2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 64, Issue 22, 2014, Pages e77-e137

  Fleisher, Lee A ^a   Fleischmann, Kirsten E ^a   Auerbach, Andrew D ^a   Barnason, Susan A ^a   Beckman, Joshua A ^a   Bozkurt, Biykem ^a   Davila Roman, Victor G ^a   Gerhard Herman, Marie D ^a   Holly, Thomas A ^a   Kane, Garvan C ^a   Marine, Joseph E ^a   Nelson, M Timothy ^a   Spencer, Crystal C ^a   Thompson, Annemarie ^a   Ting, Henry H ^a   Uretsky, Barry F ^a   Wijeysundera, Duminda N ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

ACC AHA Clinical Practice Guideline; adrenergic beta antagonists; anesthesia and analgesia; diagnostic techniques cardiovascular; monitoring intraoperative; perioperative care; platelet aggregation inhibitors; referral and consultation; troponin

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NATRIURETIC FACTOR; TROPONIN;

ANALGESIA; ANEMIA; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIA MECHANISM; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AORTA STENOSIS; AORTA VALVE REGURGITATION; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; BARE METAL STENT; CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TEST; CARDIOVASCULAR EQUIPMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE TEST; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART FAILURE; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE DYSPLASIA; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA; MEDICAL CARE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS; MORBIDITY; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; NEURAXIAL ANESTHESIA; NONCARDIAC SURGERY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PERIOPERATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR EVALUATION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHARMACOLOGIC STRESS TESTING; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; PROPHYLAXIS; PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER; PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETERIZATION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SURGERY; SURGICAL RISK; TIME TO TREATMENT; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT INDICATION; VALIDATION PROCESS; ADVISORY COMMITTEE; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PROCEDURES; RESEARCH; STANDARDS; UNITED STATES;

ADVISORY COMMITTEES; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RESEARCH REPORT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84914108635     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.944     Document Type: Article

References (491)

1. Institute of Medicine (US) Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust 2011 National Academies Press Washington, DC
2. Institute of Medicine (US) Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews 2011 National Academies Press Washington, DC
3. A.K. Jacobs, F.G. Kushner, and S.M. Ettinger ACCF/AHA clinical practice guideline methodology summit report: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Circulation 127 2013 268 310
4. A.K. Jacobs, J.L. Anderson, and J.L. Halperin The evolution and future of ACC/AHA clinical practice guidelines: a 30-year journey J Am Coll Cardiol 130 2014 1208 1217
5. J.L. Anderson, P.A. Heidenreich, and P.G. Barnett ACC/AHA statement on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 2304 2322
6. ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Methodology Manual and Policies From the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association. Available at: http://assets.cardiosource.com/Methodology-Manual-for-ACC-AHA-Writing-Committees.pdf and http://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/documents/downloadable/ucm-319826.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
7. D.K. Arnett, R. Goodman, and J.L. Halperin AHA/ACC/HHS integrating comorbidities into cardiovascular practice guidelines: a call for comprehensive clinical relevance [published online ahead of print September 11, 2014] J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 1851 1856
8. Wijeysundera DN, Duncan D, Nkonde-Price C, et al. Perioperative beta-blockade in noncardiac surgery: a systematic review for the 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published online ahead of print August 1, 2014]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Aug 1 [E-pub ahead of print]; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.939.
9. Erasmus MC Follow-up Investigation Committee. Report on the 2012 Follow-Up Investigation of Possible Breaches of Academic Integrity. September 30, 2012.
10. Erasmus MC Follow-up Investigation Committee. Investigation Into Possible Violation of Scientific Integrity-Report Summary. November 16, 2011.
11. T.F. Lüscher The codex of science: honesty, precision, and truth-and its violations Eur Heart J 34 2013 1018 1023
12. V. Chopra, and K.A. Eagle Perioperative mischief: the price of academic misconduct Am J Med 125 2012 953 955
13. V. Chopra, and K.A. Eagle The reply Am J Med 126 2013 e7
14. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:e1-76.
15. R.A. Nishimura, C.M. Otto, and R.O. Bonow 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 e57 e185
16. C.W. Yancy, M. Jessup, and B. Bozkurt 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 e147 e239
17. R.T. Hahn, T. Abraham, and M.S. Adams Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26 2013 921 964
18. P.T. O'Gara, F.G. Kushner, and D.D. Ascheim 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 e78 e140
19. S.D. Fihn, J.M. Gardin, and J. Abrams 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 e44 e164
20. S.D. Fihn, S.C. Blankenship, and K.P. Alexander 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 1929 1949
21. H. Jneid, J.L. Anderson, and R.S. Wright 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 645 681
22. J.L. Carson, B.J. Grossman, and S. Kleinman Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB Ann Intern Med 157 2012 49 58
23. T.W. Rooke, A.T. Hirsch, and S. Misra 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 2020 2045
24. A.T. Hirsch, Z.J. Haskal, and N.R. Hertzer ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary: a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) J Am Coll Cardiol 47 2006 1239 1312
25. B.J. Gersh, B.J. Maron, and R.O. Bonow 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e212 e260
26. L.D. Hillis, P.K. Smith, and J.L. Anderson 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e123 e210
27. G.N. Levine, E.R. Bates, and J.C. Blankenship 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e44 e122
28. American Society of Anesthesiologists and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography Anesthesiology 112 2010 1084 1096
29. C.A. Warnes, R.G. Williams, and T.M. Bashore ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease) J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 e143 e263
30. S.T. Reeves, A.C. Finley, and N.J. Skubas Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26 2013 443 456
31. J.L. Apfelbaum, R.T. Connis, and D.G. Nickinovich Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation Anesthesiology 116 2012 522 538
32. K.L. Lentine, S.P. Costa, and M.R. Weir Cardiac disease evaluation and management among kidney and liver transplantation candidates: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 434 480
33. D.T. Lackland, M.S.V. Elkind, and R. D'Agostino Inclusion of stroke in cardiovascular risk prediction instruments: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke 43 2012 1998 2027
34. G.H. Crossley, J.E. Poole, and M.A. Rozner The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Expert Consensus Statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers and arrhythmia monitors: facilities and patient management. Developed as a joint project with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), and in collaboration with the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Heart Rhythm 8 2011 1114 1154
35. S.W. Jordan, L.M. Mioton, and J. Smetona Resident involvement and plastic surgery outcomes: an analysis of 10,356 patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database Plast Reconstr Surg 131 2013 763 773
36. O.D. Schein, J. Katz, and E.B. Bass The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery N Engl J Med 342 2000 168 175
37. K.Y. Bilimoria, Y. Liu, and J.L. Paruch Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: a decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons J Am Coll Surg 217 2013 833 842.e1-3
38. T.H. Lee, E.R. Marcantonio, and C.M. Mangione Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery Circulation 100 1999 1043 1049
39. F. Botto, P. Alonso-Coello, and M.T.V. Chan Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a large, international, prospective cohort study establishing diagnostic criteria, characteristics, predictors, and 30-day outcomes Anesthesiology 120 2014 564 578
40. S. Archan, and L.A. Fleisher From creatine kinase-MB to troponin: the adoption of a new standard Anesthesiology 112 2010 1005 1012
41. P.J. Devereaux, M.T. Chan, and P. Alonso-Coello Association between postoperative troponin levels and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery JAMA 307 2012 2295 2304
42. K.B. Shah, B.S. Kleinman, and T.L. Rao Angina and other risk factors in patients with cardiac diseases undergoing noncardiac operations Anesth Analg 70 1990 240 247
43. M. Livhits, C.Y. Ko, and M.J. Leonardi Risk of surgery following recent myocardial infarction Ann Surg 253 2011 857 864
44. M. Livhits, M.M. Gibbons, and V.C. de Coronary revascularization after myocardial infarction can reduce risks of noncardiac surgery J Am Coll Surg 212 2011 1018 1026
45. G.A. Mashour, A.M. Shanks, and S. Kheterpal Perioperative stroke and associated mortality after noncardiac, nonneurologic surgery Anesthesiology 114 2011 1289 1296
46. C.A. Schoenborn, and K.M. Heyman Health characteristics of adults aged 55 years and over: United States, 2004-2007 Natl Health Stat Report 2009 1 31
47. B.T. Bateman, H.C. Schumacher, and S. Wang Perioperative acute ischemic stroke in noncardiac and nonvascular surgery: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes Anesthesiology 110 2009 231 238
48. M. Dasgupta, D.B. Rolfson, and P. Stolee Frailty is associated with postoperative complications in older adults with medical problems Arch Gerontol Geriatr 48 2009 78 83
49. L. Goldman, D.L. Caldera, and S.R. Nussbaum Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures N Engl J Med 297 1977 845 850
50. A.S. Detsky, H.B. Abrams, and J.R. McLaughlin Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery J Gen Intern Med 1 1986 211 219
51. D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, and M. Carnethon Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation 119 2009 e21 e181
52. B.G. Hammill, L.H. Curtis, and E. Bennett-Guerrero Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery Anesthesiology 108 2008 559 567
53. A.F. Hernandez, D.J. Whellan, and S. Stroud Outcomes in heart failure patients after major noncardiac surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 1446 1453
54. S. Van Diepen, J.A. Bakal, and F.A. McAlister Mortality and readmission of patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or coronary artery disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: an analysis of 38 047 patients Circulation 124 2011 289 296
55. Y.O. Xu-Cai, D.J. Brotman, and C.O. Phillips Outcomes of patients with stable heart failure undergoing elective noncardiac surgery Mayo Clin Proc 83 2008 280 288
56. K.O. Healy, C.A. Waksmonski, and R.K. Altman Perioperative outcome and long-term mortality for heart failure patients undergoing intermediate- and high-risk noncardiac surgery: impact of left ventricular ejection fraction Congest Heart Fail 16 2010 45 49
57. A. Kazmers, M.D. Cerqueira, and R.E. Zierler Perioperative and late outcome in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less who require major vascular surgery J Vasc Surg 8 1988 307 315
58. Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis Eur Heart J 33 2012 1750 1757
59. W.-J. Flu, J.-P. van Kuijk, and S.E. Hoeks Prognostic implications of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing vascular surgery Anesthesiology 112 2010 1316 1324
60. R. Matyal, P.E. Hess, and B. Subramaniam Perioperative diastolic dysfunction during vascular surgery and its association with postoperative outcome J Vasc Surg 50 2009 70 76
61. P.S. Douglas, M.J. Garcia, and D.E. Haines ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 appropriate use criteria for echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 1126 1166
62. R.N. Rodseth, G.A. Lurati Buse, and D. Bolliger The predictive ability of pre-operative B-type natriuretic peptide in vascular patients for major adverse cardiac events: an individual patient data meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 522 529
63. G. Karthikeyan, R.A. Moncur, and O. Levine Is a pre-operative brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide measurement an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes within 30 days of noncardiac surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 1599 1606
64. A.D.S. Ryding, S. Kumar, and A.M. Worthington Prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Anesthesiology 111 2009 311 319
65. S. Rajagopalan, B.L. Croal, and P. Bachoo N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide is an independent predictor of postoperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing major vascular surgery J Vasc Surg 48 2008 912 917
66. D. Leibowitz, D. Planer, and D. Rott Brain natriuretic peptide levels predict perioperative events in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a prospective study Cardiology 110 2008 266 270
67. R.N. Rodseth, B.M. Biccard, and M.Y. Le The prognostic value of pre-operative and post-operative B-type natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 170 180
68. J.M. Haering, M.E. Comunale, and R.A. Parker Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy Anesthesiology 85 1996 254 259
69. T. Xuan, Y. Zeng, and W. Zhu Risk of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing noncardiac surgery Chin Med Sci J 22 2007 211 215
70. H. Hreybe, M. Zahid, and A. Sonel Noncardiac surgery and the risk of death and other cardiovascular events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Clin Cardiol 29 2006 65 68
71. A. Tabib, R. Loire, and L. Chalabreysse Circumstances of death and gross and microscopic observations in a series of 200 cases of sudden death associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and/or dysplasia Circulation 108 2003 3000 3005
72. A. Tabib, R. Loire, and A. Miras Unsuspected cardiac lesions associated with sudden unexpected perioperative death Eur J Anaesthesiol 17 2000 230 235
73. U. Elkayam Clinical characteristics of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: diagnosis, prognosis, and management J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 659 670
74. A.K. Tiwari, J. Agrawal, and S. Tayal Anaesthetic management of peripartum cardiomyopathy using "epidural volume extension" technique: a case series Ann Card Anaesth 15 2012 44 46
75. S. Gevaert, B.Y. Van, and S. Bouchez Acute and critically ill peripartum cardiomyopathy and "bridge to" therapeutic options: a single center experience with intra-aortic balloon pump, extra corporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices Crit Care 15 2011 R93
76. S. Agarwal, A. Rajamanickam, and N.S. Bajaj Impact of aortic stenosis on postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgeries Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 6 2013 193 200
77. I. Ben-Dor, A.D. Pichard, and L.F. Satler Complications and outcome of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in high-risk or inoperable patients J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 3 2010 1150 1156
78. M.Z. Khawaja, M. Sohal, and H. Valli Standalone balloon aortic valvuloplasty: indications and outcomes from the UK in the transcatheter valve era Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 81 2013 366 373
79. T. Feldman Balloon aortic valvuloplasty: still under-developed after two decades of use Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 81 2013 374 375
80. S.N. Hayes, D.R. Holmes, and R.A. Nishimura Palliative percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty before noncardiac operations and invasive diagnostic procedures Mayo Clin Proc 64 1989 753 757
81. R.B. Roth, I.F. Palacios, and P.C. Block Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty: its role in the management of patients with aortic stenosis requiring major noncardiac surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 13 1989 1039 1041
82. M.J. Levine, A.D. Berman, and R.D. Safian Palliation of valvular aortic stenosis by balloon valvuloplasty as preoperative preparation for noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 62 1988 1309 1310
83. M.B. Leon, C.R. Smith, and M. Mack Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery N Engl J Med 363 2010 1597 1607
84. C.R. Smith, M.B. Leon, and M.J. Mack Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients N Engl J Med 364 2011 2187 2198
85. I. Ben-Dor, G. Maluenda, and D. Dvir Balloon aortic valvuloplasty for severe aortic stenosis as a bridge to transcatheter/surgical aortic valve replacement Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 82 2013 632 637
86. V.P. Reyes, B.S. Raju, and J. Wynne Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis N Engl J Med 331 1994 961 967
87. C.A. Esteves, J.S. Munoz, and S. Braga Immediate and long-term follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis Am J Cardiol 98 2006 812 816
88. D.C. Nercolini, R. da Rocha Loures Bueno, and E. Eduardo Guérios Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty in pregnant women with mitral stenosis Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 57 2002 318 322
89. H.-C. Lai, H.-C. Lai, and W.-L. Lee Impact of chronic advanced aortic regurgitation on the perioperative outcome of noncardiac surgery Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 54 2010 580 588
90. N.S. Bajaj, S. Agarwal, and A. Rajamanickam Impact of severe mitral regurgitation on postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgery Am J Med 126 2013 529 535
91. M. Hollenberg, D.T. Mangano, and W.S. Browner Predictors of postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group JAMA 268 1992 205 209
92. T. Dorman, M.J. Breslow, and P.J. Pronovost Bundle-branch block as a risk factor in noncardiac surgery Arch Intern Med 160 2000 1149 1152
93. C. Blomström-Lundqvist, M.M. Scheinman, and E.M. Aliot ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias-executive summary. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias) J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 1493 1531
94. C.M. Tracy, A.E. Epstein, and D. Darbar 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 1297 1313
95. E. Mahla, B. Rotman, and P. Rehak Perioperative ventricular dysrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery Anesth Analg 86 1998 16 21
96. B. O'Kelly, W.S. Browner, and B. Massie Ventricular arrhythmias in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group JAMA 268 1992 217 221
97. G. Gregoratos, J. Abrams, and A.E. Epstein ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices - summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines) J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2012 1703 1719
98. J.O. Pastore, P.M. Yurchak, and K.M. Janis The risk of advanced heart block in surgical patients with right bundle branch block and left axis deviation Circulation 57 1978 677 680
99. M.E. Stone, B. Salter, and A. Fischer Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices Br J Anaesth 107 Suppl 1 2011 i16 i26
100. W.J. Mahlow, R.M. Craft, and N.L. Misulia A perioperative management algorithm for cardiac rhythm management devices: the PACED-OP protocol Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 36 2013 238 248
101. V.V. McLaughlin, S.L. Archer, and D.B. Badesch ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1573 1619
102. G. Ramakrishna, J. Sprung, and B.S. Ravi Impact of pulmonary hypertension on the outcomes of noncardiac surgery: predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1691 1699
103. O.A. Minai, S.B. Venkateshiah, and A.C. Arroliga Surgical intervention in patients with moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension Conn Med 70 2006 239 243
104. H.-C. Lai, H.-C. Lai, and K.-Y. Wang Severe pulmonary hypertension complicates postoperative outcome of non-cardiac surgery Br J Anaesth 99 2007 184 190
105. R. Kaw, V. Pasupuleti, and A. Deshpande Pulmonary hypertension: an important predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery Respir Med 105 2011 619 624
106. L.C. Price, D. Montani, and X. Jaïs Noncardiothoracic nonobstetric surgery in mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension Eur Respir J 35 2010 1294 1302
107. S. Meyer, V.V. McLaughlin, and H.-J. Seyfarth Outcomes of noncardiac, nonobstetric surgery in patients with PAH: an international prospective survey Eur Respir J 41 2013 1302 1307
108. O.A. Minai, J.-P. Yared, and R. Kaw Perioperative risk and management in patients with pulmonary hypertension Chest 144 2013 329 340
109. M.A. Warner, R.J. Lunn, and P.W. O'Leary Outcomes of noncardiac surgical procedures in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group Mayo Clin Proc 73 1998 728 734
110. N.M. Ammash, H.M. Connolly, and M.D. Abel Noncardiac surgery in Eisenmenger syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1999 222 227
111. R.E. Christensen, P.I. Reynolds, and B.K. Bukowski Anaesthetic management and outcomes in patients with surgically corrected D-transposition of the great arteries undergoing non-cardiac surgery Br J Anaesth 104 2010 12 15
112. R.E. Christensen, A.S. Gholami, and P.I. Reynolds Anaesthetic management and outcomes after noncardiac surgery in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a retrospective review Eur J Anaesthesiol 29 2012 425 430
113. B.G. Maxwell, J.K. Wong, and C. Kin Perioperative outcomes of major noncardiac surgery in adults with congenital heart disease Anesthesiology 119 2013 762 769
114. J.A. Rabbitts, C.B. Groenewald, and W.J. Mauermann Outcomes of general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in a series of patients with Fontan palliation Paediatr Anaesth 23 2013 180 187
115. M.E. Cohen, C.Y. Ko, and K.Y. Bilimoria Optimizing ACS NSQIP modeling for evaluation of surgical quality and risk: patient risk adjustment, procedure mix adjustment, shrinkage adjustment, and surgical focus J Am Coll Surg 217 2013 336 346.e1
116. P.K. Gupta, H. Gupta, and A. Sundaram Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery Circulation 124 2011 381 387
117. E.O. McFalls, H.B. Ward, and T.E. Moritz Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery N Engl J Med 351 2004 2795 2804
118. D.L. Davenport, S.D. O'Keeffe, and D.J. Minion Thirty-day NSQIP database outcomes of open versus endoluminal repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms J Vasc Surg 51 2010 305 309.e1
119. ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator. 2013.
120. W.L. Aronson, M.S. McAuliffe, and K. Miller Variability in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification Scale AANA J 71 2003 265 274
121. P.H.K. Mak, R.C.H. Campbell, and M.G. Irwin The ASA Physical Status Classification: inter-observer consistency. American Society of Anesthesiologists Anaesth Intensive Care 30 2002 633 640
122. D. Goei, S.E. Hoeks, and E. Boersma Incremental value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for the prediction of postoperative cardiac events in noncardiac vascular surgery patients Coron Artery Dis 20 2009 219 224
123. J.-H. Choi, D.K. Cho, and Y.-B. Song Preoperative NT-proBNP and CRP predict perioperative major cardiovascular events in non-cardiac surgery Heart 96 2010 56 62
124. M. Weber, A. Luchner, and M. Seeberger Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised cardiac index for peri-operative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery Eur Heart J 34 2013 853 862
125. S. Farzi, T. Stojakovic, and T. Marko Role of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in identifying patients at high risk for adverse outcome after emergent non-cardiac surgery Br J Anaesth 110 2013 554 560
126. K.H. Yun, M.H. Jeong, and S.K. Oh Preoperative plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration and perioperative cardiovascular risk in elderly patients Circ J 72 2008 195 199
127. H.H.H. Feringa, J.J. Bax, and A. Elhendy Association of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide with postoperative cardiac events in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or leg bypass Am J Cardiol 98 2006 111 115
128. H.H.H. Feringa, O. Schouten, and M. Dunkelgrun Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery Heart 93 2007 226 231
129. D. Goei, O. Schouten, and E. Boersma Influence of renal function on the usefulness of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a prognostic cardiac risk marker in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 101 2008 122 126
130. O. Schouten, S.E. Hoeks, and D. Goei Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of perioperative and long-term outcome after vascular surgery J Vasc Surg 49 2009 435 441
131. D. Goei, J.P. van Kuijk, and W.-J. Flu Usefulness of repeated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide measurements as incremental predictor for long-term cardiovascular outcome after vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 107 2011 609 614
132. M.K. Ford, W.S. Beattie, and D.N. Wijeysundera Systematic review: prediction of perioperative cardiac complications and mortality by the revised cardiac risk index Ann Intern Med 152 2010 26 35
133. D.F. Reilly, M.J. McNeely, and D. Doerner Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications Arch Intern Med 159 1999 2185 2192
134. M.A. Hlatky, R.E. Boineau, and M.B. Higginbotham A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index) Am J Cardiol 64 1989 651 654
135. L. Goldman, B. Hashimoto, and E.F. Cook Comparative reproducibility and validity of systems for assessing cardiovascular functional class: advantages of a new specific activity scale Circulation 64 1981 1227 1234
136. S. Goswami, J.E. Brady, and D.A. Jordan Intraoperative cardiac arrests in adults undergoing noncardiac surgery: incidence, risk factors, and survival outcome Anesthesiology 117 2012 1018 1026
137. A. Tsiouris, H.M. Horst, and G. Paone Preoperative risk stratification for thoracic surgery using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set: functional status predicts morbidity and mortality J Surg Res 177 2012 1 6
138. R.V. Jeger, C. Probst, and R. Arsenic Long-term prognostic value of the preoperative 12-lead electrocardiogram before major noncardiac surgery in coronary artery disease Am Heart J 151 2006 508 513
139. C.J. Payne, A.R. Payne, and S.C. Gibson Is there still a role for preoperative 12-lead electrocardiography? World J Surg 35 2011 2611 2616
140. G. Landesberg, S. Einav, and R. Christopherson Perioperative ischemia and cardiac complications in major vascular surgery: importance of the preoperative twelve-lead electrocardiogram J Vasc Surg 26 1997 570 578
141. W.A. Van Klei, G.L. Bryson, and H. Yang The value of routine preoperative electrocardiography in predicting myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery Ann Surg 246 2007 165 170
142. B.S. Gold, M.L. Young, and J.L. Kinman The utility of preoperative electrocardiograms in the ambulatory surgical patient Arch Intern Med 152 1992 301 305
143. P.G. Noordzij, E. Boersma, and J.J. Bax Prognostic value of routine preoperative electrocardiography in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 97 2006 1103 1106
144. M. Biteker, D. Duman, and A.I. Tekkesin Predictive value of preoperative electrocardiography for perioperative cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery Clin Cardiol 35 2012 494 499
145. L.L. Liu, S. Dzankic, and J.M. Leung Preoperative electrocardiogram abnormalities do not predict postoperative cardiac complications in geriatric surgical patients J Am Geriatr Soc 50 2002 1186 1191
146. J.M. Turnbull, and C. Buck The value of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals Arch Intern Med 147 1987 1101 1105
147. M.C. Kontos, L.K. Brath, and K.O. Akosah Cardiac complications in noncardiac surgery: relative value of resting two-dimensional echocardiography and dipyridamole thallium imaging Am Heart J 132 1996 559 566
148. L.E. Rohde, C.A. Polanczyk, and L. Goldman Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography as a tool for risk stratification of patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 87 2001 505 509
149. E.A. Halm, W.S. Browner, and J.F. Tubau Echocardiography for assessing cardiac risk in patients having noncardiac surgery. Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group Ann Intern Med 125 1996 433 441
150. J.F. Baron, O. Mundler, and M. Bertrand Dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy and gated radionuclide angiography to assess cardiac risk before abdominal aortic surgery N Engl J Med 330 1994 663 669
151. E.D. Foster, K.B. Davis, and J.A. Carpenter Risk of noncardiac operation in patients with defined coronary disease: The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry experience Ann Thorac Surg 41 1986 42 50
152. J.P. Fletcher, V.F. Antico, and S. Gruenewald Risk of aortic aneurysm surgery as assessed by preoperative gated heart pool scan Br J Surg 76 1989 26 28
153. T. Pedersen, H. Kelbaek, and O. Munck Cardiopulmonary complications in high-risk surgical patients: the value of preoperative radionuclide cardiography Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 34 1990 183 189
154. L. Lazor, J.C. Russell, and J. DaSilva Use of the multiple uptake gated acquisition scan for the preoperative assessment of cardiac risk Surg Gynecol Obstet 167 1988 234 238
155. P.F. Pasternack, A.M. Imparato, and T.S. Riles The value of the radionuclide angiogram in the prediction of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures Circulation 72 1985 II13 II17
156. P.F. Pasternack, A.M. Imparato, and G. Bear The value of radionuclide angiography as a predictor of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm resection J Vasc Surg 1 1984 320 325
157. A. Kazmers, G.L. Moneta, and M.D. Cerqueira The role of preoperative radionuclide ventriculography in defining outcome after revascularization of the extremity Surg Gynecol Obstet 171 1990 481 488
158. A. Kazmers, M.D. Cerqueira, and R.E. Zierler The role of preoperative radionuclide ejection fraction in direct abdominal aortic aneurysm repair J Vasc Surg 8 1988 128 136
159. A. Kazmers, M.D. Cerqueira, and R.E. Zierler The role of preoperative radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction for risk assessment in carotid surgery Arch Surg 123 1988 416 419
160. W.P. Fiser, B.W. Thompson, and A.R. Thompson Nuclear cardiac ejection fraction and cardiac index in abdominal aortic surgery Surgery 94 1983 736 739
161. D. Poldermans, P.M. Fioretti, and T. Forster Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery Circulation 87 1993 1506 1512
162. M.D. Kertai, E. Boersma, and J.J. Bax A meta-analysis comparing the prognostic accuracy of six diagnostic tests for predicting perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery Heart 89 2003 1327 1334
163. J. Leppo, J. Plaja, and M. Gionet Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac risk before elective vascular surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 9 1987 269 276
164. N.H. Carliner, M.L. Fisher, and G.D. Plotnick Routine preoperative exercise testing in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 56 1985 51 58
165. F.A. Sgura, S.L. Kopecky, and J.P. Grill Supine exercise capacity identifies patients at low risk for perioperative cardiovascular events and predicts long-term survival Am J Med 108 2000 334 336
166. D.T. Mangano, M.J. London, and J.F. Tubau Dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy as a preoperative screening test: a reexamination of its predictive potential. Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group Circulation 84 1991 493 502
167. K.A. Eagle, C.M. Coley, and J.B. Newell Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery Ann Intern Med 110 1989 859 866
168. B.S. Cutler, H.B. Wheeler, and J.A. Paraskos Applicability and interpretation of electrocardiographic stress testing in patients with peripheral vascular disease Am J Surg 141 1981 501 506
169. E.J. Arous, P.L. Baum, and B.S. Cutler The ischemic exercise test in patients with peripheral vascular disease: implications for management Arch Surg 119 1984 780 783
170. N. McPhail, J.E. Calvin, and A. Shariatmadar The use of preoperative exercise testing to predict cardiac complications after arterial reconstruction J Vasc Surg 7 1988 60 68
171. M.C. Gerson, J.M. Hurst, and V.S. Hertzberg Cardiac prognosis in noncardiac geriatric surgery Ann Intern Med 103 1985 832 837
172. M.A. Junejo, J.M. Mason, and A.J. Sheen Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for preoperative risk assessment before hepatic resection Br J Surg 99 2012 1097 1104
173. R.A. Hartley, A.C. Pichel, and S.W. Grant Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing and risk of early mortality following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair Br J Surg 99 2012 1539 1546
174. J.M. Prentis, M.I. Trenell, and D.J. Jones Submaximal exercise testing predicts perioperative hospitalization after aortic aneurysm repair J Vasc Surg 56 2012 1564 1570
175. J. Carlisle, and M. Swart Mid-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery predicted by cardiopulmonary exercise testing Br J Surg 94 2007 966 969
176. P. Older, R. Smith, and P. Courtney Preoperative evaluation of cardiac failure and ischemia in elderly patients by cardiopulmonary exercise testing Chest 104 1993 701 704
177. P. Older, A. Hall, and R. Hader Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a screening test for perioperative management of major surgery in the elderly Chest 116 1999 355 362
178. C.P. Snowden, J.M. Prentis, and H.L. Anderson Submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing predicts complications and hospital length of stay in patients undergoing major elective surgery Ann Surg 251 2010 535 541
179. C.P. Snowden, J. Prentis, and B. Jacques Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts mortality and hospital length of stay after major elective surgery in older people Ann Surg 257 2013 999 1004
180. R.J.T. Wilson, S. Davies, and D. Yates Impaired functional capacity is associated with all-cause mortality after major elective intra-abdominal surgery Br J Anaesth 105 2010 297 303
181. A.R. Thompson, N. Peters, and R.E. Lovegrove Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides a predictive tool for early and late outcomes in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients Ann R Coll Surg Engl 93 2011 474 481
182. 2) slope is the strongest predictor of respiratory complications and death after pulmonary resection Ann Thorac Surg 93 2012 1802 1806
183. R. Struthers, P. Erasmus, and K. Holmes Assessing fitness for surgery: a comparison of questionnaire, incremental shuttle walk, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in general surgical patients Br J Anaesth 101 2008 774 780
184. C.A. Boucher, D.C. Brewster, and R.C. Darling Determination of cardiac risk by dipyridamole-thallium imaging before peripheral vascular surgery N Engl J Med 312 1985 389 394
185. B.S. Cutler, and J.A. Leppo Dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy to detect coronary artery disease before abdominal aortic surgery J Vasc Surg 5 1987 91 100
186. C.S. McEnroe, T.F. O'Donnell, and A. Yeager Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery J Vasc Surg 11 1990 497 504
187. M.K. Das, P.A. Pellikka, and D.W. Mahoney Assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery: dobutamine stress echocardiography in 530 patients J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 1647 1653
188. P.B. Morgan, G.E. Panomitros, and A.C. Nelson Low utility of dobutamine stress echocardiograms in the preoperative evaluation of patients scheduled for noncardiac surgery Anesth Analg 95 2002 512 516
189. J.P. Fletcher, and L.Z. Kershaw Outcome in patients with failed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for peripheral vascular disease J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 29 1988 733 735
190. R.N. Sachs, P. Tellier, and P. Larmignat Assessment by dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy of coronary risk before peripheral vascular surgery Surgery 103 1988 584 587
191. L.T. Younis, F. Aguirre, and S. Byers Perioperative and long-term prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy in patients with peripheral vascular disease Am Heart J 119 1990 1287 1292
192. D.J. Strawn, and J.M. Guernsey Dipyridamole thallium scanning in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in elective abdominal aortic surgery Arch Surg 126 1991 880 884
193. T.A. Watters, E.H. Botvinick, and M.W. Dae Comparison of the findings on preoperative dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: implications regarding the identification of myocardium at ischemic risk J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1991 93 100
194. R.C. Hendel, S.S. Whitfield, and B.J. Villegas Prediction of late cardiac events by dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 70 1992 1243 1249
195. P.V. Madsen, M. Vissing, and O. Munck A comparison of dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy and clinical examination in the determination of cardiac risk before arterial reconstruction Angiology 43 1992 306 311
196. K.A. Brown, and M. Rowen Extent of jeopardized viable myocardium determined by myocardial perfusion imaging best predicts perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1993 325 330
197. T.F. Kresowik, T.R. Bower, and S.A. Garner Dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients being considered for vascular procedures Arch Surg 128 1993 299 302
198. J.D. Bry, M. Belkin, and T.F. O'Donnell An assessment of the positive predictive value and cost-effectiveness of dipyridamole myocardial scintigraphy in patients undergoing vascular surgery J Vasc Surg 19 1994 112 121
199. M.G. Koutelou, P.J. Asimacopoulos, and J.J. Mahmarian Preoperative risk stratification by adenosine thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography in patients undergoing vascular surgery J Nucl Cardiol 2 1995 389 394
200. E.S. Marshall, J.S. Raichlen, and S. Forman Adenosine radionuclide perfusion imaging in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 76 1995 817 821
201. H. Van Damme, L. Piérard, and D. Gillain Cardiac risk assessment before vascular surgery: a prospective study comparing clinical evaluation, dobutamine stress echocardiography, and dobutamine Tc-99m sestamibi tomoscintigraphy Cardiovasc Surg 5 1997 54 64
202. Z. Huang, S. Komori, and T. Sawanobori Dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for prediction of perioperative cardiac events in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans undergoing vascular surgery Jpn Circ J 62 1998 274 278
203. M.C. Cohen, A.E. Siewers, and J.D. Dickens Perioperative and long-term prognostic value of dipyridamole Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial tomography in patients evaluated for elective vascular surgery J Nucl Cardiol 10 2003 464 472
204. K. Harafuji, T. Chikamori, and S. Kawaguchi Value of pharmacologic stress myocardial perfusion imaging for preoperative risk stratification for aortic surgery Circ J 69 2005 558 563
205. W.S. Beattie, E. Abdelnaem, and D.N. Wijeysundera A meta-analytic comparison of preoperative stress echocardiography and nuclear scintigraphy imaging Anesth Analg 102 2006 8 16
206. J. Lette, D. Waters, and M. Cerino Preoperative coronary artery disease risk stratification based on dipyridamole imaging and a simple three-step, three-segment model for patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery or major general surgery Am J Cardiol 69 1992 1553 1558
207. H.G. Stratmann, L.T. Younis, and M.D. Wittry Dipyridamole technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial tomography in patients evaluated for elective vascular surgery: prognostic value for perioperative and late cardiac events Am Heart J 131 1996 923 929
208. R.T. Lane, S.G. Sawada, and D.S. Segar Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 68 1991 976 977
209. S.G. Lalka, S.G. Sawada, and M.C. Dalsing Dobutamine stress echocardiography as a predictor of cardiac events associated with aortic surgery J Vasc Surg 15 1992 831 840
210. J.P. Eichelberger, K.Q. Schwarz, and E.R. Black Predictive value of dobutamine echocardiography just before noncardiac vascular surgery Am J Cardiol 72 1993 602 607
211. E.M. Langan, J.R. Youkey, and D.P. Franklin Dobutamine stress echocardiography for cardiac risk assessment before aortic surgery J Vasc Surg 18 1993 905 911
212. V.G. Dávila-Román, A.D. Waggoner, and G.A. Sicard Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts surgical outcome in patients with an aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1993 957 963
213. R. Shafritz, R.G. Ciocca, and J.S. Gosin The utility of dobutamine echocardiography in preoperative evaluation for elective aortic surgery Am J Surg 174 1997 121 125
214. R.S. Ballal, S. Kapadia, and M.A. Secknus Prognosis of patients with vascular disease after clinical evaluation and dobutamine stress echocardiography Am Heart J 137 1999 469 475
215. M.R. Torres, L. Short, and T. Baglin Usefulness of clinical risk markers and ischemic threshold to stratify risk in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 90 2002 238 242
216. S.B. Labib, M. Goldstein, and P.M. Kinnunen Cardiac events in patients with negative maximal versus negative submaximal dobutamine echocardiograms undergoing noncardiac surgery: importance of resting wall motion abnormalities J Am Coll Cardiol 44 2004 82 87
217. M. Raux, G. Godet, and R. Isnard Low negative predictive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography before abdominal aortic surgery Br J Anaesth 97 2006 770 776
218. L.G. Umphrey, R.T. Hurst, and M.F. Eleid Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiographic findings and subsequent short-term adverse cardiac events after orthotopic liver transplantation Liver Transpl 14 2008 886 892
219. S. Lerakis, A.P. Kalogeropoulos, and M.F. El-Chami Transthoracic dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing bariatric surgery Obes Surg 17 2007 1475 1481
220. P. Nguyen, J. Plotkin, and T.M. Fishbein Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: a pooled analysis of accuracy, perioperative and long term cardiovascular prognosis Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 29 2013 1741 1748
221. E. Bossone, F.J. Martinez, and R.I. Whyte Dobutamine stress echocardiography for the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 118 1999 542 546
222. P. Rerkpattanapipat, T.M. Morgan, and C.M. Neagle Assessment of preoperative cardiac risk with magnetic resonance imaging Am J Cardiol 90 2002 416 419
223. P.A. Pellikka, V.L. Roger, and J.K. Oh Safety of performing dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm > or = 4 cm in diameter Am J Cardiol 77 1996 413 416
224. D. Poldermans, M. Arnese, and P.M. Fioretti Improved cardiac risk stratification in major vascular surgery with dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography J Am Coll Cardiol 26 1995 648 653
225. D. Poldermans, M. Arnese, and P.M. Fioretti Sustained prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for late cardiac events after major noncardiac vascular surgery Circulation 95 1997 53 58
226. E. Boersma, D. Poldermans, and J.J. Bax Predictors of cardiac events after major vascular surgery: Role of clinical characteristics, dobutamine echocardiography, and beta-blocker therapy JAMA 285 2001 1865 1873
227. J.-H. Ahn, J.R. Park, and J.H. Min Risk stratification using computed tomography coronary angiography in patients undergoing intermediate-risk noncardiac surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 661 668
228. L.D. Hillis, P.K. Smith, and J.L. Anderson 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e123 e210
229. H.B. Ward, R.F. Kelly, and L. Thottapurathu Coronary artery bypass grafting is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention in prevention of perioperative myocardial infarctions during subsequent vascular surgery Ann Thorac Surg 82 2006 795 800
230. S. Garcia, T.E. Moritz, and H.B. Ward Usefulness of revascularization of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease before elective vascular surgery for abdominal aortic and peripheral occlusive disease Am J Cardiol 102 2008 809 813
231. D. Poldermans, O. Schouten, and R. Vidakovic A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery: the DECREASE-V Pilot Study J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 1763 1769
232. G.L. Kaluza, J. Joseph, and J.R. Lee Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting J Am Coll Cardiol 35 2000 1288 1294
233. S.H. Wilson, P. Fasseas, and J.L. Orford Clinical outcome of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the two months following coronary stenting J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 234 240
234. G.A. Nuttall, M.J. Brown, and J.W. Stombaugh Time and cardiac risk of surgery after bare-metal stent percutaneous coronary intervention Anesthesiology 109 2008 588 595
235. D.N. Wijeysundera, H.C. Wijeysundera, and L. Yun Risk of elective major noncardiac surgery after coronary stent insertion: a population-based study Circulation 126 2012 1355 1362
236. P.B. Berger, N.S. Kleiman, and M.J. Pencina Frequency of major noncardiac surgery and subsequent adverse events in the year after drug-eluting stent placement results from the EVENT (Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events) Registry J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 3 2010 920 927
237. J.-P. Van Kuijk, W.-J. Flu, and O. Schouten Timing of noncardiac surgery after coronary artery stenting with bare metal or drug-eluting stents Am J Cardiol 104 2009 1229 1234
238. N.L.M. Cruden, S.A. Harding, and A.D. Flapan Previous coronary stent implantation and cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Circ Cardiovasc Interv 3 2010 236 242
239. M.T. Hawn, L.A. Graham, and J.S. Richman Risk of major adverse cardiac events following noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents JAMA 310 2013 1462 1472
240. C.L. Grines, R.O. Bonow, and D.E. Casey Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians Circulation 115 2007 813 818
241. M. Dunkelgrun, E. Boersma, and O. Schouten Bisoprolol and fluvastatin for the reduction of perioperative cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction in intermediate-risk patients undergoing noncardiovascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DECREASE-IV) Ann Surg 249 2009 921 926
242. P.J. Devereaux, H. Yang, and G.H. Guyatt Rationale, design, and organization of the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation (POISE) trial: a randomised controlled trial of metoprolol versus placebo in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Am Heart J 152 2006 223 230
243. P.K. Lindenauer, P. Pekow, and K. Wang Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery N Engl J Med 353 2005 349 361
244. J.B. Shammash, J.C. Trost, and J.M. Gold Perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal and mortality in vascular surgical patients Am Heart J 141 2001 148 153
245. A.W. Wallace, S. Au, and B.A. Cason Association of the pattern of use of perioperative beta-blockade and postoperative mortality Anesthesiology 113 2010 794 805
246. C. Andersson, C. Mérie, and M. Jørgensen Association of beta-blocker therapy with risks of adverse cardiovascular events and deaths in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: a Danish nationwide cohort study JAMA Intern Med 174 2014 336 344
247. S.E. Hoeks, W.J.M. Scholte Op Reimer, and H. van Urk Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33 2007 13 19
248. T.W. Barrett, M. Mori, and D. De Boer Association of ambulatory use of statins and beta-blockers with long-term mortality after vascular surgery J Hosp Med 2 2007 241 252
249. M.J. London, K. Hur, and G.G. Schwartz Association of perioperative beta-blockade with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity following major noncardiac surgery JAMA 309 2013 1704 1713
250. S.C. Smith, E.J. Benjamin, and R.O. Bonow AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 2432 2446
251. Surgical Care Improvement Project. SCIP-Card-2: surgery patients on beta blocker therapy prior to admission who received a beta blocker during the perioperative period. 2013
252. Y. Le Manach, G.S. Collins, and C. Ibanez Impact of perioperative bleeding on the protective effect of beta-blockers during infrarenal aortic reconstruction Anesthesiology 117 2012 1203 1211
253. P.J. Devereaux, H. Yang, and S. Yusuf Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomized controlled trial Lancet 371 2008 1839 1847
254. B.S. Brooke, F. Dominici, and M.A. Makary Use of beta-blockers during aortic aneurysm repair: bridging the gap between evidence and effective practice Health Aff (Millwood) 28 2009 1199 1209
255. D. Poldermans, E. Boersma, and J.J. Bax The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group N Engl J Med 341 1999 1789 1794
256. J.L.W. Ng, M.T.V. Chan, and A.W. Gelb Perioperative stroke in noncardiac, nonneurosurgical surgery Anesthesiology 115 2011 879 890
257. M. Sharifpour, L.E. Moore, and A.M. Shanks Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of perioperative stroke in noncarotid major vascular surgery Anesth Analg 116 2013 424 434
258. A.R. Brady, J.S.R. Gibbs, and R.M. Greenhalgh Perioperative beta-blockade (POBBLE) for patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial J Vasc Surg 41 2005 602 609
259. D.N. Wijeysundera, W.S. Beattie, and H.C. Wijeysundera Duration of preoperative beta-blockade and outcomes after major elective non-cardiac surgery Can J Cardiol 30 2014 217 223
260. C. Ellenberger, G. Tait, and W.S. Beattie Chronic beta-blockade is associated with a better outcome after elective noncardiac surgery than acute beta-blockade: a single-center propensity-matched cohort study Anesthesiology 114 2011 817 823
261. W.-J. Flu, J.-P. van Kuijk, and M. Chonchol Timing of pre-operative beta-blocker treatment in vascular surgery patients: influence on post-operative outcome J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1922 1929
262. N. Dai, D. Xu, and J. Zhang Different beta-blockers and initiation time in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Am J Med Sci 347 2014 235 244
263. B.M. Biccard, J.W. Sear, and P. Foëx Meta-analysis of the effect of heart rate achieved by perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade on cardiovascular outcomes Br J Anaesth 100 2008 23 28
264. D.T. Mangano, E.L. Layug, and A. Wallace Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group N Engl J Med 335 1996 1713 1720
265. A.D. Auerbach, and L. Goldman Beta-blockers and reduction of cardiac events in noncardiac surgery: scientific review JAMA 287 2002 1435 1444
266. P.K. Lindenauer, J. Fitzgerald, and N. Hoople The potential preventability of postoperative myocardial infarction: underuse of perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade Arch Intern Med 164 2004 762 766
267. A. Auerbach, and L. Goldman Assessing and reducing the cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery Circulation 113 2006 1361 1376
268. H. Yang, K. Raymer, and R. Butler The effects of perioperative beta-blockade: results of the Metoprolol after Vascular Surgery (MaVS) study, a randomized controlled trial Am Heart J 152 2006 983 990
269. A.B. Juul, J. Wetterslev, and C. Gluud Effect of perioperative beta-blockade in patients with diabetes undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: randomised placebo controlled, blinded multicentre trial BMJ 332 2006 1482
270. P.J. Devereaux, W.S. Beattie, and P.T.-L. Choi How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials BMJ 331 2005 313 321
271. A.B. Juul, J. Wetterslev, and A. Kofoed-Enevoldsen The Diabetic Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity (DIPOM) trial: rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of metoprolol for patients with diabetes mellitus who are undergoing major noncardiac surgery Am Heart J 147 2004 677 683
272. O. Schouten, L.J. Shaw, and E. Boersma A meta-analysis of safety and effectiveness of perioperative beta-blocker use for the prevention of cardiac events in different types of noncardiac surgery Coron Artery Dis 17 2006 173 179
273. R. Talati, K.M. Reinhart, and C.M. White Outcomes of perioperative beta-blockade in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Ann Pharmacother 43 2009 1181 1188
274. S. Bouri, M.J. Shun-Shin, and G.D. Cole Meta-analysis of secure randomised controlled trials of beta-blockade to prevent perioperative death in non-cardiac surgery Heart 100 2014 456 464
275. W.S. Beattie, D.N. Wijeysundera, and K. Karkouti Does tight heart rate control improve beta-blocker efficacy? An updated analysis of the noncardiac surgical randomized trials Anesth Analg 106 2008 1039 1048
276. C. Ashes, S. Judelman, and D.N. Wijeysundera Selective beta1-antagonism with bisoprolol is associated with fewer postoperative strokes than atenolol or metoprolol: a single-center cohort study of 44,092 consecutive patients Anesthesiology 119 2013 777 787
277. A.W. Wallace, S. Au, and B.A. Cason Perioperative beta-blockade: atenolol is associated with reduced mortality when compared to metoprolol Anesthesiology 114 2011 824 836
278. D. Redelmeier, D. Scales, and A. Kopp Beta blockers for elective surgery in elderly patients: population based, retrospective cohort study BMJ 331 2005 932
279. R.G. Badgett, V.A. Lawrence, and S.L. Cohn Variations in pharmacology of beta-blockers may contribute to heterogeneous results in trials of perioperative beta-blockade Anesthesiology 113 2010 585 592
280. M. Zaugg, L. Bestmann, and J. Wacker Adrenergic receptor genotype but not perioperative bisoprolol therapy may determine cardiovascular outcome in at-risk patients undergoing surgery with spinal block: the Swiss Beta Blocker in Spinal Anesthesia (BBSA) study: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 1-year follow-up Anesthesiology 107 2007 33 44
281. R.E. Rangno, and S. Langlois Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol Am Heart J 104 1982 473 478
282. K. Swedberg, A. Hjalmarson, and F. Waagstein Adverse effects of beta-blockade withdrawal in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy Br Heart J 44 1980 134 142
283. P.R. Walker, A.J. Marshall, and S. Farr Abrupt withdrawal of atenolol in patients with severe angina: comparison with the effects of treatment Br Heart J 53 1985 276 282
284. P.K. Lindenauer, P. Pekow, and K. Wang Lipid-lowering therapy and in-hospital mortality following major noncardiac surgery JAMA 291 2004 2092 2099
285. J. Kennedy, H. Quan, and A.M. Buchan Statins are associated with better outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients Stroke 36 2005 2072 2076
286. M.G. Raju, A. Pachika, and S.R. Punnam Statin therapy in the reduction of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing intermediate-risk noncardiac, nonvascular surgery Clin Cardiol 36 2013 456 461
287. H. Desai, W.S. Aronow, and C. Ahn Incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and of 2-year mortality in 577 elderly patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery treated with and without statins Arch Gerontol Geriatr 51 2010 149 151
288. A.E.S. Durazzo, F.S. Machado, and D.T. Ikeoka Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial J Vasc Surg 39 2004 967 975
289. P.M. Ridker, and P.W.F. Wilson A trial-based approach to statin guidelines JAMA 310 2013 1123 1124
290. R.D. Sanders, A. Nicholson, and S.R. Lewis Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 2013 CD009971
291. O. Schouten, E. Boersma, and S.E. Hoeks Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery N Engl J Med 361 2009 980 989
292. M.F. Oliver, L. Goldman, and D.G. Julian Effect of mivazerol on perioperative cardiac complications during non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary heart disease: the European Mivazerol Trial (EMIT) Anesthesiology 91 1999 951 961
293. I.R. Thomson, W.A. Mutch, and J.D. Culligan Failure of intravenous nitroglycerin to prevent intraoperative myocardial ischemia during fentanyl-pancuronium anesthesia Anesthesiology 61 1984 385 393
294. K.D. Stühmeier, B. Mainzer, and J. Cierpka Small, oral dose of clonidine reduces the incidence of intraoperative myocardial ischemia in patients having vascular surgery Anesthesiology 85 1996 706 712
295. J.E. Ellis, G. Drijvers, and S. Pedlow Premedication with oral and transdermal clonidine provides safe and efficacious postoperative sympatholysis Anesth Analg 79 1994 1133 1140
296. D.N. Wijeysundera, J.S. Naik, and W.S. Beattie Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis Am J Med 114 2003 742 752
297. Perioperative sympatholysis: beneficial effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist mivazerol on hemodynamic stability and myocardial ischemia. McSPI-Europe Research Group Anesthesiology 86 1997 346 363
298. A.W. Wallace, D. Galindez, and A. Salahieh Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery Anesthesiology 101 2004 284 293
299. P.J. Devereaux, M. Mrkobrada, and D.I. Sessler Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery N Engl J Med 370 2014 1494 1503
300. D.N. Wijeysundera, and W.S. Beattie Calcium channel blockers for reducing cardiac morbidity after noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis Anesth Analg 97 2003 634 641
301. A. Turan, J. You, and A. Shiba Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are not associated with respiratory complications or mortality after noncardiac surgery Anesth Analg 114 2012 552 560
302. D.J. Rosenman, F.S. McDonald, and J.O. Ebbert Clinical consequences of withholding versus administering renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists in the preoperative period J Hosp Med 3 2008 319 325
303. W.C. Lau, J.B. Froehlich, and E.S. Jewell Impact of adding aspirin to beta-blocker and statin in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery Ann Vasc Surg 27 2013 537 545
304. S.M. Brabant, M. Bertrand, and D. Eyraud The hemodynamic effects of anesthetic induction in vascular surgical patients chronically treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists Anesth Analg 89 1999 1388 1392
305. M. Bertrand, G. Godet, and K. Meersschaert Should the angiotensin II antagonists be discontinued before surgery? Anesth Analg 92 2001 26 30
306. N.J. Stone, J.G. Robinson, and A.H. Lichtenstein 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 2889 2934
307. W. Burger, J.-M. Chemnitius, and G.D. Kneissl Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention - cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation - review and meta-analysis J Intern Med 257 2005 399 414
308. A. Tokushige, H. Shiomi, and T. Morimoto Incidence and outcome of surgical procedures after coronary bare-metal and drug-eluting stent implantation: a report from the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry cohort-2 Circ Cardiovasc Interv 5 2012 237 246
309. A.K. Sharma, A.E. Ajani, and S.M. Hamwi Major noncardiac surgery following coronary stenting: when is it safe to operate? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 63 2004 141 145
310. P.R. Reddy, and P.T. Vaitkus Risks of noncardiac surgery after coronary stenting Am J Cardiol 95 2005 755 757
311. J.W. Van Werkum, A.A. Heestermans, and A.C. Zomer Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1399 1409
312. I. Iakovou, T. Schmidt, and E. Bonizzoni Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents JAMA 293 2005 2126 2130
313. N.K. Gandhi, A.-R.R. Abdel-Karim, and S. Banerjee Frequency and risk of noncardiac surgery after drug-eluting stent implantation Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 77 2011 972 976
314. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial Lancet 355 2000 1295 1302
315. D. Amar, M.E. Burt, and M.S. Bains Symptomatic tachydysrhythmias after esophagectomy: incidence and outcome measures Ann Thorac Surg 61 1996 1506 1509
316. D. Amar, H. Zhang, and D.H.Y. Leung Older age is the strongest predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation Anesthesiology 96 2002 352 356
317. D. Amar, H. Zhang, and W. Shi Brain natriuretic peptide and risk of atrial fibrillation after thoracic surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144 2012 1249 1253
318. P.D. Bhave, L.E. Goldman, and E. Vittinghoff Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation after major noncardiac surgery Am Heart J 164 2012 918 924
319. D. Cardinale, A. Martinoni, and C.M. Cipolla Atrial fibrillation after operation for lung cancer: clinical and prognostic significance Ann Thorac Surg 68 1999 1827 1831
320. K.K. Christians, B. Wu, and E.J. Quebbeman Postoperative atrial fibrillation in noncardiothoracic surgical patients Am J Surg 182 2001 713 715
321. T. Ojima, M. Iwahashi, and M. Nakamori Atrial fibrillation after esophageal cancer surgery: an analysis of 207 consecutive patients Surg Today 44 2014 839 847
322. M. Onaitis, T. D'Amico, and Y. Zhao Risk factors for atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons general thoracic surgery database Ann Thorac Surg 90 2010 368 374
323. R.S. Passman, D.S. Gingold, and D. Amar Prediction rule for atrial fibrillation after major noncardiac thoracic surgery Ann Thorac Surg 79 2005 1698 1703
324. C.A. Polanczyk, L. Goldman, and E.R. Marcantonio Supraventricular arrhythmia in patients having noncardiac surgery: clinical correlates and effect on length of stay Ann Intern Med 129 1998 279 285
325. A.A. Vaporciyan, A.M. Correa, and D.C. Rice Risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery: analysis of 2588 patients J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127 2004 779 786
326. V.P. Rao, E. Addae-Boateng, and A. Barua Age and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy increase the risk of atrial fibrillation following oesophagectomy Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42 2012 438 443
327. J.R. Balser, E.A. Martinez, and B.D. Winters Beta-adrenergic blockade accelerates conversion of postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Anesthesiology 89 1998 1052 1059
328. C.D. Bayliff, D.R. Massel, and R.I. Inculet Propranolol for the prevention of postoperative arrhythmias in general thoracic surgery Ann Thorac Surg 67 1999 182 186
329. J.E. Tisdale, H.A. Wroblewski, and D.S. Wall A randomized trial evaluating amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary resection Ann Thorac Surg 88 2009 886 893
330. L.P. Riber, T.D. Christensen, and H.K. Jensen Amiodarone significantly decreases atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer Ann Thorac Surg 94 2012 339 344
331. L.P. Riber, T.D. Christensen, and H.K. Pilegaard Amiodarone is a cost-neutral way of preventing atrial fibrillation after surgery for lung cancer Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 45 2014 120 125
332. J.E. Tisdale, H.A. Wroblewski, and D.S. Wall A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 140 2010 45 51
333. D.P. Zipes, A.J. Camm, and M. Borggrefe ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 854 906
334. A.E. Epstein, J.P. Dimarco, and K.A. Ellenbogen 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 e6 e75
335. S.G. Priori, A.A. Wilde, and M. Horie HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document Heart Rhythm 10 2013 1932 1963
336. A.M. Gillis, A.M. Russo, and K.A. Ellenbogen HRS/ACCF expert consensus statement on pacemaker device and mode selection J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 682 703
337. R.G. Hauser, and L. Kallinen Deaths associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator failure and deactivation reported in the United States Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database Heart Rhythm 1 2004 399 405
338. A. Cheng, S. Nazarian, and D.D. Spragg Effects of surgical and endoscopic electrocautery on modern-day permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator systems Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31 2008 344 350
339. F.T. Barbosa, M.J. Jucá, and A.A. astro Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower-limb revascularization Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 2013 CD007083
340. E.J. Norris, C. Beattie, and B.A. Perler Double-masked randomized trial comparing alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in abdominal aortic surgery Anesthesiology 95 2001 1054 1067
341. G. Landoni, O. Fochi, and E. Bignami Cardiac protection by volatile anesthetics in non-cardiac surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on clinically relevant endpoints HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth 1 2009 34 43
342. G.A.L. Lurati Buse, P. Schumacher, and E. Seeberger Randomized comparison of sevoflurane versus propofol to reduce perioperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Circulation 126 2012 2696 2704
343. G. Landoni, E. Bignami, and F. Oliviero Halogenated anaesthetics and cardiac protection in cardiac and non-cardiac anaesthesia Ann Card Anaesth 12 2009 4 9
344. F. Guarracino, G. Landoni, and L. Tritapepe Myocardial damage prevented by volatile anesthetics: a multicenter randomized controlled study J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 20 2006 477 483
345. N.D. Nader, C.M. Li, and W.Z. Khadra Anesthetic myocardial protection with sevoflurane J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 18 2004 269 274
346. E. Bignami, G. Biondi-Zoccai, and G. Landoni Volatile anesthetics reduce mortality in cardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 23 2009 594 599
347. L. Tritapepe, G. Landoni, and F. Guarracino Cardiac protection by volatile anaesthetics: a multicentre randomized controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass Eur J Anaesthesiol 24 2007 323 331
348. P.F. Conzen, S. Fischer, and C. Detter Sevoflurane provides greater protection of the myocardium than propofol in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery Anesthesiology 99 2003 826 833
349. M. Nishimori, J.H.S. Low, and H. Zheng Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid-based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 2012 CD005059
350. I. Matot, A. Oppenheim-Eden, and R. Ratrot Preoperative cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture randomized to epidural or conventional analgesia Anesthesiology 98 2003 156 163
351. W.S. Beattie, D.N. Buckley, and J.B. Forrest Epidural morphine reduces the risk of postoperative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors Can J Anaesth 40 1993 532 541
352. W.S. Beattie, N.H. Badner, and P. Choi Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Anesth Analg 93 2001 853 858
353. A. Rodgers, N. Walker, and S. Schug Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials BMJ 321 2000 1493
354. C.L. Wu, G.F. Anderson, and R. Herbert Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on morbidity and mortality after total hip replacement surgery in medicare patients Reg Anesth Pain Med 28 2003 271 278
355. W.Y. Park, J.S. Thompson, and K.K. Lee Effect of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on perioperative outcome: a randomized, controlled Veterans Affairs cooperative study Ann Surg 234 2001 560 569
356. T.M. Dodds, J.G. Stone, and J. Coromilas Prophylactic nitroglycerin infusion during noncardiac surgery does not reduce perioperative ischemia Anesth Analg 76 1993 705 713
357. D.A. Zvara, L. Groban, and A.T. Rogers Prophylactic nitroglycerin did not reduce myocardial ischemia during accelerated recovery management of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14 2000 571 575
358. I.J. Kallmeyer, C.D. Collard, and J.A. Fox The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: a case series of 7200 cardiac surgical patients Anesth Analg 92 2001 1126 1130
359. H.I. Michelena, M.D. Abel, and R.M. Suri Intraoperative echocardiography in valvular heart disease: an evidence-based appraisal Mayo Clin Proc 85 2010 646 655
360. M.J. Eisenberg, M.J. London, and J.M. Leung Monitoring for myocardial ischemia during noncardiac surgery: a technology assessment of transesophageal echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group JAMA 268 1992 210 216
361. M.J. London, J.F. Tubau, and M.G. Wong The "natural history" of segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. S.P.I. Research Group Anesthesiology 73 1990 644 655
362. F. Bilotta, D.K. Tempe, and F. Giovannini Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography in noncardiac surgery Ann Card Anaesth 9 2006 108 113
363. S.G. Memtsoudis, P. Rosenberger, and M. Loffler The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgery Anesth Analg 102 2006 1653 1657
364. S.K. Shillcutt, N.W. Markin, and C.R. Montzingo Use of rapid "rescue" perioperative echocardiography to improve outcomes after hemodynamic instability in noncardiac surgical patients J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26 2012 362 370
365. H.P. Nguyen, J.G. Zaroff, and E.O. Bayman Perioperative hypothermia (33 degrees C) does not increase the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial Anesthesiology 113 2010 327 342
366. S.M. Frank, L.A. Fleisher, and M.J. Breslow Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial JAMA 277 1997 1127 1134
367. D. Karalapillai, D. Story, and G.K. Hart Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after major elective non-cardiac surgery Anaesthesia 68 2013 605 611
368. S. Rajagopalan, E. Mascha, and J. Na The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement Anesthesiology 108 2008 71 77
369. C. Wenisch, E. Narzt, and D.I. Sessler Mild intraoperative hypothermia reduces production of reactive oxygen intermediates by polymorphonuclear leukocytes Anesth Analg 82 1996 810 816
370. E.L. Hannan, Z. Samadashvili, and A. Wechsler The relationship between perioperative temperature and adverse outcomes after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139 2010 1568 1575.e1
371. D. Karalapillai, D.A. Story, and P. Calzavacca Inadvertent hypothermia and mortality in postoperative intensive care patients: retrospective audit of 5050 patients Anaesthesia 64 2009 968 972
372. H. Schmied, A. Kurz, and D.I. Sessler Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty Lancet 347 1996 289 292
373. A. Kurz, D.I. Sessler, and R. Lenhardt Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group N Engl J Med 334 1996 1209 1215
374. P.J. Chestovich, M.H. Kwon, and H.G. Cryer Surgical procedures for patients receiving mechanical cardiac support Am Surg 77 2011 1314 1317
375. A.E. Eckhauser, W.V. Melvin, and K.W. Sharp Management of general surgical problems in patients with left ventricular assist devices Am Surg 72 2006 158 161
376. A. Garatti, G. Bruschi, and T. Colombo Noncardiac surgical procedures in patient supported with long-term implantable left ventricular assist device Am J Surg 197 2009 710 714
377. C. Schmid, M. Wilhelm, and K.H. Dietl Noncardiac surgery in patients with left ventricular assist devices Surgery 129 2001 440 444
378. J. Stehlik, D.M. Nelson, and A.G. Kfoury Outcome of noncardiac surgery in patients with ventricular assist devices Am J Cardiol 103 2009 709 712
379. D.J. Goldstein, S.L. Mullis, and E.S. Delphin Noncardiac surgery in long-term implantable left ventricular assist-device recipients Ann Surg 222 1995 203 207
380. D. Feldman, S.V. Pamboukian, and J.J. Teuteberg The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary J Heart Lung Transplant 32 2013 157 187
381. J.D. Sandham, R.D. Hull, and R.F. Brant A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients N Engl J Med 348 2003 5 14
382. R.J. Valentine, M.L. Duke, and M.H. Inman Effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in aortic surgery: a randomized trial J Vasc Surg 27 1998 203 211
383. J.S. Bender, M.A. Smith-Meek, and C.E. Jones Routine pulmonary artery catheterization does not reduce morbidity and mortality of elective vascular surgery: results of a prospective, randomized trial Ann Surg 226 1997 229 236
384. J.L. Carson, M.L. Terrin, and H. Noveck Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery N Engl J Med 365 2011 2453 2462
385. P.J. Devereaux, D. Xavier, and J. Pogue Characteristics and short-term prognosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a cohort study Ann Intern Med 154 2011 523 528
386. S. Garcia, N. Marston, and Y. Sandoval Prognostic value of 12-lead electrocardiogram and peak troponin I level after vascular surgery J Vasc Surg 57 2013 166 172
387. T. Keller, T. Zeller, and F. Ojeda Serial changes in highly sensitive troponin I assay and early diagnosis of myocardial infarction JAMA 306 2011 2684 2693
388. M. D'Costa, E. Fleming, and M.C. Patterson Cardiac troponin I for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department Am J Clin Pathol 108 1997 550 555
389. G.X. Brogan, J.E. Hollander, and C.F. McCuskey Evaluation of a new assay for cardiac troponin I vs creatine kinase-MB for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Biochemical Markers for Acute Myocardial Ischemia (BAMI) Study Group Acad Emerg Med 4 1997 6 12
390. A.H. Wu, Y.J. Feng, and J.H. Contois Comparison of myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and cardiac troponin I for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction Ann Clin Lab Sci 26 1996 291 300
391. P. Nagele, F. Brown, and B.F. Gage High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in prediction and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and long-term mortality after noncardiac surgery Am Heart J 166 2013 325 332
392. J.E. Adams, G.A. Sicard, and B.T. Allen Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction with measurement of cardiac troponin I N Engl J Med 330 1994 670 674
393. F.S. Apple, A.J. Maturen, and R.E. Mullins Multicenter clinical and analytical evaluation of the AxSYM troponin-I immunoassay to assist in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction Clin Chem 45 1999 206 212
394. S. Rinfret, L. Goldman, and C.A. Polanczyk Value of immediate postoperative electrocardiogram to update risk stratification after major noncardiac surgery Am J Cardiol 94 2004 1017 1022
395. J.L. Blackshear, D.E. Cutlip, and G.S. Roubin Myocardial infarction after carotid stenting and endarterectomy: results from the carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial Circulation 123 2011 2571 2578
396. A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, and H.R. Black Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension 42 2003 1206 1252
397. J.A.R. Van Waes, H.M. Nathoe, and J.C. de Graaff Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery and its association with short-term mortality Circulation 127 2013 2264 2271
398. K. Thygesen, J.S. Alpert, and A.S. Jaffe Third universal definition of myocardial infarction J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 1581 1598
399. B. Linnemann, T. Sutter, and E. Herrmann Elevated cardiac troponin T is associated with higher mortality and amputation rates in patients with peripheral arterial disease J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 1529 1538
400. Management of Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery Trial (MANAGE). clinicaltrials.gov. 2014. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01661101. Accessed May 5, 2014.
401. L.A. Fleisher, J.A. Beckman, and K.A. Brown 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 e13 e118
402. W. Lim, A. Tkaczyk, and P. Holinski The diagnosis of myocardial infarction in critically ill patients: an agreement study J Crit Care 24 2009 447 452
403. V. Chopra, S.A. Flanders, and J.B. Froehlich Perioperative practice: time to throttle back Ann Intern Med 152 2010 47 51
404. L.E. Skolarus, L.B. Morgenstern, and J.B. Froehlich Guideline-discordant periprocedural interruptions in warfarin therapy Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4 2011 206 210
405. V. Chopra, D.H. Wesorick, and J.B. Sussman Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis Arch Surg 147 2012 181 189
406. K.M. Sheffield, P.S. McAdams, and J. Benarroch-Gampel Overuse of preoperative cardiac stress testing in medicare patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery Ann Surg 257 2013 73 80
407. A. Holbrook, S. Schulman, and D.M. Witt Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest 141 2012 e152S e184S
408. J.F. Finks, N.H. Osborne, and J.D. Birkmeyer Trends in hospital volume and operative mortality for high-risk surgery N Engl J Med 364 2011 2128 2137
409. J.D. Birkmeyer, J.F. Finks, and A. O'Reilly Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery N Engl J Med 369 2013 1434 1442
410. P.W. Serruys, M.C. Morice, and A.P. Kappetein Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 360 2009 961 972
411. F. Feit, M.M. Brooks, and G. Sopko Long-term clinical outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation Registry: comparison with the randomized trial. BARI Investigators Circulation 101 2000 2795 2802
412. S.B. King, H.X. Barnhart, and A.S. Kosinski Angioplasty or surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: comparison of eligible registry and randomized patients in the EAST trial and influence of treatment selection on outcomes. Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial Investigators Am J Cardiol 79 1997 1453 1459
413. M.C. Morice, P.W. Serruys, and A.P. Kappetein Outcomes in patients with de novo left main disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention using paclitaxel-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass graft treatment in the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial Circulation 121 2010 2645 2653
414. F.L. Grover, A.L. Shroyer, and K. Hammermeister A decade's experience with quality improvement in cardiac surgery using the Veterans Affairs and Society of Thoracic Surgeons national databases Ann Surg 234 2001 464 472
415. Y.-H. Kim, D.-W. Park, and W.-J. Kim Validation of SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score for prediction of outcomes after unprotected left main coronary revascularization J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 3 2010 612 623
416. D.M. Shahian, S.M. O'Brien, and G. Filardo The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1-coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Ann Thorac Surg 88 2009 S2 S22
417. D.M. Shahian, S.M. O'Brien, and S.L.T. Normand Association of hospital coronary artery bypass volume with processes of care, mortality, morbidity, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons composite quality score J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139 2010 273 282
418. K.F. Welke, E.D. Peterson, and M.S. Vaughan-Sarrazin Comparison of cardiac surgery volumes and mortality rates between the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Medicare databases from 1993 through 2001 Ann Thorac Surg 84 2007 1538 1546
419. T. Chakravarty, M.H. Buch, and H. Naik Predictive accuracy of SYNTAX score for predicting long-term outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization Am J Cardiol 107 2011 360 366
420. E.A. Caracciolo, K.B. Davis, and G. Sopko Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience Circulation 91 1995 2325 2334
421. B.R. Chaitman, L.D. Fisher, and M.G. Bourassa Effect of coronary bypass surgery on survival patterns in subsets of patients with left main coronary artery disease. Report of the Collaborative Study in Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS) Am J Cardiol 48 1981 765 777
422. V. Dzavik, W.A. Ghali, and C. Norris Long-term survival in 11,661 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the era of stenting: a report from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) Investigators Am Heart J 142 2001 119 126
423. T. Takaro, H.N. Hultgren, and M.J. Lipton The VA Cooperative Randomized Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease, II: subgroup with significant left main lesions Circulation 54 1976 III107 III117
424. T. Takaro, P. Peduzzi, and K.M. Detre Survival in subgroups of patients with left main coronary artery disease. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease Circulation 66 1982 14 22
425. H.A. Taylor, N.J. Deumite, and B.R. Chaitman Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry Circulation 79 1989 1171 1179
426. S. Yusuf, D. Zucker, and P. Peduzzi Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration Lancet 344 1994 563 570
427. P.E. Buszman, S.R. Kiesz, and A. Bochenek Acute and late outcomes of unprotected left main stenting in comparison with surgical revascularization J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 538 545
428. D. Capodanno, A. Caggegi, and M. Miano Global risk classification and clinical SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery) score in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical left main revascularization J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 4 2011 287 297
429. E.L. Hannan, C. Wu, and G. Walford Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease N Engl J Med 358 2008 331 341
430. S.G. Ellis, H. Tamai, and M. Nobuyoshi Contemporary percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary stenoses: initial results from a multicenter registry analysis 1994-1996 Circulation 96 1997 3867 3872
431. G.G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, M. Lotrionte, and C. Moretti A collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis on 1278 patients undergoing percutaneous drug-eluting stenting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease Am Heart J 155 2008 274 283
432. E. Boudriot, H. Thiele, and T. Walther Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in unprotected left main stem stenosis J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 538 545
433. S.J. Brener, J.M. Galla, and R. Bryant Comparison of percutaneous versus surgical revascularization of severe unprotected left main coronary stenosis in matched patients Am J Cardiol 101 2008 169 172
434. A. Chieffo, N. Morici, and F. Maisano Percutaneous treatment with drug-eluting stent implantation versus bypass surgery for unprotected left main stenosis: a single-center experience Circulation 113 2006 2542 2547
435. A. Chieffo, V. Magni, and A. Latib 5-year outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation versus coronary artery bypass graft for unprotected left main coronary artery lesions the Milan experience J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 3 2010 595 601
436. M.S. Lee, N. Kapoor, and F. Jamal Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery with percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 47 2006 864 870
437. T.H. Mäkikallio, M. Niemelä, and K. Kervinen Coronary angioplasty in drug eluting stent era for the treatment of unprotected left main stenosis compared to coronary artery bypass grafting Ann Med 40 2008 437 443
438. H. Naik, A.J. White, and T. Chakravarty A meta-analysis of 3,773 patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention or surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2 2009 739 747
439. T. Palmerini, A. Marzocchi, and C. Marrozzini Comparison between coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis (the Bologna Registry) Am J Cardiol 98 2006 54 59
440. D.-W. Park, K.B. Seung, and Y.-H. Kim Long-term safety and efficacy of stenting versus coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease: 5-year results from the MAIN-COMPARE (Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Versus Surgical Revascularization) registry J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 117 124
441. J. Rodés-Cabau, J. Deblois, and O.F. Bertrand Nonrandomized comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery disease in octogenarians Circulation 118 2008 2374 2381
442. M. Sanmartín, J.A. Baz, and R. Claro Comparison of drug-eluting stents versus surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery disease Am J Cardiol 100 2007 970 973
443. A.P. Kappetein, T.E. Feldman, and M.J. Mack Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial Eur Heart J 32 2011 2125 2134
444. K.B. Seung, D.-W. Park, and Y.-H. Kim Stents versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for left main coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 358 2008 1781 1792
445. A.J. White, G. Kedia, and J.M. Mirocha Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous drug-eluting stent implantation for treatment of left main coronary artery stenosis J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 1 2008 236 245
446. G. Montalescot, D. Brieger, and K.A. Eagle Unprotected left main revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes Eur Heart J 30 2009 2308 2317
447. M.S. Lee, C.-H. Tseng, and C.M. Barker Outcome after surgery and percutaneous intervention for cardiogenic shock and left main disease Ann Thorac Surg 86 2008 29 34
448. M.S. Lee, P. Bokhoor, and S.-J. Park Unprotected left main coronary disease and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a contemporary review and argument for percutaneous coronary intervention J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 3 2010 791 795
449. S.-J. Park, Y.-H. Kim, and D.-W. Park Randomized trial of stents versus bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease N Engl J Med 364 2011 1718 1727
450. R.H. Jones, K. Kesler, and H.R. Phillips Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 1996 1013 1025
451. W.O. Myers, H.V. Schaff, and B.J. Gersh Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris: a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97 1989 487 495
452. P.K. Smith, R.M. Califf, and R.H. Tuttle Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit Ann Thorac Surg 82 2006 1420 1428
453. E. Varnauskas Twelve-year follow-up of survival in the randomized European Coronary Surgery Study N Engl J Med 319 1988 332 337
454. S.J. Brener, B.W. Lytle, and I.P. Casserly Propensity analysis of long-term survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and high-risk features Circulation 109 2004 2290 2295
455. E.L. Hannan, M.J. Racz, and G. Walford Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation N Engl J Med 352 2005 2174 2183
456. W.E. Boden, R.A. O'Rourke, and K.K. Teo Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease N Engl J Med 356 2007 1503 1516
457. M.F. Di Carli, J. Maddahi, and S. Rokhsar Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116 1998 997 1004
458. R. Hachamovitch, S.W. Hayes, and J.D. Friedman Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography Circulation 107 2003 2900 2907
459. P. Sorajja, P. Chareonthaitawee, and N. Rajagopalan Improved survival in asymptomatic diabetic patients with high-risk SPECT imaging treated with coronary artery bypass grafting Circulation 112 2005 I311 I316
460. R.F. Davies, A.D. Goldberg, and S. Forman Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study two-year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization Circulation 95 1997 2037 2043
461. A. Cameron, K.B. Davis, and G. Green Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts: effects on survival over a 15-year period N Engl J Med 334 1996 216 219
462. F.D. Loop, B.W. Lytle, and D.M. Cosgrove Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events N Engl J Med 314 1986 1 6
463. L.J. Shaw, D.S. Berman, and D.J. Maron Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy Circulation 117 2008 1283 1291
464. N.H. Pijls, B. De Bruyne, and K. Peels Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses N Engl J Med 334 1996 1703 1708
465. P.A. Tonino, B. De Bruyne, and N.H.J. Pijls Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention N Engl J Med 360 2009 213 224
466. S. Sawada, A. Bapat, and D. Vaz Incremental value of myocardial viability for prediction of long-term prognosis in surgically revascularized patients with left ventricular dysfunction J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 2099 2105
467. E.L. Alderman, L.D. Fisher, and P. Litwin Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS) Circulation 68 1983 785 795
468. C.M. O'Connor, E.J. Velazquez, and L.H. Gardner Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experience from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank) Am J Cardiol 90 2002 101 107
469. H.R. Phillips, C.M. O'Connor, and J. Rogers Revascularization for heart failure Am Heart J 153 2007 65 73
470. K.G. Tarakji, R. Brunken, and P.M. McCarthy Myocardial viability testing and the effect of early intervention in patients with advanced left ventricular systolic dysfunction Circulation 113 2006 230 237
471. R.T. Tsuyuki, F.M. Shrive, and P.D. Galbraith Revascularization in patients with heart failure CMAJ 175 2006 361 365
472. R.O. Bonow, G. Maurer, and K.L. Lee Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction N Engl J Med 364 2011 1617 1625
473. E.J. Velazquez, K.L. Lee, and M.A. Deja Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction N Engl J Med 364 2011 1607 1616
474. N.R. Every, C.E. Fahrenbruch, and A.P. Hallstrom Influence of coronary bypass surgery on subsequent outcome of patients resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest J Am Coll Cardiol 19 1992 1435 1439
475. A.E. Borger van der Burg, J.J. Bax, and E. Boersma Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome after nonfatal cardiac arrest outside the hospital Am J Cardiol 91 2003 785 789
476. G.A. Kaiser, A. Ghahramani, and H. Bolooki Role of coronary artery surgery in patients surviving unexpected cardiac arrest Surgery 78 1975 749 754
477. W.L. Cashin, M.E. Sanmarco, and S.A. Nessim Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in coronary vessels with minimal lesions that are bypassed N Engl J Med 311 1984 824 828
478. Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Circulation 96 1997 1761 1769
479. BARI Investigators The final 10-year follow-up results from the BARI randomized trial J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 1600 1606
480. A.P. Banning, S. Westaby, and M.-C. Morice Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 1067 1075
481. S.N. Hoffman, J.A. TenBrook, and M.P. Wolf A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: one- to eight-year outcomes J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 1293 1304
482. W. Hueb, N.H. Lopes, and B.J. Gersh Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease Circulation 115 2007 1082 1089
483. D.J. Malenka, B.J. Leavitt, and M.J. Hearne Comparing long-term survival of patients with multivessel coronary disease after CABG or PCI: analysis of BARI-like patients in northern New England Circulation 112 2005 I371 I376
484. N.W. Niles, P.D. McGrath, and D. Malenka Survival of patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of a large regional prospective study. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group J Am Coll Cardiol 37 2001 1008 1015
485. W.S. Weintraub, B. Stein, and A. Kosinski Outcome of coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1998 10 19
486. M. Packer, M.R. Bristow, and J.N. Cohn The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group N Engl J Med 334 1996 1349 1355
487. P.A. Poole-Wilson, K. Swedberg, and J.G.F. Cleland Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial Lancet 362 2003 7 13
488. M.J. Domanski, H. Krause-Steinrauf, and B.M. Massie A comparative analysis of the results from 4 trials of beta-blocker therapy for heart failure: BEST, CIBIS-II, MERIT-HF, and COPERNICUS J Card Fail 9 2003 354 363
489. N. Freemantle, J. Cleland, and P. Young Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis BMJ 318 1999 1730 1737
490. O.R. De Peuter, F. Lussana, and R.J.G. Peters A systematic review of selective and non-selective beta blockers for prevention of vascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure Neth J Med 67 2009 284 294
491. L.G. De Lima, B.G.O. Soares, and H. Saconato Beta-blockers for preventing stroke recurrence Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5 2013 CD007890