Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Sanders, Robert D ^a   Nicholson, Amanda ^b   Lewis, Sharon R ^c   Smith, Andrew F ^c   Alderson, Phil ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON HOSPITALS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL LANCASTER INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; ATORVASTATIN; COLESTYRAMINE; GAMMA-SITOSTEROL; HEPTANOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; MEVINOLIN; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; SITOSTEROL DERIVATIVE; CLIONASTEROL;

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; GRAFT PATENCY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; META ANALYSIS; MYALGIA; OPEN SURGERY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; PEROPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; VASCULAR SURGERY; ADULT; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANGIOPLASTY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMPLICATION; MORTALITY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); METHODOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION;

ADULT; ANGIOPLASTY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLESTYRAMINE RESIN; HEPTANOIC ACIDS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LOVASTATIN; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PYRROLES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SITOSTEROLS; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 84891694192     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009971.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Almeida R, Coelho OR, Meneses FH, Oliveira G, Molinari G, Franca R, et al.The APVS (atorvastatin in the perioperative of vascular surgery) study. Abstract from World Congress of Cardiology Scientific Sessions 2010, Beijing China. Published in Circulation 2010. 2010; Vol. 122 (2):e345. [EMBASE: 70233157].
2. Almeida RC, Coelho OR, Menezes FH, Oliveira GP, Molinari GJPD, Franca RP, et al.Comparison of effects of high dose (80 mg) atorvastatin versus 20 mg atorvastatin on C-reactive protein and lipoproteins in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Abstract from European Society of Cardiolog Congress 2010 Stockholm, Sweden. Published in European Heart Journal. 2010; Vol. 31:64. [EMBASE: 70279734].
3. Caramelli B, Calderaro D, Yu PC, Gualandro D. Preoperative lipid-lowering therapy on postoperative outcome. American Journal of Cardiology 2007; Vol. 100, issue 7:1185. [PUBMED: 17884389].
4. Caramelli B, Durazzo A, Ikeoka D, De Bernoche C, Monachini M, Puech-Leao P, et al.Short-term treatment with atorvastatin for prevention of cardiac complications after vascular surgery [abstract no:086]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2002, issue 2:83. [CENTRAL: CN-00784215].
5. Durazzo AEDS, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, De Bernoche C, Monachini MC, Puech-Leao P, et al.Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2004; Vol. 39, issue 5:967-76. [EMBASE: 2004198566].
6. Durazzo AES, Machado FS, Ikeoka D, Puech-Leao P, Caramelli B. Effect of atorvastatin on cardiovascular events after vascular surgery. Circulation 2002, issue 19 Suppl:II-343. [CENTRAL: CN-00520506].
7. Puato M, Elisabetta F, Rattazzi M, Cipollone F, Zambon A, Grego F, et al.Atorvastatin reduces macrophage accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a comparison versus non-statin based regimen. Abstract from 78th European Atherosclerosis Society Congress, Hamburg Germany. Published in Atherosclerosis Supplements. 2010; Vol. 11 (2):23. [EMBASE: 70201591].
8. Puato M, Faggin E, Rattazzi M, Zambon A, Cipollone F, Grego F, et al.Atorvastatin reduces macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques: a comparison of a nonstatin-based regimen in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 2010; Vol. 41, issue 6:1163-8. [EMBASE: 2010315441].
9. Rahman MA, Khan JA, Mazari FAK, Mockford K, McCollum PT, Chetter IC. A randomized placebo controlled trial of the effect of preoperative statin use on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in areas of low and peak wall stress in patients undergoing elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2011; Vol. 25, issue 1:32-8. [EMBASE: 2010702366].
10. Ramo OJ, Juha L, Martti S, Hannu H, Pauliina RM, Risto M. Effects of lovastatin in prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in lower limbs. International Journal of Angiology 1995; Vol. 4, issue 4:173-6. [EMBASE: 1995373334].
11. Neilipovitz DT, Bryson GL, Taljaard M. STAR VaSShort Term Atorvastatin Regime for Vasculopathic Subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating perioperative atorvastatin therapy in noncardiac surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2012; Vol. 59, issue 6:527-37. [PUBMED: 22528165].
12. Abbruzzese TA, Havens J, Belkin M, Donaldson MC, Whittemore AD, Liao JK, et al.Statin therapy is associated with improved patency of autogenous infrainguinal bypass grafts. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2004; Vol. 39, issue 6:1178-85. [PUBMED: 15192555].
13. Blann AD, Gurney D, Hughes E, Buggins P, Silverman SH, Lip GY. Influence of pravastatin on lipoproteins, and on endothelial, platelet, and inflammatory markers in subjects with peripheral artery disease. The American Journal of Cardiology 2001, issue 1:A7-8, 89-92. [CENTRAL: CN-00348899].
14. Brili S, Tousoulis D, Antonopoulos AS, Antoniades C, Hatzis G, Bakogiannis C, et al.Effects of atorvastatin on endothelial function and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in young subjects with successfully repaired coarctation of aorta. Heart 2012; Vol. 98, issue 4:325-9. [PUBMED: 22076019].
15. Poldermans D. Fluvastatin XL use is associated with improved cardiac outcome after major vascular surgery: results from a randomized placebo controlled trial: DECREASE III. European Society of Cardiology Congress; August 2008; Munich, Germany. [: CN-00713534].
16. Poldermans D. Statins and noncardiac surgery: current evidence and practical considerations. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2009; Vol. (76 Suppl 4):S79-83. [PUBMED: 19880840].
17. Poldermans D, Schouten O, Bax J, Winkel TA. Reducing cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgery: evidence from the DECREASE studies. European Heart Journal Supplements 2009; Vol. 11, issue A:A9-A14. [: WOS:000265835900003].
18. Schouten O, Boersma E, Hoeks SE, Benner R, Van Urk H, Van Sambeek MRHM, et al.Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery. New England Journal of Medicine 2009; Vol. 361, issue 10:980-9. [EMBASE: 2009479335].
19. Schouten O, Hoeks SE, Boersma H, Voute MT, Ravensbergen N, Bastos Goncalves F, et al.Long-term outcome of the DECREASE III trial; the impact of initiation of statin therapy prior to surgery. Abstract from European Society of Cardiology Congress, 2011, Paris France. Published in European Heart Journal. 2011; Vol. 32:332-3. [EMBASE: 70534292].
20. Schouten O, Hoeks SE, Poldermans D. Fluvastatin in patients undergoing vascular surgery (REPLY). New England Journal of Medicine 2009; Vol. 361, issue 22:2187-8. [: WOS:000272117800018].
21. Schouten O, Hoeks SE, Voute MT, Boersma E, Verhagen HJ, Poldermans D. Long-term benefit of perioperative statin use in patients undergoing vascular surgery: Results from the DECREASE III trial. Abstract from Vascular Annual Meeting of the Society for Vascular Surgery, 2011, Chicago, IL United States. Published in Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2011; Vol. 53 (6 SUPPL. 1):20S-1S. [EMBASE: 70435717].
22. Schouten O, Hoeks SE, Voute MT, Ravensbergen N, Van De Luijtgaarden K, Bastos Goncalves F, et al.Perioperative myocardial ischemia: A preventable cause of poor long-term outcome after vascular surgery?. Abstract from European Society of Cardiology Congress, 2011, Paris, France. Published in European Heart Journal. 2011; Vol. 32:556. [EMBASE: 70535145].
23. Schouten O, Poldermans D, Visser L, Kertai MD, Klein J, van Urk H, et al.Fluvastatin and bisoprolol for the reduction of perioperative cardiac mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: rationale and design of the DECREASE-IV study. American Heart Journal 2004; Vol. 148, issue 6:1047-52. [: WOS:000225970400021].
24. Schouten O, Verhagen HJ, Poldermans D. Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. New England Journal of Medicine 2010; Vol. 363, issue 15:1480-1; author reply 1481-2. [EMBASE: 20931722].
25. Dunkelgrun M, Boersma E, Schouten O, Koopman-Van Gemert AWMM, Van Poorten F, Bax JJ, et al.Bisoprolol and fluvastatin for the reduction of perioperative cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction in intermediate-risk patients undergoing noncardiovascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DECREASE-IV). Annals of Surgery 2009; Vol. 249, issue 6:921-6. [EMBASE: 2009367606].
26. Lumsden AB, Rice TW, Chen C, Zhou W, Lin PH, Bray P, et al.Peripheral arterial occlusive disease: magnetic resonance imaging and the role of aggressive medical management. World Journal of Surgery 2007; Vol. 31, issue 4:695-704. [EMBASE: 2007158537].
27. Font Padros MA, Fernandez A, Rico I, Turu MM, Luque A, Gamez C, et al.Statin treatment prior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduces inflammation as seen on consecutive 18FDG-PET imaging. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008, issue Suppl 2:41. [CENTRAL: CN-00660930].
28. Hagenaars T, Gussenhoven EJ, Poldermans D, Van Urk H, Van der Lugt A. Rationale and design for the SARIS trial; effect of statin on atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling assessed with intravascular sonography. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 2001; Vol. 15, issue 4:339-43. [EMBASE: 2001428209].
29. Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Choi YH, Ma EH, Ko JS, Lee MG, et al.Usual dose of simvastatin does not inhibit plaque progression and lumen loss at the peri-stent reference segments after bare-metal stent implantation: a serial intravascular ultrasound analysis. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2010; Vol. 25, issue 4:356-63. [PUBMED: 21179272].
30. Heart Protection Study Collaborative G. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20, 536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007, issue 4:645-54; discussion 653-4. [CENTRAL: CN-00579613].
31. Kennedy J, Quan H, Buchan AM, Ghali WA, Feasby TE. Statins are associated with better outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients. Stroke 2005; Vol. 36, issue 10:2072-6. [: 2005456999].
32. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, Klein J, Van Urk H, Bax JJ, et al.A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery 2004; Vol. 28, issue 4:343-52. [PUBMED: 15350554].
33. Luijendijk P, Bouma BJ, Vriend JWJ, Groenink M, Vliegen HW, De Groot E, et al.Rationale and design of a trial on the effect of high dose statins on cardiovascular risk in adults after successful coarctation repair. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012; Vol. 33, issue 2:410-6. [EMBASE: 2012055919].
34. Martin-Ventura JL, Muoz-Garcia B, Blanco-Colio LM, Martin-Conejero A, Madrigal-Matute J, Vega M, et al.Treatment with amlodipine and atorvastatin has additive effect on blood and plaque inflammation in hypertensive patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Kidney International 2008; Vol. 74(Suppl 111):S71-4. [EMBASE: 2008568017].
35. O'Neil-Callahan K, Katsimaglis G, Tepper MR, Ryan J, Mosby C, Ioannidis JPA, et al.Statins decrease perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery: The Statins for Risk Reduction in Surgery (StaRRS) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005; Vol. 45, issue 3:336-42. [EMBASE: 2005060716].
36. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Kertai MD, Krenning B, Westerhout CM, Schinkel AFL, et al.Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 2003; Vol. 107, issue 14:1848-51. [EMBASE: 2003161765].
37. Schouten O, van Waning VH, Kertai MD, Feringa HHH, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al.Perioperative and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular treatment compared with open vascular surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or iliaco-femoro-popliteal bypass. American Journal of Cardiology 2005; Vol. 96, issue 6:861-6. [: WOS:000232096700029].
38. van Gestel YR, Hoeks SE, Sin DD, Simsek C, Welten GM, Schouten O, et al.Effect of statin therapy on mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease and comparison of those with versus without associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Cardiology 2008; Vol. 102, issue 2:192-6. [EMBASE: 2008311443].
39. Ward RP, Leeper NJ, Kirkpatrick JN, Lang RM, Sorrentino MJ, Williams KA. The effect of preoperative statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing infrainguinal vascular surgery. International Journal of Cardiology 2005; Vol. 104, issue 3:264-8. [: WOS:000232752700004].
40. Cortellaro M, Confrancesco E, Arbustini E, Rossi F, Negri A, Tremoli E, et al.Atorvastatin and thrombogenicity of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque: The ATROCAP Study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2002; Vol. 88, issue 1:41-7. [EMBASE: 2002247459].
41. Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation 2001; Vol. 103, issue 7:926-33. [PUBMED: 11181465].
42. Cipollone F, Fazia M, Iezzi A, Zucchelli M, Pini B, De Cesare D, et al.Suppression of the functionally coupled cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E synthase as a basis of simvastatin-dependent plaque stabilization in humans. Circulation 2003; Vol. 107, issue 11:1479-85. [PUBMED: 12654603].
43. Cuccurullo C, Iezzi A, Fazia ML, De Cesare D, Di Francesco A, Muraro R, et al.Suppression of rage as a basis of simvastatin-dependent plaque stabilization in type 2 diabetes. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2006; Vol. 26, issue 12:2716-23. [EMBASE: 2006569544].
44. Evans J. Pre-operative simvastatin reduces MMP-9 in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized trial. British Journal of Surgery 2007, issue Suppl 1:8-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00653659].
45. Evans J, Powell JT, Schwalbe E, Loftus IM, Thompson MM. Simvastatin attenuates the activity of matrix metalloprotease-9 in aneurysmal aortic tissue. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2007; Vol. 34, issue 3:302-3. [EMBASE: 2007378477].
46. Evans J, Schwalbe E, Loftus IM, Powell JT, Thompson MM. Pre-operative simvastatin reduces MMP-9 in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomised trial. The Vascular Society of Great Britain & Ireland Yearbook 2006:79. [CENTRAL: CN-00691124].
47. Kajimoto K, Miyauchi K, Kasai T, Shimada K, Kojima Y, Shimada A, et al.Short-term 20-mg atorvastatin therapy reduces key inflammatory factors including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and dendritic cells and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysmal wall. Atherosclerosis 2009; Vol. 206, issue 2:505-11. [EMBASE: 2009510035].
48. Martin-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Gomez-Hernandez A, Munoz-Garcia B, Vega M, Serrano J, et al.Intensive treatment with atorvastatin reduces inflammation in mononuclear cells and human atherosclerotic lesions in one month. Stroke 2005; Vol. 36, issue 8:1796-800. [EMBASE: 2005353457].
49. Lowering the Risk of Operative Complications Using Atorvastatin Loading Dose (LOAD).. Ongoing study August 2012. Hope to complete recruitment by November 2014..
50. Clinical Utility of Endothelial Dysfunction in PAD.. Ongoing study May 2004. Estimated study completion date June 2012..
51. Al-Omran M, Mamdani MM, Lindsay TF, Melo M, Juurlink DN, Verma S. Suboptimal use of statin therapy in elderly patients with atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2008; Vol. 48, issue 3:607-12. [PUBMED: 18585886].
52. Biccard BM, Sear JW, Foex P. The pharmaco-economics of peri-operative statin therapy. Anaesthesia 2005; Vol. 60, issue 11:1059-63. [EMBASE: 2005522759].
53. Biccard BM. A peri-operative statin update for non-cardiac surgery. Part II: Statin therapy for vascular surgery and peri-operative statin trial design. Anaesthesia 2008;63(2):162-71. [PUBMED: 18211448].
54. Biccard BM. Investigation of predictors of increased creatine kinase levels following vascular surgery and the association with peri-operative statin therapy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2009;20(3):187-91. [PUBMED: 19575084].
55. Chen WT, Krishnan GM, Sood N, Kluger J, Coleman CI. Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a duration- and dose-response meta-analysis. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2010; Vol. 140, issue 2:364-72. [PUBMED: 20381820].
56. Chopra V, Wesorick DH, Sussman JB, Greene T, Rogers M, Froehlich JB, et al.Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Surgery 2012; Vol. 147, issue 2:181-9. [PUBMED: 22351917].
57. Coveney AP, O'Brien GC, Fulton GJ. ACE up the sleeveare vascular patients medically optimized?. Journal of Vascular Health and Risk Management 2011; Vol. 7:15-21. [PUBMED: 21339909].
58. Dagher NN, Modrall JG. Pharmacotherapy before and after revascularization: anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, and statins. Seminars in Vascular Surgery 2007; Vol. 20, issue 1:10-4. [EMBASE: 2007147774].
59. Committee for the Investigation of Scientific Integrity. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam. Investigation into possible violation of scientific integrity. http://www.erasmusmc.nl/5663/135857/3664573/3397899/report_summary_investigation_integrity. November 2011.
60. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians?. BMJ 2008; Vol. 336, issue 7651:995-8. [PUBMED: 18456631].
61. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
62. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al.The Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011; Vol. 343:d5928. [PUBMED: 22008217].
63. Hindler K, Shaw AD, Samuels J, Fulton S, Collard CD, Riedel B. Improved postoperative outcomes associated with preoperative statin therapy. Anesthesiology 2006; Vol. 105, issue 6:1260-72. [: 2006579027].
64. Hoeks SE, Scholte Op Reimer WJ, Schouten O, Lenzen MJ, van Urk H, Poldermans D. Statin use in the elderly: results from a peripheral vascular survey in The Netherlands. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2008; Vol. 48, issue 4:891-5; discussion 895-6. [PUBMED: 18992415].
65. Kapoor AS, Kanji H, Buckingham J, Devereaux PJ, McAlister FA. Strength of evidence for perioperative use of statins to reduce cardiovascular risk: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2006; Vol. 333, issue 7579:1149. [PUBMED: 17088313].
66. Katznelson R, Djaiani GN, Borger MA, Friedman Z, Abbey SE, Fedorko L, et al.Preoperative use of statins is associated with reduced early delirium rates after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2009; Vol. 110, issue 1:67-73. [PUBMED: 19104172].
67. Landesberg G, Shatz V, Akopnik I, Wolf YG, Mayer M, Berlatzky Y, et al.Association of cardiac troponin, CK-MB, and postoperative myocardial ischemia with long-term survival after major vascular surgery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003; Vol. 42, issue 9:1547-54. [PUBMED: 14607436].
68. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; Vol. 326, issue 7404:1423. [PUBMED: 12829554].
69. Le Manach Y, Perel A, Coriat P, Godet G, Bertrand M, Riou B. Early and delayed myocardial infarction after abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; Vol. 102, issue 5:885-91. [PUBMED: 15851872].
70. Le Manach Y, Godet G, Coriat P, Martinon C, Bertrand M, Fleron MH, et al.The impact of postoperative discontinuation or continuation of chronic statin therapy on cardiac outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007; Vol. 104, issue 6:1326-33. [PUBMED: 17513620].
71. Le Manach Y, Ibanez Esteves C, Bertrand M, Goarin JP, Fleron MH, Coriat P, et al.Impact of preoperative statin therapy on adverse postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 2011; Vol. 114, issue 1:98-104. [PUBMED: 21178671].
72. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, et al.Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999; Vol. 100, issue 10:1043-9. [PUBMED: 10477528].
73. Liakopoulos OJ, Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Wassmer G, Wahlers T. Preoperative statin therapy for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4.
74. Marshall C, Lin PH, Huynh TT, Kougias P. How optimal is the medical management of patients prior to major reconstructive vascular surgery? The results of a cross-sectional study. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2009; Vol. 43, issue 3:238-43. [PUBMED: 19190039].
75. Mills EJ, WU P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, et al.Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis of 170255 patients from 76 randomized trials. QJM 2011; Vol. 104, issue 2:109-24. [PUBMED: 20934984].
76. Molnar AO, Coca SG, Devereaux PJ, Jain AK, Kitchlu A, Luo J, et al.Statin use associates with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury after major elective surgery. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011; Vol. 22, issue 5:939-46. [PUBMED: 21493769].
77. NICE. Statins for the prevention of cardiovascular events. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Technology Appraisal 2006; Vol. 94.
78. Noordzij PG, Poldermans D, Schouten O, Schreiner F, Feringa HH, Dunkelgrun M, et al.Beta-blockers and statins are individually associated with reduced mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery. Coronary Artery Disease 2007;18(1):67-72. [PUBMED: 17172933].
79. Nowygrod R, Egorova N, Greco G, Anderson P, Gelijns A, Moskowitz A, et al.Trends, complications, and mortality in peripheral vascular surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2006; Vol. 43, issue 2:205-16. [PUBMED: 16476588].
80. Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Veith FJ. Optimal statin type and dosage for vascular patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2011; Vol. 53, issue 3:837-44. [PUBMED: 21215572].
81. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
82. Sanders RD, Degos V, Young WL. Cerebral perfusion under pressure: is the autoregulatory 'plateau' a level playing field for all?. Anaesthesia 2011; Vol. 66, issue 11:968-72. [PUBMED: 21933160].
83. Sanders RD, Bottle A, Jameson SS, Mozid A, Aylin P, Edger L, et al.Independent preoperative predictors of outcomes in orthopedic and vascular surgery: the influence of time interval between an acute coronary syndrome or stroke and the operation. Annals of Surgery 2012; Vol. 255, issue 5:901-7. [PUBMED: 22504189].
84. Singh N, Augoustides JG. Perioperative protective effects of statins. F1000 Medicine Reports 1000; Vol. 2. [PUBMED: 20948850].
85. Stalenhoef AFH. The benefit of statins in non-cardiac vascular surgery patients. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009; Vol. 49, issue 1:260-5. [EMBASE: 2009036987].
86. Taylor F, Ward K, Moore THM, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Casas JP, et al.Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. [DOI:].
87. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007; Vol. 50, issue 22:2173-95. [PUBMED: 18036459].
88. Twine CP, Williams IM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of statin therapy on abdominal aortic aneurysms. The British Journal of Surgery 2011;98(3):346-53. [PUBMED: 21254006].
89. VASGBI. The Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lees T, Stansby G (editors).The National Vascular Database Report 2009. http://www.vasgbi.com/.
90. Wang CY, Liu PY, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2008; Vol. 14, issue 1:37-44. [PUBMED: 18068482].
91. Winchester DE, Wen X, Xie L, Bavry AA. Evidence of pre-procedural statin therapy a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010; Vol. 56, issue 14:1099-109. [PUBMED: 20825761].