Beyond state-centrism? Space, territoriality, and geographical scale in globalization studies

Theory and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 39-78

  Brenner, Neil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033437704     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006996806674     Document Type: Article

References (223)

1. John Agnew, "The hidden geographies of social science and the myth of the 'geographic turn,'" Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13 (1995): 379.
2. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
3. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
4. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
5. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
6. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
7. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
8. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
9. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
10. The social-scientific literatures on globalization have grown immensely during the last two decades. For recent general overviews, see e.g., Ulrich Beck, Was ist Globalisierung? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997); Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1992); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (London: Polity, 1995); Culture, Globalization and the World-System, ed. Anthony King (London: Macmillan, 1991); Globalization: Theory and Practice, ed. Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs (London: Pinter, 1996); Globalization and Territorial Identities, ed. Zdravko Mlinar (Brookfield: Averbury, 1992); Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. James Mittelman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Malcom Waters, Globalization (New York: Routledge, 1995).
11. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
12. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
13. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
14. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
15. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
16. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
17. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
18. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
19. On these and other controversies among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Placing globalization," Theory, Culture & Society 14/2 (1997): 123-137; Samir Amin, "The challenge of globalization," Review of International Political Economy 3/2 (1996): 216-259; Jenseits der Nationalökonomie? Weltwirtschaft und Nationalstaat zwischen Globalisierung und Regionalisierung, ed. Steffen Becker et al. (Hamburg: Argument Verlag, 1997); David Harvey, "Globalization in question," Rethinking Marxism 8/4 (1995): 1-17; Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (London: Polity, 1996); Michael Mann, "Has globalization ended the rise and rise of the nation-state?" Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 472-496; Jan Aart Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state," International Affairs 73/3 (1997): 427-452; The Limits to Globalization, ed. Alan Scott (London: Routledge, 1997); Robert Wade, "Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Susanne Berger and Robert Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
20. This phrase is the subtitle of Edward Soja's Postmodern Geographies (New York: Verso, 1989).
21. See e.g., John Agnew, "The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory," Review of International Political Economy 1/1 (1994): 53-80; Peter J. Taylor, "Embedded statism and the social sciences: opening up to new spaces," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1917-1928; R. B. J. Walker Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, ed. Immanuel Wallerstein et al. (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1996).
22. See e.g., John Agnew, "The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory," Review of International Political Economy 1/1 (1994): 53-80; Peter J. Taylor, "Embedded statism and the social sciences: opening up to new spaces," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1917-1928; R. B. J. Walker Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, ed. Immanuel Wallerstein et al. (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1996).
23. See e.g., John Agnew, "The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory," Review of International Political Economy 1/1 (1994): 53-80; Peter J. Taylor, "Embedded statism and the social sciences: opening up to new spaces," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1917-1928; R. B. J. Walker Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, ed. Immanuel Wallerstein et al. (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1996).
24. See e.g., John Agnew, "The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory," Review of International Political Economy 1/1 (1994): 53-80; Peter J. Taylor, "Embedded statism and the social sciences: opening up to new spaces," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1917-1928; R. B. J. Walker Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, ed. Immanuel Wallerstein et al. (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1996).
25. P. Taylor, "Embedded statism," 1923.
26. See Immanuel Wallerstein, Unthinking Social Science. The Limits of 19th Century Paradigms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 1: "It is quite normal for scholars and scientists to rethink issues. When important new evidence undermines old theories and predictions do not hold, we are pressed to rethink our premises. In that sense, much of nineteenth-century social science, in the form of specific hypotheses, is constantly being rethought. But, in addition to rethinking, which is 'normal,' I believe we need to 'unthink' nineteenth century social science, because many of its presumptions - which, in my view, are misleading and constrictive -still have far too strong a hold on our mentalities. These presumptions, once considered liberating of the spirit, serve today as the central intellectual barrier to useful analysis of the social world."
27. This contribution is part of a larger project on globalization, state territorial restructuring, and the production of space that attempts to deploy the methodological and epistemological strategies proposed here to analyze various ongoing transformations of slate spatiality in contemporary European global city-regions. For a more empirically oriented discussion of the same constellation of issues, see Neil Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states: Global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe," Review of International Political Economy 5/1 (1998): 1-37.
28. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
29. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
30. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
31. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
32. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
33. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
34. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
35. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
36. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
37. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
38. For a trenchant critique of this "timeless' conception of space, see Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991 [1974]). For other critiques by critical human geographers, see, e.g., John Agnew, "The devaluation of place in social science," in The Power of Place, ed. John Agnew and James Duncan (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 9-29; J. Agnew, Place and Politics. The Geographical Mediation of State and Society (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987); Derek Gregory, Geographical Imaginations (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994); Social Relations and Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: Macmillan, 1985); David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Doreen Massey, "Politics and space/time," in Space, Place, Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); D. Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor (London: Macmillan, 1984); Production, Work, Territory: The Geographical Anatomy of Industrial Capitalism, ed. Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); E. Soja, Postmodern Geographies; and The Power of Geography: How Territory Shapes Social Life, ed. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
39. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
40. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
41. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
42. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
43. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
44. On this aspect of globalization, see, e.g., States Against Markets: The Limits of Globalization, ed. Robert Boyer and Daniel Drache (London: Routledge, 1996); Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Guilford Press, 1991); and Wim Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 1995). For various dissenting views, see, e.g., David Gordon, "The global economy: new edifice or crumbling foundations?" New Left Review, 168 (1988): 24-65; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question; and R. Wade, "Globalization and its limits."
45. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
46. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
47. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
48. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
49. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
50. See Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large. Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); Global Culture, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage, 1990); Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Culture, Globalization and the World System, 19-40; Warren Magnusson, The Search for Political Space (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ; Peter Marden, "Geographies of dissent: globalization, identity and the nation," Political Geography 16/1 (1997): 37-64; Jan Aart Scholte, "The geography of collective identities in a globalizing world," Review of International Political Economy 3/4 (1996): 565-607.
51. This definition is developed by Anthony Giddens in The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1990). See also Held, Democracy and the Global Order; and Anthony McGrew, "A global society?" in Modernity and its Futures, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (Cambridge: Open University Press, 1992), 61-116.
52. This definition is developed by Anthony Giddens in The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1990). See also Held, Democracy and the Global Order; and Anthony McGrew, "A global society?" in Modernity and its Futures, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (Cambridge: Open University Press, 1992), 61-116.
53. This definition is developed by Anthony Giddens in The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1990). See also Held, Democracy and the Global Order; and Anthony McGrew, "A global society?" in Modernity and its Futures, ed. Stuart Hall et al. (Cambridge: Open University Press, 1992), 61-116.
54. Karl Marx, Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicolaus (New York: Penguin, 1973 [1857]), 539.
55. See David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); and D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," in D. Gregory and J. Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 128-163. The term "space-time compression" is introduced in Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. On the sociospatial dialectic under capitalism, see Edward Soja, "The socio-spatial dialectic," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1980): 207-255.
56. See David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); and D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," in D. Gregory and J. Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 128-163. The term "space-time compression" is introduced in Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. On the sociospatial dialectic under capitalism, see Edward Soja, "The socio-spatial dialectic," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1980): 207-255.
57. See David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); and D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," in D. Gregory and J. Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 128-163. The term "space-time compression" is introduced in Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. On the sociospatial dialectic under capitalism, see Edward Soja, "The socio-spatial dialectic," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1980): 207-255.
58. See David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); and D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," in D. Gregory and J. Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 128-163. The term "space-time compression" is introduced in Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. On the sociospatial dialectic under capitalism, see Edward Soja, "The socio-spatial dialectic," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1980): 207-255.
59. See David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); and D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," in D. Gregory and J. Urry, editors, Social Relations and Spatial Structures, 128-163. The term "space-time compression" is introduced in Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity. On the sociospatial dialectic under capitalism, see Edward Soja, "The socio-spatial dialectic," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70 (1980): 207-255.
60. D. Harvey, "The geopolitics of capitalism," 145.
61. Ibid., 150, passim; D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital.
62. Ibid., 150, passim; D. Harvey, The Urbanization of Capital.
63. See H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 37, passim; Lefebvre, De l'État: Les contradictions de l'État moderne, volume 4 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions. 1978); Lefebvre, De l'État: Le mode de production étatique, volume 3 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions, 1977).
64. See H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 37, passim; Lefebvre, De l'État: Les contradictions de l'État moderne, volume 4 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions. 1978); Lefebvre, De l'État: Le mode de production étatique, volume 3 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions, 1977).
65. See H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 37, passim; Lefebvre, De l'État: Les contradictions de l'État moderne, volume 4 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions. 1978); Lefebvre, De l'État: Le mode de production étatique, volume 3 (Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions, 1977).
66. On the notion of space as a "second nature," see Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 345, 348, passim.
67. This conception of the state as a form of territorialization for capital is elaborated at greater length in Neil Brenner, "Between fixity and motion: accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16 (1998): 459-481; and N. Brenner, "Global, fragmented, hierarchical: Henri Lefebvre's geographies of globalization," Public Culture 10/1 (1997): 137-169.
68. This conception of the state as a form of territorialization for capital is elaborated at greater length in Neil Brenner, "Between fixity and motion: accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16 (1998): 459-481; and N. Brenner, "Global, fragmented, hierarchical: Henri Lefebvre's geographies of globalization," Public Culture 10/1 (1997): 137-169.
69. Lefebvre, De l'État: Le mode de production étatique.
70. See Manu Goswami, "Thinking through modularity: beyond objectivist and subjectivist approaches to nationalism," Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, manuscript.
71. See John Agnew, "Spacelessness versus timeless space in state-centered social science," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1929-1932; J. Agnew, "The hidden geographies of social science." The main target of Agnew's critique is apparently Edward Soja's Postmodern Geographies, which argues for a domination of "historicism" over spatial considerations in much of postwar social science. Soja's recent work preserves his earlier emphasis on the "reassertion of space in social theory" while recognizing the existence of geographical assumptions even in "historicist" modes of analysis. See Edward Soja, Thirdspace (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
72. See John Agnew, "Spacelessness versus timeless space in state-centered social science," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1929-1932; J. Agnew, "The hidden geographies of social science." The main target of Agnew's critique is apparently Edward Soja's Postmodern Geographies, which argues for a domination of "historicism" over spatial considerations in much of postwar social science. Soja's recent work preserves his earlier emphasis on the "reassertion of space in social theory" while recognizing the existence of geographical assumptions even in "historicist" modes of analysis. See Edward Soja, Thirdspace (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
73. See John Agnew, "Spacelessness versus timeless space in state-centered social science," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1929-1932; J. Agnew, "The hidden geographies of social science." The main target of Agnew's critique is apparently Edward Soja's Postmodern Geographies, which argues for a domination of "historicism" over spatial considerations in much of postwar social science. Soja's recent work preserves his earlier emphasis on the "reassertion of space in social theory" while recognizing the existence of geographical assumptions even in "historicist" modes of analysis. See Edward Soja, Thirdspace (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
74. See John Agnew, "Spacelessness versus timeless space in state-centered social science," Environment and Planning A 28/11 (1996): 1929-1932; J. Agnew, "The hidden geographies of social science." The main target of Agnew's critique is apparently Edward Soja's Postmodern Geographies, which argues for a domination of "historicism" over spatial considerations in much of postwar social science. Soja's recent work preserves his earlier emphasis on the "reassertion of space in social theory" while recognizing the existence of geographical assumptions even in "historicist" modes of analysis. See Edward Soja, Thirdspace (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
75. The term "state-centric" has a very different meaning in the literature on "bringing the state back in," in which "state-centered" approaches are contrasted to "society-centered" approaches. In these discussions, many of which have been inspired by the work of Theda Skocpol and her followers, state-centered theories emphasize the autonomous institutional power of the state over and against societal or class-based forces. On this literature, see Bob Jessop, "Anti-Marxist Reinstatement and post-Marxist Deconstruction," in State Theory. Putting the Capitalist State in its Place (University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990), 278-306. In contrast to this literature, the notion of state-centrism developed here refers to a more generalized spatial ontology that has been implicit within a wide range of research paradigms throughout the social sciences.
76. See, e.g., Taylor, "Embedded statism"; and Wallerstein, editor, Open the Social Sciences.
77. See, e.g., Agnew, "The territorial trap"; Agnew, Place and Politics; William Connolly, "Democracy and Territoriality," Millenium 20/3 (1991): 463-484; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
78. See, e.g., Agnew, "The territorial trap"; Agnew, Place and Politics; William Connolly, "Democracy and Territoriality," Millenium 20/3 (1991): 463-484; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
79. See, e.g., Agnew, "The territorial trap"; Agnew, Place and Politics; William Connolly, "Democracy and Territoriality," Millenium 20/3 (1991): 463-484; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
80. See, e.g., Agnew, "The territorial trap"; Agnew, Place and Politics; William Connolly, "Democracy and Territoriality," Millenium 20/3 (1991): 463-484; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
81. See, e.g., Anthony Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A. D. 1760 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
82. See, e.g., Anthony Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983); Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A. D. 1760 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
83. For various examples, see John Agnew, "Representing space: space, scale and culture in social science," in James Duncan and David Ley, editors, Place/Culture/ Representation (London: Routledge, 1993), 251-271; Ira Katznelson, Marxism and the City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 16-27; and Carl Pletsch, "The three worlds, or the division of social scientific labor, circa 1950-1975," Comparative Studies of Society and History 23/4 (1981): 565-590.
84. For various examples, see John Agnew, "Representing space: space, scale and culture in social science," in James Duncan and David Ley, editors, Place/Culture/ Representation (London: Routledge, 1993), 251-271; Ira Katznelson, Marxism and the City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 16-27; and Carl Pletsch, "The three worlds, or the division of social scientific labor, circa 1950-1975," Comparative Studies of Society and History 23/4 (1981): 565-590.
85. For various examples, see John Agnew, "Representing space: space, scale and culture in social science," in James Duncan and David Ley, editors, Place/Culture/ Representation (London: Routledge, 1993), 251-271; Ira Katznelson, Marxism and the City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 16-27; and Carl Pletsch, "The three worlds, or the division of social scientific labor, circa 1950-1975," Comparative Studies of Society and History 23/4 (1981): 565-590.
86. See Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, "Beyonc 'culture': space, identity and the politics of difference," Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 6-23; Liisa Malkki, "National geographic: The rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees" Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 24-44; and Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 13-19.
87. See Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, "Beyonc 'culture': space, identity and the politics of difference," Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 6-23; Liisa Malkki, "National geographic: The rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees" Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 24-44; and Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 13-19.
88. See Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, "Beyonc 'culture': space, identity and the politics of difference," Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 6-23; Liisa Malkki, "National geographic: The rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees" Cultural Anthropology 7/1 (1992): 24-44; and Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 13-19.
89. See Manu Goswami, "From swadeshi to swaraj: nation, economy and territory in colonial South Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40/4 (1998); Hugo Radice, "The national economy: a Keynesian myth?" Capital and Class 22 (1984): 111-140; and P. Taylor, "Embedded statism."
90. See Manu Goswami, "From swadeshi to swaraj: nation, economy and territory in colonial South Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40/4 (1998); Hugo Radice, "The national economy: a Keynesian myth?" Capital and Class 22 (1984): 111-140; and P. Taylor, "Embedded statism."
91. See Manu Goswami, "From swadeshi to swaraj: nation, economy and territory in colonial South Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40/4 (1998); Hugo Radice, "The national economy: a Keynesian myth?" Capital and Class 22 (1984): 111-140; and P. Taylor, "Embedded statism."
92. Taylor, "Embedded statism," 1925. As Taylor notes (ibid., 1922-1923), until relatively recently even the discipline of human geography has replicated this territorialized, state-centric conceptual orientation, either with reference to the urban scale (urban ecology and the study of urban "systems"), the state scale (political geography) or the trans-state scale (geopolitics). Due to its anarchist, anti-statist roots in the work of theorists such as Elisée Reclus and Peter Kropotkin, regional geography provides an exception to this tendency insofar as regions were viewed as ecologically delimited, contextually specific environments rather than as territorial sub-units of the state. Likewise, in major stands of the discipline of history, this idiographic notion of "space-as-context" provided an important alternative to that of "space-as-container," which dominated the other, more nomothetically oriented social sciences.
93. Taylor, "Embedded statism," 1925. As Taylor notes (ibid., 1922-1923), until relatively recently even the discipline of human geography has replicated this territorialized, state-centric conceptual orientation, either with reference to the urban scale (urban ecology and the study of urban "systems"), the state scale (political geography) or the trans-state scale (geopolitics). Due to its anarchist, anti-statist roots in the work of theorists such as Elisée Reclus and Peter Kropotkin, regional geography provides an exception to this tendency insofar as regions were viewed as ecologically delimited, contextually specific environments rather than as territorial sub-units of the state. Likewise, in major stands of the discipline of history, this idiographic notion of "space-as-context" provided an important alternative to that of "space-as-container," which dominated the other, more nomothetically oriented social sciences.
94. See Robert Sack, Human Territoriality. Its Theory and History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
95. See Peter J. Taylor, "The state as container: territoriality in the modern world-system," Progress in Human Geography 18 (1994) 51-162.
96. See also Jean Gottman, The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983); John Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations," International Organization 47/1 (1993): 139-174; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
97. See also Jean Gottman, The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983); John Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations," International Organization 47/1 (1993): 139-174; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
98. See also Jean Gottman, The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983); John Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations," International Organization 47/1 (1993): 139-174; and Walker, Inside/Outside.
99. Taylor, "The state as container."
100. This is not the place to analyze the complex institutional histories through which this state-centric epistemology gradually became hegemonic as a mode of social-scientific inquiry, particularly in the postwar United States but also in Europe, the Soviet Union, and much of the Third World. My concern here is less to examine the institutional consolidation of state-centrism than to characterize analytically its essential geographical presuppositions. For various accounts of the institutional histories of state-centrism, see, e.g., Pletsch, "The three worlds"; Ravi Arvind Palat, "Fragmented visions: Excavating the future of area studies in a post-American world," Review, XIX, 3 (1996): 269-315; Taylor, "Embedded statism"; and Wallerstein, editor, Open the Social Sciences. In this context, it is also crucial to note that these state-centric tendencies in the classical social sciences co-existed uneasily with an opposing, if subterranean, "globalist" strand of theory and research. This globalist mode of analysis was elaborated during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries above all in Marx's theory of capital accumulation and in the theories of imperialism developed by Lenin, Luxemburg, and Bukharin. Though major strands of Marxian social theory were also eventually infused with state-centric assumptions (e.g., the notion that the national scale was the main strategic locus of class struggle), I view this intellectual tradition as the most important alternative to state-centrism within classical sociological discourse. Following the Second World War, various non-Marxist alternatives to state-centrism also emerged, including the Annales school of historiography and the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias. In addition to these strands of research, Taylor ("Embedded statism," 1918-1919) detects various late nineteenth-century "contextualist" alternatives to state-centric conceptions of space, such as idiographic approaches to historiography and Marshallian-inspired economic analyses focused on the problem of urban-regional agglomeration.
101. This is not the place to analyze the complex institutional histories through which this state-centric epistemology gradually became hegemonic as a mode of social-scientific inquiry, particularly in the postwar United States but also in Europe, the Soviet Union, and much of the Third World. My concern here is less to examine the institutional consolidation of state-centrism than to characterize analytically its essential geographical presuppositions. For various accounts of the institutional histories of state-centrism, see, e.g., Pletsch, "The three worlds"; Ravi Arvind Palat, "Fragmented visions: Excavating the future of area studies in a post-American world," Review, XIX, 3 (1996): 269-315; Taylor, "Embedded statism"; and Wallerstein, editor, Open the Social Sciences. In this context, it is also crucial to note that these state-centric tendencies in the classical social sciences co-existed uneasily with an opposing, if subterranean, "globalist" strand of theory and research. This globalist mode of analysis was elaborated during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries above all in Marx's theory of capital accumulation and in the theories of imperialism developed by Lenin, Luxemburg, and Bukharin. Though major strands of Marxian social theory were also eventually infused with state-centric assumptions (e.g., the notion that the national scale was the main strategic locus of class struggle), I view this intellectual tradition as the most important alternative to state-centrism within classical sociological discourse. Following the Second World War, various non-Marxist alternatives to state-centrism also emerged, including the Annales school of historiography and the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias. In addition to these strands of research, Taylor ("Embedded statism," 1918-1919) detects various late nineteenth-century "contextualist" alternatives to state-centric conceptions of space, such as idiographic approaches to historiography and Marshallian-inspired economic analyses focused on the problem of urban-regional agglomeration.
102. This is not the place to analyze the complex institutional histories through which this state-centric epistemology gradually became hegemonic as a mode of social-scientific inquiry, particularly in the postwar United States but also in Europe, the Soviet Union, and much of the Third World. My concern here is less to examine the institutional consolidation of state-centrism than to characterize analytically its essential geographical presuppositions. For various accounts of the institutional histories of state-centrism, see, e.g., Pletsch, "The three worlds"; Ravi Arvind Palat, "Fragmented visions: Excavating the future of area studies in a post-American world," Review, XIX, 3 (1996): 269-315; Taylor, "Embedded statism"; and Wallerstein, editor, Open the Social Sciences. In this context, it is also crucial to note that these state-centric tendencies in the classical social sciences co-existed uneasily with an opposing, if subterranean, "globalist" strand of theory and research. This globalist mode of analysis was elaborated during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries above all in Marx's theory of capital accumulation and in the theories of imperialism developed by Lenin, Luxemburg, and Bukharin. Though major strands of Marxian social theory were also eventually infused with state-centric assumptions (e.g., the notion that the national scale was the main strategic locus of class struggle), I view this intellectual tradition as the most important alternative to state-centrism within classical sociological discourse. Following the Second World War, various non-Marxist alternatives to state-centrism also emerged, including the Annales school of historiography and the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias. In addition to these strands of research, Taylor ("Embedded statism," 1918-1919) detects various late nineteenth-century "contextualist" alternatives to state-centric conceptions of space, such as idiographic approaches to historiography and Marshallian-inspired economic analyses focused on the problem of urban-regional agglomeration.
103. This is not the place to analyze the complex institutional histories through which this state-centric epistemology gradually became hegemonic as a mode of social-scientific inquiry, particularly in the postwar United States but also in Europe, the Soviet Union, and much of the Third World. My concern here is less to examine the institutional consolidation of state-centrism than to characterize analytically its essential geographical presuppositions. For various accounts of the institutional histories of state-centrism, see, e.g., Pletsch, "The three worlds"; Ravi Arvind Palat, "Fragmented visions: Excavating the future of area studies in a post-American world," Review, XIX, 3 (1996): 269-315; Taylor, "Embedded statism"; and Wallerstein, editor, Open the Social Sciences. In this context, it is also crucial to note that these state-centric tendencies in the classical social sciences co-existed uneasily with an opposing, if subterranean, "globalist" strand of theory and research. This globalist mode of analysis was elaborated during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries above all in Marx's theory of capital accumulation and in the theories of imperialism developed by Lenin, Luxemburg, and Bukharin. Though major strands of Marxian social theory were also eventually infused with state-centric assumptions (e.g., the notion that the national scale was the main strategic locus of class struggle), I view this intellectual tradition as the most important alternative to state-centrism within classical sociological discourse. Following the Second World War, various non-Marxist alternatives to state-centrism also emerged, including the Annales school of historiography and the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias. In addition to these strands of research, Taylor ("Embedded statism," 1918-1919) detects various late nineteenth-century "contextualist" alternatives to state-centric conceptions of space, such as idiographic approaches to historiography and Marshallian-inspired economic analyses focused on the problem of urban-regional agglomeration.
104. On these "encaging" processes see Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
105. Taylor, "The state as container," 152. On the shift from "city-centered" to "territorial" economic systems, see Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, trans. Sîan Reynolds (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 295, 352-385.
106. Taylor, "The state as container," 152. On the shift from "city-centered" to "territorial" economic systems, see Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, trans. Sîan Reynolds (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 295, 352-385.
107. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957); as well as Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1994), 239-300; and Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 111-210.
108. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957); as well as Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1994), 239-300; and Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 111-210.
109. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957); as well as Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1994), 239-300; and Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 111-210.
110. Scott Lash and John Urry, The End of Organized Capitalism (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).
111. S. Amin, "The challenge of globalization," 236, passim; S. Amin, Re-reading the Post-War Period: An Intellectual Itinerary (New York: Monthly Review Press: 1994).
112. S. Amin, "The challenge of globalization," 236, passim; S. Amin, Re-reading the Post-War Period: An Intellectual Itinerary (New York: Monthly Review Press: 1994).
113. Taylor, "Embedded statism," 1920.
114. H. Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 280.
115. Ibid., 281.
116. Ibid., 308.
117. Ibid., 287; italics in original.
118. Ibid., 21.
119. See Neil Smith, "Antinomies of space and nature in Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space," Philosophy and Geography 2 (1997) 50-51, passim; as well as, more generally, John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1995).
120. See Neil Smith, "Antinomies of space and nature in Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space," Philosophy and Geography 2 (1997) 50-51, passim; as well as, more generally, John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1995).
121. Smith, "Antinomies," 50-51.
122. On the denationalization of the state, see Bob Jessop, "Capitalism and its future: Remarks on regulation, government and governance," Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 561-581; B. Jessop, "Die Zukunft des Nationalstaats - Erosion oder Reorganisation? Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zu Westeuropa," Jenseits der Nationalökonomie, 50-95; and Saskia Sassen, "The state and the new geography of power," in Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 1-30.
123. On the denationalization of the state, see Bob Jessop, "Capitalism and its future: Remarks on regulation, government and governance," Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 561-581; B. Jessop, "Die Zukunft des Nationalstaats - Erosion oder Reorganisation? Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zu Westeuropa," Jenseits der Nationalökonomie, 50-95; and Saskia Sassen, "The state and the new geography of power," in Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 1-30.
124. On the denationalization of the state, see Bob Jessop, "Capitalism and its future: Remarks on regulation, government and governance," Review of International Political Economy 4/3 (1997): 561-581; B. Jessop, "Die Zukunft des Nationalstaats - Erosion oder Reorganisation? Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zu Westeuropa," Jenseits der Nationalökonomie, 50-95; and Saskia Sassen, "The state and the new geography of power," in Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 1-30.
125. On "re-scaling," see Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale," in Spaces of Globalization, ed. Kevin Cox (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), 137-166; and E. Swyngedouw, "The Mammon quest: 'Glocalisation,' interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, ed. Mick Dunford and Grigoris Kafkalas (London: Belhaven Press, 1992), 39-68. On "jumping scales," see Neil Smith, "Homeless/global: scaling places,' in Mapping the Futures, Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 87-119; N. Smith, "Remaking scale: competition and cooperation in prenational and post-national Europe," in Competitive European Peripheries, ed. Heikki Eskelinen and Folke Snickars (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993), 59-74. Another important recent analysis of shifts in the scalar organization of contemporary capitalism is Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the changing logic of collective action," International Organization 49/4 (1995): 595-626.
126. On "re-scaling," see Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale," in Spaces of Globalization, ed. Kevin Cox (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), 137-166; and E. Swyngedouw, "The Mammon quest: 'Glocalisation,' interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, ed. Mick Dunford and Grigoris Kafkalas (London: Belhaven Press, 1992), 39-68. On "jumping scales," see Neil Smith, "Homeless/global: scaling places,' in Mapping the Futures, Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 87-119; N. Smith, "Remaking scale: competition and cooperation in prenational and post-national Europe," in Competitive European Peripheries, ed. Heikki Eskelinen and Folke Snickars (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993), 59-74. Another important recent analysis of shifts in the scalar organization of contemporary capitalism is Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the changing logic of collective action," International Organization 49/4 (1995): 595-626.
127. On "re-scaling," see Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale," in Spaces of Globalization, ed. Kevin Cox (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), 137-166; and E. Swyngedouw, "The Mammon quest: 'Glocalisation,' interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, ed. Mick Dunford and Grigoris Kafkalas (London: Belhaven Press, 1992), 39-68. On "jumping scales," see Neil Smith, "Homeless/global: scaling places,' in Mapping the Futures, Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 87-119; N. Smith, "Remaking scale: competition and cooperation in prenational and post-national Europe," in Competitive European Peripheries, ed. Heikki Eskelinen and Folke Snickars (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993), 59-74. Another important recent analysis of shifts in the scalar organization of contemporary capitalism is Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the changing logic of collective action," International Organization 49/4 (1995): 595-626.
128. On "re-scaling," see Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale," in Spaces of Globalization, ed. Kevin Cox (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), 137-166; and E. Swyngedouw, "The Mammon quest: 'Glocalisation,' interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, ed. Mick Dunford and Grigoris Kafkalas (London: Belhaven Press, 1992), 39-68. On "jumping scales," see Neil Smith, "Homeless/global: scaling places,' in Mapping the Futures, Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 87-119; N. Smith, "Remaking scale: competition and cooperation in prenational and post-national Europe," in Competitive European Peripheries, ed. Heikki Eskelinen and Folke Snickars (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993), 59-74. Another important recent analysis of shifts in the scalar organization of contemporary capitalism is Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the changing logic of collective action," International Organization 49/4 (1995): 595-626.
129. On "re-scaling," see Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale," in Spaces of Globalization, ed. Kevin Cox (New York: Guilford Press, 1997), 137-166; and E. Swyngedouw, "The Mammon quest: 'Glocalisation,' interspatial competition and the monetary order: the construction of new scales," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, ed. Mick Dunford and Grigoris Kafkalas (London: Belhaven Press, 1992), 39-68. On "jumping scales," see Neil Smith, "Homeless/global: scaling places,' in Mapping the Futures, Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 87-119; N. Smith, "Remaking scale: competition and cooperation in prenational and post-national Europe," in Competitive European Peripheries, ed. Heikki Eskelinen and Folke Snickars (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1993), 59-74. Another important recent analysis of shifts in the scalar organization of contemporary capitalism is Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the changing logic of collective action," International Organization 49/4 (1995): 595-626.
130. See James Anderson, "The shifting stage of politics: New Medieval and post-modern territorialities," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14 (1996): 133-155.
131. For more empirically detailed analyses of this ongoing re-scaling of territoriality, see Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states"; Cerny, "Globalization"; Jessop, "Die Zukunft des Nationalstaates"; Smith, "Remaking scale"; and Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local."
132. Martin Albrow, "Introduction," in Globalization, Knowledge and Society, ed. M. Albrow and E. King (Sage: London, 1990), 9. This conceptualization is elaborated at greater length in Martin Albrow, The Global Age: State and Society Beyond Modernity (Oxford: Polity, 1996).
133. Martin Albrow, "Introduction," in Globalization, Knowledge and Society, ed. M. Albrow and E. King (Sage: London, 1990), 9. This conceptualization is elaborated at greater length in Martin Albrow, The Global Age: State and Society Beyond Modernity (Oxford: Polity, 1996).
134. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
135. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
136. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
137. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
138. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
139. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
140. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
141. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
142. See M. Waters, Globalization, 3, italics added. For other exemplary uses of the concept of "world society" among globalization researchers, see, e.g., Tony Spybey, Globalization and World Society (Oxford: Polity, 1996); Karl Otto Hondrich, "World societies versus niche societies," in Social Change and Modernity, ed. Hans Haferkamp and Neil Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 351-366; John Meyer, "The changing cultural content of the nation-state: a world society perspective," in New Approaches to the State in the Social Sciences, ed. George Steinmetz (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); John Meyer, John Boli, George Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology" 103/1 (1997): 144-181; Martin Shaw, "Global society and global responsibility: The theoretical, historical and political limits of international society," Millenium 21 (1992): 421-434; and Waters, Globalization, passim. For critical discussions, see, e.g., A. McGrew, "A global society?"; and Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung. Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1997), 44-76.
143. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
144. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
145. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
146. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
147. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
148. See, e.g., Ronnie Lipschutz, "Restructuring world politics: the emergence of global civil society," Millenium 21 (1992): 389-421; Mike Featherstone, "Global culture: an introduction," in Featherstone, editor, Global Culture, 1-14; M. J. Peterson, "Transnational activity, international society and world politics," Millenium 21/3, (1992): 371-388; Anthony Smith, "Towards a global culture?" in Global Culture 171-192; Spybey, Globalization and World Society; and Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the state: environmental activism and world civil politics," World Politics 47 (1995), 311-340. For a critical discussion, see P. Marden, "Geographies of dissent."
149. Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage, 1992).
150. Ibid., 6, 53, passim.
151. Ibid., 25.
152. Ibid., 26, 77-78.
153. Ibid., 26-29, 50-51.
154. Ibid., 58-60.
155. See Talcott Parsons, The System of Modern Societies (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1971).
156. See Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Publishers: New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World System III. The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1940s (New York: Academic Press, 1989). On the specific problematic of space in world-system analysis, see Wallerstein, "Inventions of TimeSpace realities: Towards an understanding of our historical systems," Geography 73/4 (1988): 289-297.
157. See Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Publishers: New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World System III. The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1940s (New York: Academic Press, 1989). On the specific problematic of space in world-system analysis, see Wallerstein, "Inventions of TimeSpace realities: Towards an understanding of our historical systems," Geography 73/4 (1988): 289-297.
158. See Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Publishers: New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World System III. The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1940s (New York: Academic Press, 1989). On the specific problematic of space in world-system analysis, see Wallerstein, "Inventions of TimeSpace realities: Towards an understanding of our historical systems," Geography 73/4 (1988): 289-297.
159. See Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Publishers: New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York: Academic Press, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World System III. The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1940s (New York: Academic Press, 1989). On the specific problematic of space in world-system analysis, see Wallerstein, "Inventions of TimeSpace realities: Towards an understanding of our historical systems," Geography 73/4 (1988): 289-297.
160. For various definitions of capitalism in Wallerstein's work, see e.g., "The West, capitalism and the modern world-system," Review 15/4 (1992): 566-580; Historical Capitalism (New York: Verso, 1983), 13-19; "The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis," in The Capitalist World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979), 7-19; and The Modern World System I, 37-38, 348.
161. For various definitions of capitalism in Wallerstein's work, see e.g., "The West, capitalism and the modern world-system," Review 15/4 (1992): 566-580; Historical Capitalism (New York: Verso, 1983), 13-19; "The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis," in The Capitalist World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979), 7-19; and The Modern World System I, 37-38, 348.
162. For various definitions of capitalism in Wallerstein's work, see e.g., "The West, capitalism and the modern world-system," Review 15/4 (1992): 566-580; Historical Capitalism (New York: Verso, 1983), 13-19; "The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis," in The Capitalist World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979), 7-19; and The Modern World System I, 37-38, 348.
163. For various definitions of capitalism in Wallerstein's work, see e.g., "The West, capitalism and the modern world-system," Review 15/4 (1992): 566-580; Historical Capitalism (New York: Verso, 1983), 13-19; "The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis," in The Capitalist World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979), 7-19; and The Modern World System I, 37-38, 348.
164. Wallerstein, "The rise and future demise," 6, italics added. See also Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I, 67, 348-349.
165. Wallerstein, "The rise and future demise," 6, italics added. See also Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I, 67, 348-349.
166. Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I, 348.
167. In addition to the three volumes of The Modern World-System, see also the essays in The Capitalist World-Economy; and Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
168. In addition to the three volumes of The Modern World-System, see also the essays in The Capitalist World-Economy; and Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
169. See, e.g., Wallerstein, "Three instances of hegemony in the history of the capitalist world-economy," in The Politics of the World-Economy, 39; "States in the institutional vortex of the capitalist world economy," in ibid., 27-36; and Historical Capitalism, passim.
170. See, e.g., Wallerstein, "Three instances of hegemony in the history of the capitalist world-economy," in The Politics of the World-Economy, 39; "States in the institutional vortex of the capitalist world economy," in ibid., 27-36; and Historical Capitalism, passim.
171. See, e.g., Wallerstein, "Three instances of hegemony in the history of the capitalist world-economy," in The Politics of the World-Economy, 39; "States in the institutional vortex of the capitalist world economy," in ibid., 27-36; and Historical Capitalism, passim.
172. It is not accurate, therefore, to reproach Wallerstein for reducing state power to economic structure, because in his framework the latter are fundamentally identical. This "reductionist" critique of Wallerstein has been articulated, for example, in Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's world capitalist system: a theoretical and historical critique," American Journal of Sociology 82/5 (1977): 1075-1102.
173. On this "Gulliver fallacy," see Walker, Inside/Outside, 133-140.
174. Wallerstein interprets the global crises of the post-1970s period primarily in ideological terms, as the "end of liberalism." See Wallerstein, After Liberalism (New York: The Free Press, 1995). It is also worth noting here that these problems with Wallerstein's theory are not necessarily intrinsic to world-system analysis. For attempts to develop more historically specific analyses of capitalist spatiality within the parameters of world-system methodologies, see, e.g., Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century; as well as Taylor, "The state as container"; and Taylor, "World cities and territorial states: the rise and fall of their mutuality," in World Cities in a World-System, ed. Paul Knox and Peter J. Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 48-62.
175. Wallerstein interprets the global crises of the post-1970s period primarily in ideological terms, as the "end of liberalism." See Wallerstein, After Liberalism (New York: The Free Press, 1995). It is also worth noting here that these problems with Wallerstein's theory are not necessarily intrinsic to world-system analysis. For attempts to develop more historically specific analyses of capitalist spatiality within the parameters of world-system methodologies, see, e.g., Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century; as well as Taylor, "The state as container"; and Taylor, "World cities and territorial states: the rise and fall of their mutuality," in World Cities in a World-System, ed. Paul Knox and Peter J. Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 48-62.
176. Wallerstein interprets the global crises of the post-1970s period primarily in ideological terms, as the "end of liberalism." See Wallerstein, After Liberalism (New York: The Free Press, 1995). It is also worth noting here that these problems with Wallerstein's theory are not necessarily intrinsic to world-system analysis. For attempts to develop more historically specific analyses of capitalist spatiality within the parameters of world-system methodologies, see, e.g., Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century; as well as Taylor, "The state as container"; and Taylor, "World cities and territorial states: the rise and fall of their mutuality," in World Cities in a World-System, ed. Paul Knox and Peter J. Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 48-62.
177. Wallerstein interprets the global crises of the post-1970s period primarily in ideological terms, as the "end of liberalism." See Wallerstein, After Liberalism (New York: The Free Press, 1995). It is also worth noting here that these problems with Wallerstein's theory are not necessarily intrinsic to world-system analysis. For attempts to develop more historically specific analyses of capitalist spatiality within the parameters of world-system methodologies, see, e.g., Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century; as well as Taylor, "The state as container"; and Taylor, "World cities and territorial states: the rise and fall of their mutuality," in World Cities in a World-System, ed. Paul Knox and Peter J. Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 48-62.
178. Jan Aart Scholte, "What are the new spaces?" Environment and Planning A 28 (1996): 1968.
179. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The
180. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
181. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
182. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
183. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
184. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
185. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
186. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
187. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
188. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
189. See, e.g., Manuel Castells, "A powerless state?" in The Power of Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997), 243-309; Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Castells, The Informational City (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1989); Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C., 1991; Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the National State (New York: The Free Press, 1995); Ohmae, The Borderless World (New York: Harper Collins, 1990); Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond"; and Robert O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Pinter, 1992). For extreme versions of this "end of geography" thesis, see also James Der Derian, "The (s)pace of international relations: simulation, surveillance and speed," International Studies Quarterly 34 (1990): 295-310; and Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 1984).
190. The literature on these "post-Fordist" forms of urban and regional restructuring has expanded massively in recent decades. For recent overviews see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Post-Fordism: Models, Fantasies and Phantoms of Transition," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, ed. Ash Amin (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), 1-40; Alain Lipietz, "The local and the global: regional individuality or interregionalism?" Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 18/1 (1993): 8-18; and Michael Storper, "The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later: the region as a nexus of untraded interdependencies," European Urban and Regional Studies 2/3 (1995): 191-221.
191. The literature on these "post-Fordist" forms of urban and regional restructuring has expanded massively in recent decades. For recent overviews see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Post-Fordism: Models, Fantasies and Phantoms of Transition," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, ed. Ash Amin (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), 1-40; Alain Lipietz, "The local and the global: regional individuality or interregionalism?" Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 18/1 (1993): 8-18; and Michael Storper, "The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later: the region as a nexus of untraded interdependencies," European Urban and Regional Studies 2/3 (1995): 191-221.
192. The literature on these "post-Fordist" forms of urban and regional restructuring has expanded massively in recent decades. For recent overviews see, e.g., Ash Amin, "Post-Fordism: Models, Fantasies and Phantoms of Transition," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, ed. Ash Amin (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), 1-40; Alain Lipietz, "The local and the global: regional individuality or interregionalism?" Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 18/1 (1993): 8-18; and Michael Storper, "The resurgence of regional economies, ten years later: the region as a nexus of untraded interdependencies," European Urban and Regional Studies 2/3 (1995): 191-221.
193. Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; and Swyngedouw, "The heart of the place: the resurrection of locality in an age of hyperspace," Geografiska Annaler B, 71/1 (1989): 31-42. See also Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift, "Neo-Marshallian nodes in global networks," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16/4 (1992): 571-587.
194. Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; and Swyngedouw, "The heart of the place: the resurrection of locality in an age of hyperspace," Geografiska Annaler B, 71/1 (1989): 31-42. See also Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift, "Neo-Marshallian nodes in global networks," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16/4 (1992): 571-587.
195. Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; and Swyngedouw, "The heart of the place: the resurrection of locality in an age of hyperspace," Geografiska Annaler B, 71/1 (1989): 31-42. See also Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift, "Neo-Marshallian nodes in global networks," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 16/4 (1992): 571-587.
196. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
197. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
198. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
199. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
200. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
201. See, e.g., Les régions qui gagnent. Districts et réseaux: les nouveaux paradigmes de la géographie économique, ed. Georges Benko and Alain Lipietz (Paris: PUF, 1992); Industrial Change and Regional Development, ed. Georges Benko and Mick Dunford (New York: Belhaven Press, 1992); Allen Scott, "Regional motors of the global economy," Futures 28/5 (1996): 391-411; Pathways to Industrialization and Regional Development, ed. Allen Scott and Michael Storper (New York: Routledge, 1992); Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhältnis - Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Unternehmen Globus, ed. Michael Bruch and HansPeter Krebs (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), 224-254; and Stefan Krátke, "Globalisierung und Regionalisierung," Geographische Zeitschrift 83/3 (1995): 207-221.
202. Neil Smith, "Spaces of vulnerability: the space of flows and the politics of scale," Critique of Anthropology 16/1 (1996): 72; italics in original.
203. Robert Cox, "Structural issues of global governance: implications for Europe" in Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, ed. Stephen Gill (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 259-289.
204. See Leo Pantich, "Globalization and the state," in The Socialist Register 1994, ed. Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (London: Merlin, 1994), 60-93. See also, e.g., Sassen, Losing Control; Weiss, "The myth of the powerless state"; and Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state."
205. See Leo Pantich, "Globalization and the state," in The Socialist Register 1994, ed. Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (London: Merlin, 1994), 60-93. See also, e.g., Sassen, Losing Control; Weiss, "The myth of the powerless state"; and Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state."
206. See Leo Pantich, "Globalization and the state," in The Socialist Register 1994, ed. Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (London: Merlin, 1994), 60-93. See also, e.g., Sassen, Losing Control; Weiss, "The myth of the powerless state"; and Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state."
207. See Leo Pantich, "Globalization and the state," in The Socialist Register 1994, ed. Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (London: Merlin, 1994), 60-93. See also, e.g., Sassen, Losing Control; Weiss, "The myth of the powerless state"; and Scholte, "Global capitalism and the state."
208. Cerny, "Globalization," 620. See also Joachim Hirsch, Der nationale Wettbewerbsstaat (Berlin: ID-Archiv, 1995); and Bob Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 251-279.
209. Cerny, "Globalization," 620. See also Joachim Hirsch, Der nationale Wettbewerbsstaat (Berlin: ID-Archiv, 1995); and Bob Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 251-279.
210. Cerny, "Globalization," 620. See also Joachim Hirsch, Der nationale Wettbewerbsstaat (Berlin: ID-Archiv, 1995); and Bob Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 251-279.
211. On the state's "hollowing out" see Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State." On the "glocalization" of the state, see Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states"; and Brenner, "Globalisierung und Reterritorialisierung: Städte, Staaten und raümliche Restrukturierung im heutigen Europa," WeltTrends. Internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien 17/4 (1997): 7-30.
212. On the state's "hollowing out" see Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State." On the "glocalization" of the state, see Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states"; and Brenner, "Globalisierung und Reterritorialisierung: Städte, Staaten und raümliche Restrukturierung im heutigen Europa," WeltTrends. Internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien 17/4 (1997): 7-30.
213. On the state's "hollowing out" see Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State." On the "glocalization" of the state, see Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states"; and Brenner, "Globalisierung und Reterritorialisierung: Städte, Staaten und raümliche Restrukturierung im heutigen Europa," WeltTrends. Internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien 17/4 (1997): 7-30.
214. On the state's "hollowing out" see Jessop, "Post-Fordism and the State." On the "glocalization" of the state, see Swyngedouw, "Neither global nor local"; Brenner, "Global cities, glocal states"; and Brenner, "Globalisierung und Reterritorialisierung: Städte, Staaten und raümliche Restrukturierung im heutigen Europa," WeltTrends. Internationale Politik und vergleichende Studien 17/4 (1997): 7-30.
215. See, e.g., Margit Mayer, "The shifting local political system in European cities," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, 255-276; Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell, "Searching for a new institutional fix: the after-Fordist crisis and the global-local disorder," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 280-315; Richard Evans and Alan Harding, "Regionalisation, regional institutions and economic development," Policy and Politics 25/1 (1997): 19-30; Helmut Voelzkow, "Der Zug in die Regionen. Politische Regionalisierung als Antwort auf die Globalisierung der Ökonomie," Berliner Debatte Initial 5 (1996): 68-78.
216. See, e.g., Margit Mayer, "The shifting local political system in European cities," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, 255-276; Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell, "Searching for a new institutional fix: the after-Fordist crisis and the global-local disorder," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 280-315; Richard Evans and Alan Harding, "Regionalisation, regional institutions and economic development," Policy and Politics 25/1 (1997): 19-30; Helmut Voelzkow, "Der Zug in die Regionen. Politische Regionalisierung als Antwort auf die Globalisierung der Ökonomie," Berliner Debatte Initial 5 (1996): 68-78.
217. See, e.g., Margit Mayer, "The shifting local political system in European cities," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, 255-276; Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell, "Searching for a new institutional fix: the after-Fordist crisis and the global-local disorder," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 280-315; Richard Evans and Alan Harding, "Regionalisation, regional institutions and economic development," Policy and Politics 25/1 (1997): 19-30; Helmut Voelzkow, "Der Zug in die Regionen. Politische Regionalisierung als Antwort auf die Globalisierung der Ökonomie," Berliner Debatte Initial 5 (1996): 68-78.
218. See, e.g., Margit Mayer, "The shifting local political system in European cities," in Cities and Regions in the New Europe, 255-276; Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell, "Searching for a new institutional fix: the after-Fordist crisis and the global-local disorder," in Post-Fordism: A Reader, 280-315; Richard Evans and Alan Harding, "Regionalisation, regional institutions and economic development," Policy and Politics 25/1 (1997): 19-30; Helmut Voelzkow, "Der Zug in die Regionen. Politische Regionalisierung als Antwort auf die Globalisierung der Ökonomie," Berliner Debatte Initial 5 (1996): 68-78.
219. Cerny, "Globalization," 618.
220. Ibid., 620-621.
221. Ruggie, "Territoriality and beyond."
222. Anderson, "The shifting stage of politics," 151.
223. See Lefebvre, The Production of Space, 87-88.