (2006) The Yearbook of China Tourism Statistics, 2005 (in Chinese), Beijing: Zhongguo lvyou chubanshe.
73. Chouinard, V. (1996) Structure and agency: contested concepts in human geography. In: C. Earle, K. Mathewson, and M. S. Kenzer (eds), Concepts in Human Geography (pp. 283-410). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
74. Ci, J. (1994) Dialectic of the Chinese Revolution: From Utopianism to Hedonism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
75. Cohen, E. (1988) Authenticity and commoditization in tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 15: 371-386.
76. Cohen, E. (2000) The Commercialized Crafts of Thailand: Hill Tribes and Lowland Villages: Collected Articles. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
77. Cohen, E. (2004) Contemporary Tourism: Diversity and Change. Boston: Elsevier.
78. Cole, S. (2007) Tourism, Culture and Development: Hopes, Dreams and Realities in East Indonesia. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
79. Coleman, S. and Crang, M. (2002) Grounded tourists, travelling theory. In: S. Coleman and M. Crang (eds), Tourism: Between Place and Performance (pp. 1-20). New York and Oxford: Berghahn.
80. Coles, T. and Church, A. (2007a) Tourism, politics and the forgotten entanglements of power. In: A. Church and T. Coles (eds), Tourism, Power and Space (pp. 1-42). London and New York: Routledge.
81. Coles, T. and Church, A. (eds) (2007b) Tourism, Power and Space. London and New York: Routledge.
82. Cook, I. and Crang, P. (1996) The world on a plate: culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges, Journal of Material Culture, 1: 131-153.
83. Cosgrove, D. (1983) Towards a radical cultural geography: problems of theory, Antipode, 15: 1-11.
84. Cosgrove, D. (1984) Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. London: Croom Helm.
85. Cosgrove, D. (1992) Orders and a new world: cultural geography 1990-1991, Progress in Human Geography, 16: 272-280.
86. Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds) (1988) The Iconography of Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
87. Cosgrove, D. and Jackson, P. (1987) New directions in cultural geography, Area, 19: 95-101.
88. Cox, R. W. (1993) Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: an essay in method. In: S. Gill (ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (pp. 49-66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Crang, M. (1997) Picturing practices: research through the tourist gaze, Progress in Human Geography, 21: 359-373.
90. Crang, M. (2004) Cultural geographies of tourism. In: A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, and A. M. Williams (eds), A Companion to Tourism (pp. 74-84). Malden: Blackwell.
91. Crawshaw, C. and Urry, J. (1997) Tourism and the photographic eye. In: C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds), Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 176-195). London: Routledge.
92. Cresswell, T. (1996) In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
93. Croll, E. J. (2006) Conjuring goods, identities and cultures. In: K. Latham, S. Thompson, and J. Klein (eds), Consuming China: Approaches to Cultural Change in Contemporary China (pp. 23-41). London and New York: Routledge.
94. Crouch, D. (1999) Introduction: encounters in leisure/tourism. In: D. Crouch (ed.), Leisure/Tourism Geographies: Practices and Geographical Knowledge (pp. 1-16). London and New York: Routledge.
95. Crouch, D., Aronsson, L., and Wahlströn, L. (2001) Tourist encounters, Tourist Studies, 1: 253-270.
96. Dann, G. (1996) The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford: CAB International.
97. Davis, D. (2000) The Consumer Revolution in Urban China. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
98. Davis, D. (2005) Urban consumer culture, The China Quarterly, 183: 692-709.
99. de Certeau, M. (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
100. Dear, M. (2000) The Postmodern Urban Condition. Oxford, UK: Malden.
101. Dear, M. and Flusty, S. (1998) Postmodern urbanism, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88: 50-72.
102. Deng X. (1994) Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1982-1992). Available at (accessed 4 November 2006).
103. Desforges, L. (1998) 'Checking out the planet': global representations/local identities and youth travel. In: T. Skelton and G. Valentine (eds), Cool Places: Geographies of Youth Cultures (pp. 175-192). London: Routledge.
104. Desforges, L. (2000) Travelling the world: travel, identity and travel biography, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 926-945.
105. Desforges, L. (2001) Tourism consumption and the imagination of money, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26: 353-364.
106. Dirlik, A. (1996) The Global in the local. In: R. Wilson and W. Dissanayake (eds), Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary (pp. 21-45). Durham and London: Duke University Press.
107. Dirlik, A. and Zhang, X. (1997) Introduction: postmodernism and China, Boundary 2, 24: 1-18.
108. Donaldson, J. A. (2007) Tourism, development and poverty reduction in Guizhou and Yunnan, The China Quarterly, 190: 333-351.
109. Dovey, K., Fitzgerald, J., and Choi, Y. (2001) Safety becomes danger: dilemmas of druguse in public space, Health & Place, 7: 319-331.
110. Dreyer, J. T. (1976) China's Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People's Republic of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
111. Drost, A. (1996) Developing sustainable tourism for world heritage sites, Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 479-484.
112. du Cros, H. (2006) Managing visitor impacts at Lijiang, China. In: A. Leask and A. Fyall (eds), Managing World Heritage Sites (pp. 205-214). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
113. du Gay, P., Hall, L., Janes, L., Mackay, H., and Nequs, K. (1997) Doing Cultural Studies: The Stories of the Sony Walkman. London: Sage.
114. Duan, S. (2000) A Heritage Protection and Tourism Development Case Study of Lijiang Ancient town, China. Bangkok: UNESCO Office of the Regional Advisor for Culture in Asia and the Pacific.
115. Duan, S. (2002) From Lijiang Phenomenon to Lijiang Model (in Chinese), Planner, 6: 54-57.
116. Duncan, J. S. (1993) Sites of representation: place, time and the discourse of the Other. In: J. S. Duncan and D. Ley (eds), Place/Culture/Representation (pp. 39-56). London and New York: Routledge.
117. Duncan, J. S. (2000) Representation. In: R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt. and M. Watts (eds), The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th edn (pp.703-705). Oxford: Blackwell.
118. Duncan, N. and Sharp, J. P. (1993) Confronting representation(s), Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 11: 473-486.
119. Dwyer, O. J. (2004) Symbolic accretion and commemoration, Social & Cultural Geography, 5: 419-435.
120. Ebbe, K. and Hankey, D. (2000) Case Study: Lijiang, China-Earthquake Reconstruction and Heritage Conservation. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
121. Edensor, T. (1998) Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site. London and New York: Routledge.
122. Edensor, T. (2000) Staging tourism: tourists as performers, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 322-344.
123. Edwards, M. (1994) Our man in China: Joseph Rock, National Geographic, 19: 62-81.
124. Erb, M. (2000) Understanding tourists: interpretations from Indonesia, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 709-736.
125. Fan, C., Wall, G., and Mitchell, C. J. A. (2008) Creative destruction and the water town of Luzhi, China, Tourism Management, 29: 648-660.
126. Fang, G. (1981) The History and Distribution of Naxi Ethnic Groups (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
127. Far Eastern Economic Review (5 June 2003) China-Conservation-Shared Heritage, p. 27.
128. Featherstone, M. (1991) Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. London: Sage Publications.
129. Feifer, M. (1985) Going Places: The Ways of the Tourist from Imperial Rome to the Present Day. London: Macmillan.
130. Fife, W. (2005) Doing Fieldwork: Ethnographic Methods for Research in Developing Countries and Beyond. New York: Palgrave.
131. Foucault, M. (1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage.
132. Foucault, M. (1990) History of Sexuality, Vol. 1. New York: Vintage Books.
133. Franklin, A. and Crang, M. (2001) The trouble with tourism and travel theory? Tourist Studies, 1: 5-22.
134. Getz, D. (1994) Event tourism and the authenticity dilemma. In: W. F. Theobald (ed.), Global Tourism: The Next Decade (pp. 313-329). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
135. Ghosh, P. (2001) Gramscian hegemony: an absolutely historicist approach, History of European Ideas, 27: 1-43.
136. Gibson, C. and Kong, L. (2005) Cultural economy: a critical review, Progress in Human Geography, 29: 541-561.
137. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., and Konopaske, R. (2006) Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Process, 12th edn. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
138. Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Oxford: Polity Press.
139. Gilbert, M. (1999) Place, politics, and the production of urban space: a feminist critique of the growth machine thesis. In: A. E. G. Jonas and D. Wilson (eds), The Urban Growth Machine: Critical Perspectives Two Decades Later (pp. 95-108). Albany: State University of New York Press.
140. Gittings, J. (2005) The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. New York: Oxford University Press.
141. Gladney, D. C. (1994) Representing nationality in China: refiguring majority/minority identities, Journal of Asian Studies, 53: 92-123.
142. Gladstone, D. L. (2005) From Pilgrimage to Package Tour: Travel and Tourism in the Third World. New York: Routledge.
143. Global Heritage Fund (GHF) (13 September 2007) Global Heritage Fund congratulates UNESCO World Heritage site Lijiang ancient town in Yunnan, China. Available at (accessed 10 July 2008).
144. Global Heritage Fund (GHF) (2004) GHF instrumental in transforming 1,000-year-old Chinese town into top domestic tourist destination. Available at (accessed 13 June 2008).
145. Global Heritage Fund (GHF) (n.d.) Lijiang, China. Available at (accessed 14 June 2008).
146. Global Naxi Cultural Conservation Society (GNCCS) (n.d.) GNCCS mission. Available at (accessed 10 July 2008).
147. Gong, Y. (1988) A Commentary on 'the Stories of Yunnan Tusi in Ming History' (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe.
148. Goodman, D. S. G. (2004) The campaign to 'open up the West': national, provincial-level and local perspectives, The China Quarterly, 178: 317-334.
149. Gotham, K. F. (2005a) Tourism from above and below: globalization, localization and New Orleans's Mardi Gras, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29: 309-326.
150. Gotham, K. F. (2005b) Tourism gentrification: the case of New Orleans' Vieux Carre (French Quarter), Urban Studies, 42: 1099-1121.
151. Gotham, K. F. (2007) Destination New Orleans: commodification, rationalization, and the rise of urban tourism, Journal of Consumer Culture, 7: 305-334.
152. Gottdiener, M. (2000) Approaches to consumption: classical and contemporary perspectives. In: M. Gottdiener (ed.), New Forms of Consumption: Consumer, Culture, and Commodification (pp. 3-31). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
153. Goulding, C. (1998) The commodification of the past, postmodern pastiche, and the search for authentic experiences at contemporary heritage attractions, European Journal of Marketing, 34: 835-853.
154. Goullart, P. (1955) Forgotten Kingdom. London: John Murray.
155. Graham, B., Ashworth, G. J., and Tunbridge, J. E. (2000) A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture, and Economy. London: Arnold.
156. Gramsci, A. (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
157. Gramsci, A. (1985) Selections from Cultural Writings. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
158. Gray, J. (2006) Mao in perspective, The China Quarterly, 187: 659-679.
159. Greenwood, D. J. (1977) Culture by the pound: an anthropological perspective tourism as cultural commoditization. In: V. L. Smith (ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (pp. 129-137). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
160. Gregory, D. (2000) Modernism. In: R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt and M. Watts (eds), The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th edn (pp. 510-512). London: Blackwell.
161. Gries, P. H. (2004) China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
162. Guangzhou Daily (15 October 2002) Why Lijiang People escape from the Town (in Chinese). Guangzhou: Guangzhou Daily, p. 4.
163. Guo, D. and He, Z. (1999) The History of Naxi Groups (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzhu chubanshe.
164. Guo, Y. (2004) Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary China: The Search for National Identity Under Reform. London and New York: Routledge.
165. Gupta, A. and Ferguson, J. (1992) Beyond "culture": space, identity, and the politics of difference, Cultural Anthropology, 7: 6-23.
166. Hall, C. M. (1994) Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place. Chichester: Wiley.
167. Hall, S. (1980) Encoding/decoding. In: S. Hall, D. Hobson, D. Lowe, and P. Willis (eds), Culture, Media, Language (pp. 128-138). London: Hutchinson.
168. Hall, S. (2005) Whose heritage? un-settling 'the heritage', re-imagining the post-nation. In: J. Littler and R. Naidoo (eds), The Politics of Heritage: The Legacies of 'Race' (pp. 23-35). London and New York: Routledge.
169. Harper, D., Burke, A., and Grundvig, J. (2005) Lonely Planet China. London: Lonely Planet.
170. Harrell, S. (1995) Introduction: civilizing projects and the reaction to Them. In: S. Harrell (ed.), Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers (pp. 3-36). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
171. Harrell, S. (2001) Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
172. Harrison, D., Hitchcock, M., and Limited, M. M. (2005) The Politics of World Heritage: Negotiating Tourism and Conservation. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
173. Harrison, J. (2003) Being a Tourist: Finding Meaning in Pleasure Travel. Vancouver and Toronto: University of British Columbia Press.
174. Harvey, D. (1973) Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold.
175. Harvey, D. (1978) The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2: 101-130.
176. Harvey, D. (1989a) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
177. Harvey, D. (1989b) From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation in urban governance in late capitalism, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 71: 3-17.
178. Harvey, D. (1993) From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of postmodernity. In: J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson, and L. Tichner (eds), Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change (pp. 3-29). London and New York: Routledge.
179. Harvey, D. (2005) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
180. Hayden, D. (1995) The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes As Public History. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
181. He, G. (ed.) (1999) A 50-Year-Long History of China's Tourism Industry (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghuo lvyou chubanshe.
182. He, H. (2001) The hereditary administration in Lijiang and 'Gaituguiliu' (in Chinese). In: G. Niu (ed.), The Culture and History of Lijiang (in Chinese) (Vol. 20) (pp. 12-24). Lijiang: Lijiang Prefecture Government.
183. He, S. and Wu, F. (2005) Property-led redevelopment in post-reform China: a case study of Xintiandi redevelopment project in Shanghai, Journal of Urban Affairs, 27: 1-23.
184. Henderson, J. C. (2003) The politics of tourism in Myanmar, Current Issues in Tourism, 6: 97-118.
185. Henderson, J. C. (2007) Communism, heritage and tourism in East Asia, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 13: 240-254.
186. Herman, J. E. (1997) Empire in the southwest: early Qing reforms to the native chieftain system, The Journal of Asian Studies, 56: 47-74.
187. Herrera, L. M. G., Smith, N., and Vera, M. (2007) Gentrification, displacement, and tourism in Santa Cruz De Tenerife, Urban Geography, 28: 276-298.
188. Hewison, R. (1987) The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline. London: Methuen.
189. Hilton, J. (1933) Lost Horizon. London: Macmillan.
190. Hitchcock, M. (2001) Tourism and total crisis in Indonesia: the case of Bali, Asia Pacific Business Review, 8: 101-120.
191. Hobsbawm, E. J. and Ranger, T. O. (1983) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
192. Hoffman, J. (1984) The Gramscian Challenge: Coercion and Consent in Marxist Political Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
193. Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2001) HK vs. Shanghai: competitors or partners? Available at (accessed 10 July 2008).
194. Hough, M. (1984) City Form and Natural Process: Towards a New Urban Vernacular. New York: Croom Helm.
195. Hu, J. (2006) Speech at Yale University. Available at (accessed 15 December 2008).
196. Huang, H. Y. B., Wall, G., and Mitchell, C. J. A. (2007) Creative destruction Zhu Jia Jiao, China, Annals of Tourism Research, 34: 1033-1055.
197. Huang, Y. (2006) Residents' attitude to tourism development in heritage sites: a case study of Pingyao Ancient Town (in Chinese), Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism, 17: 124-128.
198. International Herald Tribune (23 October 2005) Chinese tourists getting a bad image. Available at (accessed 5 May 2008).
199. Jackson, A. (1979) Na-Khi Religion: An Analytical Appraisal of the Na-khi Ritual Texts. The Hague: Mouton.
200. Jackson, P. (1989) Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography. London; Winchester, Mass.: Academic Division, Unwin Hyman.
201. Jackson, P. (1991) Mapping meanings: a cultural critique of locality studies, Environment and Planning A, 23: 215-228.
202. Jackson, P. (1999) Commodity cultures: the traffic in things, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 24: 95-108.
203. Jackson, P. (2000a) Cultural politics. In: R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt, and M. Watts (eds), The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
204. Jackson, P. (2000b) Rematerializing social and cultural geography, Social & Cultural Geography, 1: 9-14.
205. Jackson, P. and Holbrook, B. (1995) Multiple meanings: shopping and the cultural politics of identity, Environment and Planning A, 27: 1913-1930.
206. Jackson, P. and Thrift, N. (1995) Geographies of consumption. In: D. Miller (ed.), Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies (pp. 204-237). London and New York: Routledge.
207. Jazeel, T. (2006) Postcolonial geographies of privilege: diaspora space, the politics of personhood and the Sri Lankan Women's Association in the UK, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 31: 19-33.
208. Jenkins, J. M. (1993) Tourism policy in rural New South Wales-policy and research priorities, Geojournal, 29: 281-290.
209. Jeong, S. and Santos, C. A. (2004) Cultural politics and contexted place identity, Annals of Tourism Research, 31: 640-656.
210. Jessop, B. (1982) The Capitalist State: Marxist Theories and Methods. New York and London: New York University Press.
211. Jessop, B. (1990) State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in their Place. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
212. Johnson, R. (1986) The story so far: and further transformations? In: D. Punter (ed.), Introduction to Contemporary Cultural Studies (pp. 277-313). London: Longman.
213. Joseph, C. A. and Kavoori, A. P. (2001) Mediated resistance: tourism and the host community, Annals of Tourism Research, 28: 998-1009.
214. Karmel, S. M. (1994) Emerging securities markets in China: capitalism with Chinese characteristics, China Quarterly, 140: 1105-1120.
215. Kearns, G. and Philo, C. (eds) (1993) Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
216. Keith, M. and Pile, S. (1993) Introduction part 2: the place of politics. In: M. Keith and S. Pile (eds), Place and the Politics of Identity (pp. 22-40). London and New York: Routledge.
217. Keith, R. C. (ed.) (2005) China as a Rising World Power and Its Response to 'Globalization'. London and New York: Routledge.
218. Kibby, M. (2000) Tourists on the mother road and the information superhighway, in M. Robinson, P. Long, K. Evans, R. Sharpley, and J. Swarbrooke (eds), Reflection on International Tourism: Expressions of Culture, Identity, and Meaning in Tourism (pp. 139-149). Newcastle: University of Northumbria.
219. Kim, H. and Richardson, S. L. (2003) Motion picture impacts on destination images, Annals of Tourism Research, 30: 216-237.
220. King, A. D. (2003) Cultures and spaces of postcolonial knowledges. In: S. Pile, M. Domosh, and K. Anderson (eds). Handbook of Cultural Geography (pp. 381-397). London: Sage.
221. Knight, N. (2007) Rethinking Mao: Explorations in Mao Zedong's Thought. New York: Lexington Books.
222. Ko, S. (2001) China's pragmatism as a grand national development strategy: historical legacy and evolution, Issue & Studies, 37: 1-28.
223. Kolås, A. (2004) Tourism and the making of place in Shangri-La, Tourism Geographies, 6: 262-278.
224. Kong, L. (1995) Music and cultural politics: ideology and resistance in Singapore, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20: 447-459.
225. Kong, L. and Yeoh, B. S. A. (1997) The construction of national identity through the production of ritual spectacle: an analysis of National Day Parades in Singapore, Political Geography, 16: 213-239.
226. Kornai, J. (1992) The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
227. Lanfant, M. F. (1995) International tourism, internationalization and the challenge to identity. In: M. F. Lanfant, J. B. Allcock, and E. M. Bruner (eds), International Tourism: Identity and Change (pp. 24-43). London: Sage.
228. Langman, L. (2003) Culture, identity and hegemony: the body in a global age, Current Sociology, 51: 223-247.
229. Lash, S. and Urry, J. (1994) Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
230. Latham, A. and McCormack, D. P. (2004) Moving cities: rethinking the materialities of urban geographies, Progress in Human Geography, 28: 701-724.
231. Latham, K. (2006) Introduction: consumption and cultural change in contemporary China. In: K. Latham, S. Thompson, and J. Klein (eds), Consuming China: Approaches to Cultural Change in Contemporary China (pp. 1-21). London and New York: Routledge.
232. Leask, A. (2006) World heritage site designation. In: A. Leask and A. Fyall (eds), Managing World Heritage Sites (pp. 5-19). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
233. Lees, L. (2002) Rematerializing geography: the 'new' urban geography, Progress in Human Geography, 26: 101-112.
234. Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
235. Lew, A. A., Yu, L., and Zhang, G. (eds) (2003) Tourism in China. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
236. Li, W. (2006) Community decisionmaking: participation in development, Annals of Tourism Research, 33: 132-143.
237. Lijiang Ancient Downtown Government (2006) An induction to Banyan Tree Lijiang Limited Corporation. Available at (accessed 27 July 2008).
238. Lijiang Bureau of Statistics (2006) Statistics Bulletin of Lijiang National Economy and Social Development in 2005 (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 7 July 2008).
239. Lijiang Bureau of Statistics (2007) Statistic Bulletin of Lijiang National Economy and Social Development in 2006 (in Chinese). Online. Available HTTP: (accessed 2 July 2008).
240. Lijiang Bureau of Statistics (2008) Statistics Bulletin of Lijiang National Economy and Social Development in 2007 (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 2 July 2008).
241. Lijiang Chinese Communist Party Committee (2006) The Decision about Speeding up Lijiang's Tourism Sector (in Chinese). Online. Available at (accessed 7 July 2008).
242. Lijiang County Government (1992) Conservation Plan for Lijiang Historic Town (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang County Government.
243. Lijiang County Government (1997) Detailed Conservation Plan of Lijiang Ancient Town (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang County Government.
244. Lijiang Daily (29 January 1999) The rebirth of ethnic culture (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 3.
245. Lijiang Daily (2 February 2004) Heritage preservation in Lijiang obtains attention (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 6.
246. Lijiang Daily (8 April 2004) From Dayan old town to Yuhe Lodge (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 4.
247. Lijiang Daily (8 May 2004) Solidifying and developing 'Lijiang Models' (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 3.
248. Lijiang Daily (22 May 2004) Preserving Naxi Culture (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 4.
249. Lijiang Daily (8 September 2004) Lijiang: writing a song about the harmony between conservation and development. Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 1.
250. Lijiang Daily (27 September 2004) Market awakes the disappearing culture (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 3.
251. Lijiang Daily (29 March 2006) The practices of developing ethnic cultural industry in Lijiang (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Daily, p. 2.
252. Lijiang Daily (9 April 2006) Build a world-class quintessential destination through creative theory and methods (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 4 September 2008).
253. Lijiang Office for Editing Local History (1997) Lijiang Almanac Vol. 1 (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzhu chubanshe.
254. Lijiang Prefecture Committee for Editing Local Records (2000) Records of Lijiang Prefecture (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renming chubanshe.
255. Lijiang Tourism Association (2005) A Notification for Travel Agents on Promoting and Managing 'Naxi Cultural Route' (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Tourism Association.
256. Lijiang Tourism Bureau (LTB) (n.d.) The Emerging Lijiang Tourism (in Chinese) (unpublished). Lijiang: Lijiang Tourism Bureau.
257. Lijiang Tourism Bureau (LTB) (2004) A Basic Introduction to Lijiang's Tourism Industry (in Chinese) (unpublished). Lijiang: Lijiang Tourism Bureau.
258. Lijiang Tourism Bureau (LTB) (2005). Lijiang Tourism Master Plan (2004-2020) (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Tourism Bureau.
259. Lijiang Yearbook (1999) Dali-Lijiang Road was open (in Chinese). Lijiang: Lijiang Yearbook.
260. Lim, K. F. (2004) Where love dares (not) speak its name: the expression of homosexuality in Singapore, Urban Studies, 41: 1759-1788.
261. Lin, G. C. S. (1997) Red Capitalism in South China. Vancouver: UBC Press.
262. Lin, Y., Tao, R., and Liu, M. (2005) Decentralization and local governance in the context of China's transition, Perspective, 6: 25-36.
263. Liu, D. (2002) An Analysis and Forecast on China's Domestic Tourism Development (in Chinese). Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe.
264. Liu, D. (2005) On the beneficial interaction of the preservation and tourist utilization of ancient town (in Chinese). Tourism Tribune, 20: 47-53.
265. Liu, K. (2004) Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
266. Lonely Planet (1988) China: A Travel Survival Kit, 2nd edn. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet.
267. Long, N. (1996) Globalization and localization: new challenges to rural research. In: H. L. Moore (ed.), The Future of Anthropological Knowledge (pp. 37-59). London and New York: Routledge.
268. Lorimer, H. (2005) Cultural geography: the busyness of being more-than-representational? Progress in Human Geography, 29: 83-94.
269. Lowenthal, D. (1979) Age and artefact. In: D. W. Meining (ed.), The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (pp. 104-128). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
270. Lv, W. (2004) Marketing orientation of tourism industry in western China (in Chinese), Thinking, 30: 127-132.
271. Ma, J. C. L. (2001) Urban transformation in China, 1949-2000: a review and research agenda, Environment and Planning A, 33: 1545-1569.
272. Ma, J. C. L. and Wu, F. (2005) Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and Space. London and New York: Routledge.
273. McCann, E. J. (2002) The cultural politics of local economic development: meaningmaking, place-making, and the urban policy process, Geoforum, 33: 385-398.
274. McCann, E. J. (2004) 'Best Places': interurban competition, quality of life and popular media discourse, Urban Studies, 41: 1909-1929.
275. MacCannell, D. (1976) The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken.
276. McKhann, C. F. (2001) The good, the bad, and the ugly: observations and reflections on tourism development in Lijiang. In: C. Tan, S. C. H. Cheung, and H. Yang (eds), Tourism Anthropology and China: In Memory of Professor Wang Zhusheng. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
277. Mansvelt, J. (2005) Geographies of Consumption. London: Sage.
278. Markus, T. and Cameron, D. (2001) Buildings and Language: The Words between the Spaces. London: Routledge.
279. Marston, S. A. (2000) The social construction of scale, Progress in Human Geography, 24: 219-242.
280. Mason, K. (2004) Sound and meaning in Aboriginal tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 31: 837-854.
281. Massey, D. (1993) Politics and space/time. In: M. Keith and S. Pile (eds), Place and the Politics of Identity (pp. 141-161). London and New York: Routledge.
282. Massey, D. and Jess, P. (1995) Place and cultures in an uneven world. In: D. Massey and P. Jess (eds), A Place in the World: Places, Cultures and Globalization (pp. 215-238). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
283. May, T. (1993) Social Research: Issues, Methods, and Process. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
284. Medina, L. K. (2003) Commoditizing culture-tourism and Maya identity, Annals of Tourism Research, 30: 353-368.
285. Meethan, K. (2001) Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, and Consumption. New York: Palgrave.
286. Meethan, K. (2004) Tourism development and the political economy. In: S. Williams (ed.), Tourism: Critical Concepts in the Social Science, Vol. III (pp. 3-28). London and New York: Routledge.
287. Miller, D. (1995) Consumption as the vanguard of history: a polemic by way of an introduction. In: D. Miller (ed.), Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies (pp. 1-57). London and New York: Routledge.
288. Minca, C. (2000) 'The Bali syndrome': the explosion and implosion of 'exotic' tourist spaces, Tourism Geographies, 2: 389-403.
289. Mitchell, D. (2000) Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction. Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
290. Mitchell, D. (2001) The lure of the local: landscape studies at the end of a troubled century, Progress in Human Geography, 25: 269-281.
291. Mitchell, D. (2002) Cultural landscapes: the dialectical landscape-recent landscape research in human geography, Progress in Human Geography, 26: 381-389.
292. Morgan, N. and Pritchard, A. (1998) Tourism Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating Identities. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
293. Mouffe, C. (1979) Introduction: Gramsci today. In: C. Mouffe (ed.), Gramsci and Marxist Theory (pp. 1-18). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
294. Mu, L. (1997) The History of Lijiang Ancient Town (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzhuchubanshe.
295. Munasinghe, H. (2005) The politics of the past: constructing a national identity through heritage conservation, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 11: 251-260.
296. Munt, I. (1994) The 'other' postmodern tourism: culture, travel and the new middle classes, Theory, Culture and Society, 11: 101-123.
297. Muzaini, H. (2006) Backpacking Southeast Asia: strategies of "looking local", Annals of Tourism Research, 33: 144-161.
298. Nash, C. (2000) Performativity in practice: some recent work in cultural geography, Progress in Human Geography, 24: 653-664.
299. Nash, C. (2004) Postcolonial geographies: spatial narratives of inequality and interconnection. In: P. Cloke, P. Crang, and M. Goodwin (eds), Envisioning Human Geographies (pp. 104-127). London: Arnold.
300. Nash, D. (1977) Tourism as a form of imperialism. In: V. L. Smith (ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (pp. 37-54). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
301. Nash, D. (1996) Anthropology of Tourism. Kidlington, Oxford: Pergamon.
302. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2002) Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
303. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2005) China Statistical Yearbook 2005 (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
304. Naughton, B. (1995) Growing out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978-1993. New York: Cambridge University Press
305. Naxi Cultural Development Company (n.d.) Tea horse road (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 2 July 2005).
306. Neuman, W. L. (2003) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 5th edn. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
307. Ngai, P. (2003) Subsumption or consumption? the phantom of consumer revolution in "globalizing" China, Cultural Anthropology, 18: 469-492.
308. Norkunas, M. K. (1993) The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History, and Ethnicity in Monterey, California. Albany: State University of New York Press.
309. Nyíri, P. (2006) Scenic Spots: Chinese Tourism, the State, and Cultural Authority. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
310. Oakes, T. (1993) The cultural space of modernity: ethnic tourism and place identity in China tourism, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 11: 47-66.
311. Oakes, T. (1995) Tourism in Guizhou: the legacy of internal colonialism. In: A. A. Lew and L. Yu (eds), Tourism in China: Geographic, Political, and Economic Perspectives (pp. 203-222). Boulder: Westview.
312. Oakes, T. (1997) Ethnic tourism in rural Guizhou: sense of place and the commerce of authenticity. In: M. Picard and R. E. Wood (eds), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies (pp. 35-70). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
313. Oakes, T. (1998) Tourism and Modernity in China. London: Routledge.
314. Oakes, T. (2006) Cultural strategies of development: implications for village governance in China, The Pacific Review, 19: 13-37.
315. Ohmae, K. (1990) The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy. London: Collins.
316. Palmer, C. (2005) An ethnography of Englishness: experiencing identity through tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 32: 7-27.
317. Parkinson, M. and Harding, A. (1995) European cities toward 2000: Entrepreneurialism, competition and social exclusion. In: M. Rhodes (ed.), The Regions and the New Europe: Patterns in Core and Periphery Development (pp. 53-77). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
318. Pearce, D. G. (1998) Tourist districts in Paris: structure and functions, Tourism Management, 19: 49-65.
319. Peck, J. (2006) Why we shouldn't be bored with the political economy versus cultural studies debate, Cultural Critique, 64: 92-125.
320. Peleggi, M. (1996) National heritage and global tourism in Thailand, Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 432-448.
321. Peleggi, M. (2005) Consuming colonial nostalgia: the monumentalisation of historic hotels in urban Southeast Asia, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 46: 255-265.
322. People's Daily (2 February 2001) Tourism to play bigger role. Available at (accessed 4 October 2006).
323. People's Daily (9 October 2001) Qian Qichen: implement Three Representative to speed up tourism development (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 6 May 2005).
324. People's Daily (17 October 2002) The soul of Lijiang Ancient Town is flowing water (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 15 March 2007).
325. People's Daily (22 July 2004) 'Re-experience the Long March': China to launch 'red tourism' project (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 10 March 2005).
326. People's Daily (25 March 2005) Red tourist attractions post 33.26% growth (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 4 July 2008).
327. People's Daily (5 February 2006) Spring festival boosts China's retail consumption (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 8 August 2007).
328. People's Daily (10 February 2006) China's best destinations for the Valentine's Day (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 10 March 2007).
329. People's Daily (15 February 2008) Chinese tourists welcomed in foreign countries (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 7 July 2008).
330. Perrow, C. (1986) Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
331. Philp, J. and Mercer, D. (1999) Commodification of Buddhism in contemporary Burma, Annals of Tourism Research, 26: 21-54.
332. Picard, M. (1996) Bali: Cultural Tourism and Touristic Culture. Singapore: Archipelago Press.
333. Picard, M. (1997) Cultural tourism, nation-building, and regional culture: the making of a Balinese identity. In: M. Picard and R. E. Wood (eds), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies (pp. 181-214). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
334. Picard, M. (2003) Touristification and Balinization in a time of reformasi, Indonesia and the Malay World, 31: 108-118.
335. Pile, S. (1997) Introduction: opposition, political identity and spaces of resistance. In: S. Pile and M. Keith (eds), Geographies of Resistance (pp. 1-32). London and New York: Routledge.
336. Pitchford, S. R. (1995) Ethnic tourism and nationalism in Wales, Annals of Tourism Research, 22: 35-52.
337. Pretes, M. (2003) Tourism and nationalism, Annals of Tourism Research, 30: 125-142.
338. Rapoport, A. (1982) The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
339. Rawski, T. G. (1999) Reforming China's economy: what have we learned, The China Journal, 41: 139-156.
340. Rees, H. (2000) Echoes of History: Naxi Music in Modern China. New York: Oxford University Press.
341. Relph, E. C. (1976) Place and Placelessness. London: Pion.
342. Reuters News (17 June 2008) U.S. and Chinese officials welcome first-ever Chinese Tour groups to America. Available at (accessed 4 July 2008).
343. Reuters News (5 February 1996) More tremors rock quake-hit China town of Lijiang. Reuters Limited.
344. Richards, G. (1995) Politics of national tourism policy in Britain, Leisure studies, 14: 153-173.
345. Richards, G. (1996) Production and consumption of European cultural tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 261-283.
346. Richards, G. (2007) Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives. New York: Haworth Press.
347. Richter, L. K. (1989) The Politics of Tourism in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
348. Ritzer, D. G. (2004) The McDonaldization of Society. London: Pine Forge Press.
349. Ritzer, G. and Liska, A. (1997) 'McDisneyization' and 'post-tourism': complementary perspectives on contemporary tourism. In: C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds), Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 96-112). London: Routledge.
350. Robins, K. (1991) Tradition and translation: national culture. In: J. Corner and S. Harvey (eds), Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture (pp. 21-44). London: Routledge.
351. Rock, J. F. (1947) The Ancient Na-Khi Kingdom of Southwest China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
352. Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (eds) (1997) Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory. London and New York: Routledge.
353. Rose, G. (1994) The cultural politics of place: local representation and oppositional discourse in two films, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 19: 46-60.
354. Rosemary, J. (1987) Indigenous Enterprises in Kenya's Tourism Industry. Geneva: UNESCO.
355. Round, J. (2008) Everyday tactics and spaces of power: the role of informal economies in post-Soviet Ukraine, Social & Cultural Geography, 9: 171-185.
356. Routledge, P. (2001) 'Selling the rain', resisting the sale: resistant identities and the conflict over tourism in Goa, Social & Cultural Geography, 2: 221-240.
357. Said, E. W. (1978) Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
358. Salmon, P. (1992) Achieving a PhD: Ten Students' Experiences. Staffordshire: Trentham Books.
359. Sayer, R. A. (2000) Realism and Social Science. London and Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
360. Schein, L. (1989) The dynamics of cultural revival among the Miao in Guizhou. In: C. Chiao and N. Tapp (eds), Special Issue on Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups in China (pp. 199-210). Hong Kong: New Asia College, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
361. Schmitter, P. C. (2002) Participation in governance arrangements: is there any reason to expect it will achieve sustainable and innovative policies in a multi-level context. In: J. R. Grote and B. Gbikpi (eds), Participatory Governance. Political and Societal Implications (pp. 51-69). Opladen: Leske and Budrich.
362. Schubert, G. (2001) Nationalism and national identity in contemporary China: assessing the debate, Issue & Studies, 37: 128-156.
363. Scott, A. J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays on the Geography of Image-Producing Industries. London: Sage.
364. Scott, A. J. (2001) Capitalism, cities, and the production of symbolic forms, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26: 11-23.
365. Scott, J. C. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
366. Scott, J. C. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
367. Selby, M. (2004) Consuming the city: conceptualizing and researching urban tourist knowledge, Tourism Geographies, 6: 186-207.
368. Seligmann, A. (1992) The Idea of Civil Society. New York: Free Press.
369. Shanghai Star (1 August 2002) Lijiang, poetic place for living. Available at (accessed 17 July 2008).
370. Shao, Y., Zhang, L., and Dun, M. (2004) Conservation and social development of Ancient Towns of Lijiang (in Chinese), Ideal Space, 6: 52-55.
371. Sharp, J. P., Philo, C., and Paddison, R. (eds) (2000) Entanglements of Power: Geographies of Domination/Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.
372. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. (1998) Entrepreneurship, small business culture, and tourism development. In: D. Ioannides and K. G. Debbage (eds), The Economic Geography of the Tourist Industry: A Supply-side Analysis (pp. 235-255). London and New York: Routledge.
373. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. (2004) Tourism and Tourism Spaces. London: Sage.
374. Shenghuo Xinbao (9 June 2006) Lijiang Airport is Operated and the Naxi Kingdom is flying (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 17 July 2007).
375. Shields, R. (1992) The individual, consumption cultures and the fate of community. In: R. Shields (ed.), Lifestyle Shopping: The Subject of Consumption (pp. 99-113). London: Routledge.
376. Shin, L. K. (2006) The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands. New York: Cambridge University Press.
377. Shotter, J. (1998) Action research as history making, Concepts and Transformation, 2: 279-286.
378. Sibley, D. (1995) Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West. London Routledge,.
379. Sidaway, J. D. (2002) Imagined Regional Communities: Integration and Sovereignty in the Global South. New York: Routledge.
380. Sidaway, J. D. (2007) Enclave space: a new metageography of development? Area, 39: 331-339.
381. Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (1996) Tourism 21: Vision of a Tourism Capital. Singapore: Pagesetters Services.
382. Skeggs, B. (2002) Techniques for telling the reflexive self. In: T. May (ed.), Qualitative Research in Action (pp. 349-374). London: Sage.
383. Smith, C. J. (2002) From 'leading the masses' to 'serving the consumer'? newspaper reporting in contemporary urban China, Environment and Planning A, 34: 1635-1660.
384. Smith, M. K. and Robinson, M. (eds) (2006) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation. Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications.
385. Smith, N. (2002) New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy, Antipode, 34: 427-450.
386. Smith, V. L. (ed.) (1977) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
387. Sofield, T. H. B. and Li, F. M. S. (1998) Tourism development and cultural policies in China, Annals of Tourism Research, 25: 362-392.
388. Soja, E. (1989) Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London and New York: Verso.
389. Soja, E. (2000) Thirdspace: expanding the scope of the geographical imagination. In A. Read (ed.), Architecturally Speaking: Practices of Art, Architecture and the Everyday (pp. 13-30). London and New York: Routledge.
390. Soja, E. and Hooper, B. (1993) The spaces that difference makes: some notes on the geographical margins of the new cultural politics. In: M. Keith and S. Pile (eds), Place and the Politics of Identity (pp. 183-205). London and New York: Routledge.
391. Squire, S. J. (1994) Accounting for cultural meaning: the interface between geography and tourism studies re-examined, Progress in Human Geography, 18: 1-16.
392. Strange, I. (1996) Local politics, new agendas and strategies for change in English historic cities, Cities, 13: 431-437.
393. Strinati, D. (1995) An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. London and New York: Routledge.
394. Su, X. and Huang, C. (2005) The impacts of heritage tourism on public space in historic towns: a case study of Lijiang Ancient Town, China Tourism Research, 1: 401-442.
395. Su, X. and Teo, P. (2008) Tourism politics in Lijiang, China: an analysis of state and local interactions in tourism development, Tourism Geographies, 10: 150-168.
396. Swain, M. B. (1990) Commoditizing ethnicity in southwest China, Cultural Survival, 14: 26-32.
397. Swyngedouw, E. (1997a) Excluding the other: the production of scale and scaled politics. In: R. Lee and J. Wills (eds), Geographies of economies (pp. 167-176). London: Arnold.
398. Swyngedouw, E. (1997b) Neither global nor local: "glocalization" and the politics of scale. In: K. Cox (ed.), Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local (pp. 137-166). New York: Guildford Press.
399. Tang, W. (2002) Political and social trends in the post-Deng urban China: crisis or stability? The China Quarterly, 168: 890-909.
400. Teo, P. (2003) The limits of imagineering: a case study of Penang, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27: 545-563.
401. Teo, P. and Huang, S. (1995) Tourism and heritage conservation in Singapore, Annals of Tourism Research, 22: 589-615.
402. Teo, P. and Leong, S. (2006) A postcolonial analysis of backpacking, Annals of Tourism Research, 33: 109-131.
403. Teo, P. and Lim, H. L. (2003) Global and local international in tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 30: 287-306.
404. Terkenli, T. S. (2002) Landscape of tourism: towards a global cultural economy of space? Tourism Geographies, 4: 227-254.
405. The Asian Wall Street Journal (23 November 2001) Setting the tourist trap. The Asian Wall Street Journal, w1.
406. The New York Times (17 May 2006) Next wave of camera-wielding tourists is from China. Available at (accessed 20 August 2008).
407. The State Council (1986) The Report on Issuing out the List of the Second Round National Historic and Cultural City (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 27 July 2008).
408. The Times (7 October 2006) The lost horizon in Yunnan. Available at (accessed 23 March 2008).
409. The Toronto Star (22 October 2004) Tourist hordes storm world's world's gate, p. A01.
410. Thompson, C., O'Hare, G. and Evans, K. (1995) Tourism in the Gambia: problems and proposals, Tourism Management, 16: 571-581.
411. Thompson, J. B. (1990) Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication. Oxford: Polity Press.
412. Thrift, N. (2000) Entanglements of power: shadows? In: J. P. Sharp, P. Routledge, C. Philo and R. Paddison (eds), Entanglements of Power: Geographies of Domination/Resistance (pp. 269-278). London and New York: Routledge.
413. Thrift, N. (2006) Re-inventing invention: new tendencies in capitalist commodification, Economy and Society, 35: 279-306.
414. Thrift, N. and Glennie, P. (1993) Historical geographies of urban life and modern consumption. In: G. Kearns and C. Philo (eds), Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present (pp. 33-48). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
415. Tian, Q. (2004) China develops its west: motivation, strategy and prospect, Journal of Contemporary China, 13: 611-636.
416. Tong, E. (2002) Magicians, magic, and shamanism in ancient China, Journal of Early Modern History, 4: 27-73.
417. Tonkiss, F. (2005) Space, the City and Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity.
418. Tuan, Y. F. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
419. Tucker, H. (2003) Living with Tourism: Negotiating Identities in a Turkish Village. London and New York: Routledge.
420. Tucker, H. and Hall, C. M. (2004) Tourism and Postcolonialism: Contested Discourses, Identities and Representations. London and New York: Routledge.
421. Tunbridge, J. E. and Ashworth, G. J. (1996) Dissonant Heritage: The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict. Chichester: Wiley.
422. Turner, C. (2005) Yunnan, China: minority peoples observed, Asian Affairs, XXXVI: 12-34.
423. UNESCO (1999) Brief Descriptions of Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List. Paris: UNESCO.
424. UNESCO (2005) China-Ancient Naxi Dongba Literature Manuscripts. Available at http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=7260&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (accessed 23 March 2007).
425. Urry, J. (1994) Cultural change and contemporary tourism, Leisure Studies, 13: 233-238.
426. Urry, J. (2000) Sociology beyond Societies: Motilities for the Twenty First Century. New York: Routledge.
427. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze, 2nd edn. London: Sage.
428. Veblen, T. (1934 [1899]) The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York: The Modern Library.
429. Waitt, G. (1997) Selling paradise and adventure: representations of landscape in the tourist advertising of Australia, Australian Geographical Studies, 35: 47-60.
430. Waitt, G. and McGuirk, P. M. (1996) Marking time: tourism and heritage representation at Millers Point, Sydney, Australian Geographer, 27: 11-19.
431. Walker, R. and Buck, D. (2007) The Chinese road: cities in the transition to capitalism, New Left Review, 46: 39-66.
432. Walks, R. A. (2008) Urban form, everyday life, and ideology: support for privatization in three Toronto neighbourhoods, Environment and Planning A, 40: 258-282.
433. Wall, G. and Xie, P. F. (2005) Authenticating ethnic tourism: Li dancers' perspectives, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10: 1-21.
434. Wang, M. and Liu, W. (2005) A study on the protection of heritage resources and governmental behavior in the course of tourism development (in Chinese), Tourism Tribune, 20: 21-24.
435. Wang, N. (1999a) Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience, Annals of Tourism Research, 26: 349-370.
436. Wang, N. (1999b) Tourism and Modernity: A Sociological Analysis. New York: Pergamon.
437. Wang, S. and Hu, A. (1999) The Political Economy of Uneven Development: The Case of China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
438. Wang, Y. (2007) Customized authenticity begins at home, Annals of Tourism Research, 34: 789-804.
439. Warde, A. (2005) Consumption and theories of practice, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5: 131-153.
440. Waterman, R. W. and Meier, K. J. (1998) Principal-agent models: an expansion? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8: 173-202.
441. Wells, M.J. (1996) Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
442. Wen, J. J. and Tisdell, C. A. (2001) Tourism and China's Development: Policies, Regional Economic Growth and Ecotourism. Singapore: World Scientific.
443. White, G. (1992) Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
444. White, S. D. (1997) Fame and sacrifice: the gendered construction of Naxi identities, Modern China, 23: 298-327.
445. Whitson, R. (2007) Hidden struggles: spaces of power and resistance in informal work in urban Argentina, Environment and Planning A, 39: 2916-2934.
446. Wilkinson, P. F. (1997) Tourism Policy and Planning: Case Studies from the Commonwealth Caribbean. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
447. Williams, A. M. (2004) Toward a political economy of tourism. In: A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, and A. M. Williams (eds), A Companion to Tourism (pp. 61-73). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
448. Williams, P., Hubbard, P., Clark, D., and Berkeley, N. (2001) Consumption, exclusion and emotion: the social geographies of shopping, Social & Cultural Geography, 2: 203-220.
449. Williams, R. (1958) Culture is ordinary. In: N. Mackenzie (ed.), Conviction (pp. 74-92). London: MacGibbon and Kee.
450. Williams, R. (1977) Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
451. Williams, R. (1980) Problems in Materialism and Culture: Selected Essays. London: New Left Books.
452. Winchester, H., Kong, L. and Dunn, K. (2003) Landscape: Ways of Imagining the World. Harlow: Person.
453. Winter, T. (2005) Landscape, memory and heritage: New Year celebrations at Angkor, Cambodia. In: D. Harrison and M. Hitchcock (eds), The Politics of World Heritage: Negotiating Tourism and Conservation (pp. 50-65). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
454. Winter, T. (2007) Rethinking tourism in Asia, Annals of Tourism Research, 34: 27-44.
455. Winter, T., Teo, P., and Chang, T. C. (eds) (2008) Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism. London: Routledge.
456. Wood, R. E. (1997) Tourism and the state: ethnic options and constructions of otherness. In: M. Picard and R. E. Wood (eds), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies (pp. 1-34). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
457. Wu, F. (2002) China's changing urban governance in the transition towards a more market-oriented economy, Urban Studies, 39: 1071-1093.
458. Wu, F. (2003) Commentary, Environment and Planning A, 35: 1331-1338.
459. Wu, F. (2008) China's great transformation: neoliberalization as establishing a market society, Geoforum, 39: 1093-1096.
460. Wu, F. and Ma, L. J. C. (2005) The Chinese city in transition: towards theorizing China's urban restructuring. In: L. J. C. Ma and F. Wu (eds), Restructuring the Chinese City: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted Spaces (pp. 260-290). London and New York: Routledge.
461. Xie, P. F. (2003) The bamboo-beating dance in Hainan, China: authenticity and commodification, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11: 5-16.
462. Xinhua News Agency (7 September 2004) The implication of Lijiang's success (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 21 May 2006).
463. Xinhua News Agency (29 September 2005) The gradual formation of Great Shangri-la Tourism Zone (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 11 February 2006).
464. Xinhua News Agency (4 April 2006) Tourism helps more rural people get rich (in Chinese). Available at (accessed July 24).
465. Xinhua News Agency (29 April 2006) Yunnan's tourism development is an example for China (in Chinese). Online. Available at (accessed 4 September 2008).
466. Xinhua News Agency (20 August 2006) The project of Yunnan Dali-Lijiang railway (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 30 Octorber 2006).
467. Xinhua News Agency (31 August 2006) The Bureau of Environmental Protection stopped a 80-million project of reconstructing tradition-simulated building in Changsha (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 25 March 2008).
468. Xu, G. (1999) Tourism and Local Economic Development in China: Case Studies of Guilin, Suzhou and Beidaihe. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
469. Xu, J. and Yeh, A. G. O. (2005) City repositioning and competitiveness building in regional development: new development strategies in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29: 283-308.
470. Yale, P. (1991) From Tourist Attractions to Heritage Tourism. Huntingdon: Elm.
471. Yamamura, T. (2004) Authenticity, ethnicity and social transformation at world heritage sites: tourism, retailing and cultural change in Lijiang, China. In: D. Hall (ed.), Tourism and Transition: Governance, Transformation and Development (pp. 185-200). Wallingford: CABI.
472. Yan, A. and Li, H. (2002) On the physical environment in the Lijiang Old City (in Chinese), Industrial Construction, 32: 1-4.
473. Yang, H. (2002) A thought on the relation between tourism development and the fortune of Lijiang Ancient City (in Chinese), Journal of Central University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1: 69-72.
474. Yao, S. (2007) Can China Really Become the Next Superpower? Nottingham: China Policy Institute, The University of Nottingham (Briefing Series-Issue 21).
475. Yao, S. and Souchou, Y. (2002) Confucian Capitalism: Discourse, Practice and the Myth of Chinese Enterprise. London: Routledge.
476. Yeoh, B. S. A. (2001) Postcolonial cities, Progress in Human Geography, 25: 456-468.
477. Yeoh, B. S. A. (2005) The global cultural city? Spatial imagineering and politics in the (multi)cultural marketplaces of South-east Asia, Urban Studies, 42: 945-958.
478. Yeoh, B.S.A. and Chang, T.C. (2001) Globalising Singapore: debating transnational flows in the city, Urban Studies, 38(7): 1025-1044.
479. Yeoh, B. S. A. and Kong, L. (1994) Reading landscape meanings: state constructions and lived experiences in Singapore's Chinatown, Habitat International, 18: 17-35.
480. Yeoh, B. S. A. and Kong, L. (1999) The notion of place: in the construction of history, nostalgia and heritage. In: K. Kwok (ed.), Our Place in Time: Exploring Heritage and Memory in Singapore (pp. 132-151). Singapore: Singapore Heritage Society.
481. Yeoman, I., Brass, D., and McMahon-Beattie, U. (2007) Current issue in tourism: the authentic tourist, Tourism Management, 28: 1128-1138.
482. Yeung, H. W. C. (1998) Capital, state and space: contesting the borderless world, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23: 291-309.
483. Yunnan Committee for Five Series of Books on Ethnic Issues (ed.) (1983) Sociohistorical Investigation on Naxi Ethnicity (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan minzhu chubanshe.
484. Yunnan Daily (29 October 2000) Yunnan steps into a strong tourism province (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 10 December 2006).
485. Yunnan Daily (15 June 2004) My perspectives on building an ethnic cultural province (in Chinese). Available at
486. Yunnan Daily (7 February 2006) The steady development of yunnan's tourism economy (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 25 July 2008).
487. Yunnan Daily (29 April 2006) Yunnan tourism conference (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 10 December 2006).
488. Yunnan Daily (9 June 2006) If the town is not the homeland of Naxi people any more... (in Chinese). Available at (accessed 25 July 2008).
489. Yunnan Institute of Designing (1987) The Conservation Planning of Lijiang Historic Town (unpublished). Kunming: Yunnan Institute of Designing.
490. Yunnan Tourism Bureau (2004) A Plan to Double Yunnan's Tourism Development (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Tourism Bureau.
491. Zeppel, H. and Hall, C. M. (1992) Arts and heritage tourism. In: B. Weiler and C. M. Hall (eds), Special Interest Tourism (pp. 47-68). London: Belhaven.
492. Zhang, G. (2003) China's tourism since 1978: policies, experiences and lessons learned. In: A. A. Lew, L. Yu and J. Ap (eds), Tourism in China (pp. 13-34). New York: Haworth.
493. Zhang, H. Q., Chong, K., and Ap, J. (1999) An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China, Tourism Management, 20: 471-485.
494. Zhang, L. (1999) Debating 'Chinese postmodernism', Postcolonial Studies, 2: 185-198.
495. Zhang, L. (2006) Contesting spatial modernity in late-socialist China, Current Anthropology, 47: 461-484.
496. Zhang, W. (2003) Understanding tourism development in Yangsuo: a review of sociocultural impacts of tourism (in Chinese), Tourism Tribune, 18: 15-20.
497. Zhao, D. (2002) An angle on nationalism in China today: attitudes among Beijing students after Belgrade 1999, The China Quarterly, 172: 885-905.
498. Zhao, R. (1998) The History of Chinese Geography: Qing Dynasty (in Chinese). Beijing: The Commercial Press.
499. Zhao, S. (2000) Chinese nationalism and its international orientations, Political Science Quarterly, 115: 1-33.
500. Zhao, S. (2004) A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
501. Zhao, S. (2006) China's pragmatic nationalism: is it manageable? The Washington Quarterly, 29: 131-144.
502. Zheng, Y. (1999) Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
503. Zong, X. (2005) A study on the form and impact of the destination's spatial commoditization: with Lijiang Ancient Town as a case study (in Chinese), Tourism Tribune, 4: 30-36.
504. Zukin, S. (1991) Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
505. Zukin, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
506. Zukin, S. (1998) Urban lifestyles: diversity and standardisation in spaces of consumption, Urban Studies, 35: 825-839.
507. Zukin, S. and Maguire, J. S. (2004) Consumers and consumption, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 173-197.