Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C: recent trends in electrochemical immunosensor and genosensor analysis

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 42, 2014, Pages 15476-15491

  Uliana, Carolina V ^a   Riccardi, Carla S ^b   Yamanaka, Hideko ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO CARLOS   (Brazil)

^b SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Diagnostic tests; Electrochemical detection; Genosensors; Hepatitis C virus; Immunosensors

Indexed keywords

VIRUS ANTIBODY; GENETIC MARKER; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY; VIRUS DNA;

ARTICLE; BIOSENSOR; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; GENOSENSOR; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNOSENSOR; INFECTION CONTROL; LIVER BIOPSY; PREVALENCE; RELIABILITY; SENSOR; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD; ANIMAL; BLOOD; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC PROCEDURES; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HEPACIVIRUS; IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; IMMUNOLOGY; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGNOSIS;

ANIMALS; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; DNA, VIRAL; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC TESTING; GENOTYPE; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84912098460     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15476     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Idrees S, Ashfaq UA. Structural analysis and epitope prediction of HCV E1 protein isolated in Pakistan: An in-silico approach. Virol J 2013; 10: 113 [PMID: 23575359 DOI: 10.118 6/1743-422X-10-113]
2. Tang D, Tang J, Su B, Li Q, Chen G. Electrochemical detection of hepatitis C virus with signal amplification using BamHI endonuclease and horseradish peroxidase-encapsulated nanogold hollow spheres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47: 9477-9479 [PMID: 21785766 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13340c]
3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C Information for Health Professionals. Accessed in August 25, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm
4. Averhoff FM, Glass N, Holtzman D. Global burden of hepatitis C: Considerations for healthcare providers in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 Suppl 1: S10-S15 [PMID: 22715208 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis361]
5. Torresi J, Johnson D, Wedemeyer H. Progress in the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 1273-1285 [PMID: 21236312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.09.040]
6. Castello G, Scala S, Palmieri G, Curley SA, Izzo F. HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: From chronic inflammation to cancer. Clin Immunol 2010; 134: 237-250 [PMID: 19910258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.10.007]
7. Schnuriger A, Dominguez S, Valantin MA, Tubiana R, Duvivier C, Ghosn J, Simon A, Katlama C, Thibault V. Early detection of hepatitis C virus infection by use of a new combined antigen-antibody detection assay: Potential use for high-risk individuals. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1561-1563 [PMID: 16597894 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.44.4.1561-1563.2006]
8. Ishiguro S, Inoue M, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Iwasaki M, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. Impact of viral load of hepatitis C on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A population-based cohort study (JPHC Study). Cancer Lett 2011; 300: 173-179 [PMID: 21035947 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.10.002]
9. Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Hepatitis C virus serologic and virologic tests and clinical diagnosis of HCV-related liver disease. Int J Med Sci 2006; 3: 35-40 [PMID: 16614740 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.3.35]
10. Kuo G, Choo QL, Alter HJ, Gitnick GL, Redeker AG, Purcell RH, Miyamura T, Dienstag JL, Alter MJ, Stevens CE. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989; 244: 362-364 [PMID: 2496467 DOI: 10.1126/science.2496467]
11. Pawlotsky JM. Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36: S65-S73 [PMID: 12407578 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36815]
12. Gray JJ, Wreghitt TG. Immunoglobulin G avidity in Epstein-Barr virus infection in organ transplant recipients. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis 1989; 3: 389-393 [DOI: 10.101 6/0888-0786(89)90057-7]
13. Gretch DR. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997; 26: 43S-47S [PMID: 9305663 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510260708]
14. Kao JH, Lai MY, Hwang YT, Yang PM, Chen PJ, Sheu JC, Wang TH, Hsu HC, Chen DS. Chronic hepatitis C without anti-hepatitis C antibodies by second-generation assay. A clinicopathologic study and demonstration of the usefulness of a third-generation assay. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 161-165 [PMID: 8565750 DOI: 10.1007/BF02208599]
15. Uyttendaele S, Claeys H, Mertens W, Verhaert H, Vermylen C. Evaluation of third-generation screening and confirmatory assays for HCV antibodies. Vox Sang 1994; 66: 122-129 [PMID: 7514324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb00293.x]
16. Barrera JM, Francis B, Ercilla G, Nelles M, Achord D, Darner J, Lee SR. Improved detection of anti-HCV in post-transfusion hepatitis by a third-generation ELISA. Vox Sang 1995; 68: 15-18 [PMID: 7536987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1995. tb02538.x]
17. Colin C, Lanoir D, Touzet S, Meyaud-Kraemer L, Bailly F, Trepo C. Sensitivity and specificity of third-generation hepatitis C virus antibody detection assays: An analysis of the literature. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8: 87-95 [PMID: 11264728 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00280.x]
18. Alborino F, Burighel A, Tiller FW, van Helden J, Gabriel C, Raineri A, Catapano R, Stekel H. Multicenter evaluation of a fully automated third-generation anti-HCV antibody screening test with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 200: 77-83 [PMID: 20865278 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-010-0171-0]
19. Ward KN, Dhaliwal W, Ashworth KL, Clutterbuck EJ, Teo CG. Measurement of antibody avidity for hepatitis C virus distinguishes primary antibody responses from passively acquired antibody. J Med Virol 1994; 43: 367-372 [PMID: 7525865 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890430409]
20. Kanno A, Kazuyama Y. Immunoglobulin G antibody avidity assay for serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 2002; 68: 229-233 [PMID: 12210412 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10186]
21. Pei X, Zhang B, Tang J, Liu B, Lai W, Tang D. Sandwichtype immunosensors and immunoassays exploiting nanostructure labels: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 758: 1-18 [PMID: 23245891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.060]
22. Hofmann WP, Dries V, Herrmann E, Gärtner B, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C. Comparison of transcription mediated amplification (TMA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver tissue. J Clin Virol 2005; 32: 289-293 [PMID: 15780807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.08.011]
23. Bouvier-Alias M, Patel K, Dahari H, Beaucourt S, Larderie P, Blatt L, Hezode C, Picchio G, Dhumeaux D, Neumann AU, McHutchison JG, Pawlotsky JM. Clinical utility of total HCV core antigen quantification: A new indirect marker of HCV replication. Hepatology 2002; 36: 211-218 [PMID: 12085367 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.34130]
24. Gaudy C, Thevenas C, Tichet J, Mariotte N, Goudeau A, Dubois F. Usefulness of the hepatitis C virus core antigen assay for screening of a population undergoing routine medical checkup. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1722-1726 [PMID: 15814991]
25. Zanetti AR, Romanò L, Brunetto M, Colombo M, Bellati G, Tackney C. Total HCV core antigen assay: A new marker of hepatitis C viremia for monitoring the progress of therapy. J Med Virol 2003; 70: 27-30 [PMID: 12629640 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10355]
26. Tanaka N, Moriya K, Kiyosawa K, Koike K, Aoyama T. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces spontaneous and persistent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in transgenic mice: Implications for HCV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 124-131 [PMID: 17764115 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23056]
27. Krishnadas DK, Li W, Kumar R, Tyrrell DL, Agrawal B. HCV-core and NS3 antigens play disparate role in inducing regulatory or effector T cells in vivo: Implications for viral persistence or clearance. Vaccine 2010; 28: 2104-2114 [PMID: 20045096 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.037]
28. Park Y, Lee JH, Kim BS, Kim do Y, Han KH, Kim HS. New automated hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen assay as an alternative to real-time PCR for HCV RNA quantification. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 2253-2256 [PMID: 20351215 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01856-09]
29. Moscato GA, Giannelli G, Grandi B, Pieri D, Marsi O, Guarducci I, Batini I, Altomare E, Antonaci S, Capria A, Pellegrini G, Sacco R. Quantitative determination of hepatitis C core antigen in therapy monitoring for chronic hepatitis C. Intervirology 2011; 54: 61-65 [PMID: 20829601 DOI: 10.1159/000318878]
30. Laperche S, Le Marrec N, Girault A, Bouchardeau F, Servant-Delmas A, Maniez-Montreuil M, Gallian P, Levayer T, Morel P, Simon N. Simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen and anti-HCV antibodies improves the early detection of HCV infection. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3877-3883 [PMID: 16081925 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.8.3877-3883.2005]
31. Leary TP, Gutierrez RA, Muerhoff AS, Birkenmeyer LG, Desai SM, Dawson GJ. A chemiluminescent, magnetic particlebased immunoassay for the detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen in human serum or plasma. J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1436-1440 [PMID: 16998880 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20716]
32. Widell A, Molnegren V, Pieksma F, Calmann M, Peterson J, Lee SR. Detection of hepatitis C core antigen in serum or plasma as a marker of hepatitis C viraemia in the serological window-phase. Transfus Med 2002; 12: 107-113 [PMID: 11982963 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2002.00359.x]
33. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47: 1-39 [PMID: 9790221]
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Testing for HCV infection: An update of guidance for clinicians and laboratorians. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62: 362-365 [PMID: 23657112]
35. Alter MJ, Kuhnert WL, Finelli L; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for laboratory testing and result reporting of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52: 1-13, 15; quiz CE1-4 [PMID: 12585742]
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: Evaluation of hepatitis C virus infection testing and reporting -eight U.S. sites, 2005-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62: 357-361 [PMID: 23657111]
37. Poordad F, Dieterich D. Treating hepatitis C: Current standard of care and emerging direct-acting antiviral agents. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19: 449-464 [PMID: 22676357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2012.01617.x]
38. Abbott Laboratories. Abbott Prism® HCV. Hepatitis C Virus Encoded Antigens (Recombinant c100-3, HCr43, NS5). Diagnostics Division. USA. 2006. Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.fda. gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/Blood-DonorScreening/InfectiousDisease/UCM089367.pdf
39. Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. Ortho HCV Version 3.0 ELISA. Hepatitis C Virus Encoded Antigen (HCV Encoded Antigen/Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA), Version 3.0/Recombinant and Synthetic). Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBlood-Vaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/BloodDonorScreening/InfectiousDis-ease/ucm176413.htm
40. OraSure Technologies, Inc. OraQuick HCV: Rapid antibody test. 2011. Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.orasure.com/products-infectious/products-infectious-oraquick-hcv.asp
41. Shivkumar S, Peeling R, Jafari Y, Joseph L, Pant Pai N. Accuracy of rapid and point-of-care screening tests for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157: 558-566 [PMID: 23070489 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819 -157-8-201210160-00006]
42. National Genetics Institute. UltraQual HCV RT-PCR assay: Hepatitis C virus reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBlood-Vaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/BloodDonorScreening/InfectiousDisease/ucm148187.htm
43. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. COBAS AmpliScreen HCV Test, version 2.0.: Hepatitis C virus (hepatitis C virus/polymerase chain reaction/blood cell derived). Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www. fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/BloodDonorScreening/InfectiousDisease/ucm173197.htm
44. BioLife Plasma Services, L.P. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Reverse Transcription (RT) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assay. Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Blood-BloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/BloodDonorScreening/InfectiousDisease/ucm148311. htm
45. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. COBAS TaqScreen MPX Test. Accessed in September 20, 2013. Available from: URL: Http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBlood-Products/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/BloodDonorScreening/InfectiousDisease/ucm176438.htm
46. Vermeersch P, Van Ranst M, Lagrou K. Validation of a strategy for HCV antibody testing with two enzyme immunoassays in a routine clinical laboratory. J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 394-398 [PMID: 18448386]
47. Aoyagi K, Ohue C, Iida K, Kimura T, Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Yagi S. Development of a simple and highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis C virus core antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1802-1808 [PMID: 10325327]
48. Ergünay K, Sener B, Alp A, Karakaya J, Hasçelik G. Utility of a commercial quantitative hepatitis C virus core antigen assay in a diagnostic laboratory setting. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70: 486-491 [PMID: 21767705 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.04.011]
49. Medici MC, Furlini G, Rodella A, Fuertes A, Monachetti A, Calderaro A, Galli S, Terlenghi L, Olivares M, Bagnarelli P, Costantini A, De Conto F, Sainz M, Galli C, Manca N, Landini MP, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Hepatitis C virus core antigen: Analytical performances, correlation with viremia and potential applications of a quantitative, automated immunoassay. J Clin Virol 2011; 51: 264-269 [PMID: 21621454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.003]
50. McNaught AD, Wilkinson A, editors. Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2nd ed. The "Gold Book". Oxford: IUPAC, 2006 [DOI: 10.1351/goldbook]
51. Marco MP, Gee S, Hammock BD; Immunochemical techniques for environmental analysis II. Antibody production and immunoassay development. Trends Analyt Chem 1995; 14: 341-350 [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(95)90920-I]
52. Jin X, Jin X, Chen L, Jiang J, Shen G, Yu R. Piezoelectric immunosensor with gold nanoparticles enhanced competitive immunoreaction technique for quantification of aflatoxin B1. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24: 2580-2585 [PMID: 19237278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.014]
53. Krishnamoorthy S, Iliadis AA, Bei T, Chrousos GP. An interleukin-6 ZnO/SiO(2)/Si surface acoustic wave biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24: 313-318 [PMID: 18502114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.04.011]
54. Fu XH. Electrochemical immunoassay for carbohydrate antigen-125 based on polythionine and gold hollow microspheres modified glassy carbon electrodes. Electroanal 2007; 19: 1831-1839 [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703943]
55. Tang D, Yuan R, Chai Y. Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for clinical immunoassay using thionine-doped magnetic gold nanospheres as labels and horseradish peroxidase as enhancer. Anal Chem 2008; 80: 1582-1588 [PMID: 18220412 DOI: 10.1021/ac702217m]
56. Tang D, Niessner R, Knopp D. Flow-injection electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of human IgG based on glucose oxidase-derivated biomimetic interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24: 2125-2130 [PMID: 19109003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.11.008]
57. Mani V, Chikkaveeraiah BV, Patel V, Gutkind JS, Rusling JF. Ultrasensitive immunosensor for cancer biomarker proteins using gold nanoparticle film electrodes and multienzyme-particle amplification. ACS Nano 2009; 3: 585-594 [PMID: 19216571 DOI: 10.1021/nn800863w]
58. Fu Z, Hao C, Fei X, Ju H. Flow-injection chemiluminescent immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein based on epoxysilane modified glass microbeads. J Immunol Methods 2006; 312: 61-67 [PMID: 16647079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.02.006]
59. Sánchez-Martínez ML, Aguilar-Caballos MP, Gómez-Hens A. Long-wavelength fluorescence polarization immunoassay: Determination of amikacin on solid surface and gliadins in solution. Anal Chem 2007; 79: 7424-7430 [PMID: 17784730 DOI: 10.1021/ac070761l]
60. Watterson JM, Stallcup P, Escamilla D, Chernay P, Reyes A, Trevino SC. Evaluation of the Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Vitros ECi Anti-HCV test: Comparison with three other methods. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 21: 162-166 [PMID: 17506481 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20119]
61. Suni II. Impedance methods for electrochemical sensors using nanomaterials. TRAC-Trends Anal Chem 2008; 27: 604-611 [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.03.012]
62. Viswanathan S, Rani C, Vijay Anand A, Ho JA. Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen using ferrocene liposomes and MWCNT screen-printed electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24: 1984-1989 [PMID: 19038538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.10.006]
63. Wu L, Yan F, Ju H. An amperometric immunosensor for separation-free immunoassay of CA125 based on its covalent immobilization coupled with thionine on carbon nanofiber. J Immunol Methods 2007; 322: 12-19 [PMID: 17350032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.01.026]
64. Wang J, Lin Y. Functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers for biosensing applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2008; 27: 619-626 [PMID: 19122842 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.009]
65. Cui R, Huang H, Yin Z, Gao D, Zhu JJ. Horseradish peroxidase-functionalized gold nanoparticle label for amplified immunoanalysis based on gold nanoparticles/carbon nanotubes hybrids modified biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23: 1666-1673 [PMID: 18359217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.01.034]
66. Jie G, Zhang J, Wang D, Cheng C, Chen HY, Zhu JJ. Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on CdSe nanocomposites. Anal Chem 2008; 80: 4033-4039 [PMID: 18435547 DOI: 10.1021/ac800052g]
67. Chen X, Zhang K, Zhou J, Xuan J, Yan W, Jiang LP, Zhu JJ. Electrochemical immunosensor based on colloidal carbon sphere array. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25: 1130-1136 [PMID: 19879126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.09.038]
68. Viswanathan S, Rani C, Ho JA. Electrochemical immunosensor for multiplexed detection of food-borne pathogens using nanocrystal bioconjugates and MWCNT screenprinted electrode. Talanta 2012; 94: 315-319 [PMID: 22608454 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.049]
69. Maehashi K, Katsura T, Kerman K, Takamura Y, Matsumoto K, Tamiya E. Label-free protein biosensor based on aptamer-modified carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. Anal Chem 2007; 79: 782-787 [PMID: 17222052 DOI: 10.1021/ac060830g]
70. Luo XL, Xu JJ, Wang JL, Chen HY. Electrochemically deposited nanocomposite of chitosan and carbon nanotubes for biosensor application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005; (16): 2169-2171 [PMID: 15846436 DOI: 10.1039/B419197]
71. Wang J, Liu G, Jan MR. Ultrasensitive electrical biosensing of proteins and DNA: Carbon-nanotube derived amplification of the recognition and transduction events. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126: 3010-3011 [PMID: 15012105 DOI: 10.1021/ja031723w]
72. Neimark AV, Lin Y, Ravikovitch PI, Thommes M. Quenched solid density functional theory and pore size analysis of micro-mesoporous carbons. Carbon 2009; 47: 1617-1628 [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.050]
73. Tang D, Zhong Z, Niessner R, Knopp D. Multifunctional magnetic bead-based electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of aflatoxin B1 in food. Analyst 2009; 134: 1554-1560 [PMID: 20448920 DOI: 10.1039/b90240]
74. Hock B. Antibodies for immunosensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 1997; 347: 177-186 [DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00167-0]
75. D'Orazio P. Biosensors in clinical chemistry -2011 update. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412: 1749-1761 [PMID: 21729694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.025]
76. Luppa PB, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW. Immunosensors-principles and applications to clinical chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314: 1-26 [PMID: 11718675 DOI: 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00629-5]
77. Quinton J, Kolodych S, Chaumonet M, Bevilacqua V, Nevers MC, Volland H, Gabillet S, Thuéry P, Créminon C, Taran F. Reaction discovery by using a sandwich immunoassay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51: 6144-6148 [PMID: 22566166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201451]
78. Tang D, Ren J. In situ amplified electrochemical immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen using horseradish peroxidase-encapsulated nanogold hollow microspheres as labels. Anal Chem 2008; 80: 8064-8070 [PMID: 18816067 DOI: 10.1021/ac801091j]
79. Li Q, Zeng L, Wang J, Tang D, Liu B, Chen G, Wei M. Magnetic mesoporous organic-inorganic NiCo2O4 hybrid nanomaterials for electrochemical immunosensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3: 1366-1373 [PMID: 21446771 DOI: 10.1021/am200228k]
80. Su B, Tang D, Tang J, Cui Y, Chen G. Multiarmed star-like platinum nanowires with multienzyme assembly for direct electronic determination of carcinoembryoninc antigen in serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30: 229-234 [PMID: 21982336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.017]
81. Zhang B, Tang D, Liu B, Cui Y, Chen H, Chen G. Nanogoldfunctionalized magnetic beads with redox activity for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 711: 17-23 [PMID: 22152790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ace.2011.10.049]
82. Tang J, Tang D, Niessner R, Knopp D, Chen G. Hierarchical dendritic gold microstructure-based aptasensor for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of thrombin using functionalized mesoporous silica nanospheres as signal tags. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 720: 1-8 [PMID: 22365113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.070]
83. Brakmann S. DNA-based barcodes, nanoparticles, and nanostructures for the ultrasensitive detection and quantification of proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43: 5730-5734 [PMID: 15523731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461112]
84. Amaro M, Oaew S, Surareungchai W. Scano-magneto immunoassay based on carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles nanocomposite for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38: 157-162 [PMID: 22705403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.018]
85. Morota K, Fujinami R, Kinukawa H, Machida T, Ohno K, Saegusa H, Takeda K. A new sensitive and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for quantitative determination of hepatitis C virus core antigen. J Virol Methods 2009; 157: 8-14 [PMID: 19135481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.12.009]
86. Lee S, Kim YS, Jo M, Jin M, Lee DK, Kim S. Chip-based detection of hepatitis C virus using RNA aptamers that specifically bind to HCV core antigen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358: 47-52 [PMID: 17475212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.057]
87. Lu L, Liu B, Li S, Zhang W, Xie G. Improved electrochemical immunosensor for myeloperoxidase in human serum based on nanogold/cerium dioxide-BMIMPF6/L-Cysteine composite film. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 86: 339-344 [PMID: 21561744 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.04.017]
88. Yin ZJ, Wu JJ, Yang ZS. A sensitive mercury (II) sensor based on CuO nanoshuttles/poly(thionine)modified glassy carbon electrode. Microchim Acta 2010; 170: 307-312 [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0359-4]
89. Wang L, Sun Y, Wang J, Wang J, Yu A, Zhang H, Song D. Preparation of surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on magnetic core/shell Fe3O4/SiO2 and Fe3O4/Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 84: 484-490 [PMID: 21353500 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.003]
90. Li MJ, Dai XF, Liu ZM, Cai PX, Bai Y. A hepatitis C electrochemical immunosensor based on thionine covalently bound to self-assembled monolayer. Fenxi Huaxue 2005; 33: 1701-1704
91. Ma C, Xie G, Zhang W, Liang M, Liu B, Xiang H. Label-free sandwich type of immunosensor for hepatitis C virus core antigen based on the use of gold nanoparticles on a nanostructured metal oxide surface. Microchimica Acta 2012; 178: 331-340 [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0842-1]
92. Ma C, Liang M, Wang L, Xiang H, Jiang Y, Li Y, Xie G. MultisHRP-DNA-coated CMWNTs as signal labels for an ultrasensitive hepatitis C virus core antigen electrochemical immunosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47: 467-474 [PMID: 23624015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.058]
93. Liang M, Wang L, Ma CX, Zhang MJ, Xie GM. Sandwich immunoassay for hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A protein using a glassy carbon electrode modified with an Au-MoO3/chitosan nanocomposite. Anal Letters 2013; 46: 1241-1254 [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.755684]
94. Moraes ML, Lima LR, Silva RR, Cavicchioli M, Ribeiro SJ. Immunosensor based on immobilization of antigenic peptide NS5A-1 from HCV and silk fibroin in nanostructured films. Langmuir 2013; 29: 3829-3834 [PMID: 23414139 DOI: 10.1021/la304404v]
95. Konig B, Gratzel M. A piezoelectric immunosensor for hepatitis viruses. Anal Chim Acta 1995; 309: 19-25 [DOI: 10.1016/00 03-2670(94)00640-8]
96. Chen ZZ, Wang KM, Chen YK, Xiao D, Yang XH, Shao GQ. Development of a piezoelectric immunosensor for hepatitis B surface antigen. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 2002; 23: 1044-1046
97. Chen ZZ, Wang KM, Yang XH, Huang SS, Huang HM, Li D, Wang Q. Determination of hepatitis B surface antigen by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Acta Chimica Sinica 2003; 61: 137-140
98. Kintzios S, Pistola E, Konstas J, Bem F, Matakiadis T, Alexandropoulos N, Biselis I, Levin R. The application of the bioelectric recognition assay for the detection of human and plant viruses: Definition of operational parameters. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 16: 467-480 [PMID: 11544041 DOI: 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00161-0]
99. Lee JC, Shih YF, Hsu SP, Chang TY, Chen LH, Hsu JT. Development of a cell-based assay for monitoring specific hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease activity in mammalian cells. Anal Biochem 2003; 316: 162-170 [PMID: 12711336 DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2697(03)00053-8]
100. Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K, Yamazaki C, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Tanaka T, Mishiro S. Hepatitis C virus infection in medical personnel after needlestick accident. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1109-1114 [PMID: 1427651 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840160502]
101. Young KKY, Resnick R, Myers TW. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a combined reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 882-886 [DOI: 10.1086/513569]
102. Hennig H, Luhm J, Hartwig D, Klüter H, Kirchner H. A novel RT-PCR for reliable and rapid HCV RNA screening of blood donations. Transfusion 2001; 41: 1100-1106 [PMID: 11552065 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41091100.x]
103. Richalet-Sécordel PM, Poisson F, Van Regenmortel MH. Uses of biosensor technology in the development of probes for viral diagnosis. Clin Diagn Virol 1996; 5: 111-119 [PMID: 15566869 DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00212-7]
104. O'Meara D, Nilsson P, Nygren PA, Uhlén M, Lundeberg J. Capture of single-stranded DNA assisted by oligonucleotide modules. Anal Biochem 1998; 255: 195-203 [PMID: 9451504 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2472]
105. O'Meara D, Yun Z, Sönnerborg A, Lundeberg J. Cooperative oligonucleotides mediating direct capture of hepatitis C virus RNA from serum. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2454-2459 [PMID: 9705373]
106. Liu A, Wang K, Weng S, Lei Y, Lin L, Chen W, Lin X, Chen Y. Development of electrochemical DNA biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2012; 37: 101-111 [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.03.008]
107. Palecek E, Fojta M. Electrochemical DNA sensors. In: Willner I, Katz E. Bioelectronics: From theory to applications. Jerusalem: Wiley, 2006: 127-192
108. Mascini M, Palchetti I, Marrazza G. DNA electrochemical biosensors. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 369: 15-22 [PMID: 11210224]
109. Pividori MI, Merkoçi A, Alegret S. Electrochemical genosensor design: Immobilisation of oligonucleotides onto transducer surfaces and detection methods. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15: 291-303 [PMID: 11219741 DOI: 10.1016/S0956-5663(00)00071-3]
110. Teles FRR, Fonseca LP. Trends in DNA biosensors. Talanta 2008; 77: 606-623 [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.024]
111. Kadkol SS, Gage WR, Pasternack GR. In situ hybridizationtheory and practice. Mol Diagn 1999; 4: 169-183 [PMID: 10553018 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-8592(99)80021-6]
112. Skládal P, dos Santos Riccardi C, Yamanaka H, da Costa PI. Piezoelectric biosensors for real-time monitoring of hybridization and detection of hepatitis C virus. J Virol Methods 2004; 117: 145-151 [PMID: 15041211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.005]
113. Uliana CV, Tognolli JO, Yamanaka H. Application of factorial design experiments to the development of a disposable amperometric DNA biosensor. Electroanalysis 2011; 23: 2607-2615 [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100269]
114. Souza E, Nascimento G, Santana N, Ferreira D, Lima M, Natividade E, Martins D, Lima-Filho J. Label-free electrochemical detection of the specific oligonucleotide sequence of dengue virus type 1 on pencil graphite electrodes. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11: 5616-5629 [PMID: 22163916 DOI: 10.3390/s110605616]
115. Ligaj M, Jasnowska J, Musial WG, Filipiak, M. Covalent attachment of single-stranded DNA to carbon paste electrode modified by activated carboxyl groups. Electrochim Acta 2006; 51: 5193-5198 [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.053]
116. Vermeeren V, Wenmackers S, Wagner P, Michiels L. DNA sensors with diamond as a promising alternative transducer material. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9: 5600-5636 [PMID: 22346717 DOI: 10.3390/s90705600]
117. Pividori MI, Alegret S. DNA adsorption on carbonaceous materials. Top Curr Chem 2005; 260: 1-36 [DOI: 10.1007/b136064]
118. Labuda J, Brett AMO, Evtugyn G, Fojta M, Mascini M, Ozsoz M, Palchetti I, Palecek E, Wang J. Electrochemical nucleic acid-based biosensors: Concepts, terms, and methodology (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 2010; 82: 1161-1187 [DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-16]
119. Wang J. Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors. Anal Chim Acta 2002; 469: 63-71 [DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01399-X]
120. Park JY, Park SM. DNA hybridization sensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a detection tool. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9: 9513-9532 [PMID: 22303136 DOI: 10.3390/s91209513]
121. Kerman K, Kobayashi M, Tamiya E. Recent trends in electrochemical DNA biosensor technology. Meas Sci Technol 2004; 15: R1-R11 [DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/15/2/R01]
122. Palecek E, Bartošík M. Electrochemistry of nucleic acids. Chem Rev 2012; 112: 3427-3481 [DOI: 10.1021/cr200303p]
123. dos Santos Riccardi C, Kranz C, Kowalik J, Yamanaka H, Mizaikoff B, Josowicz M. Label-free DNA detection of hepatitis C virus based on modified conducting polypyrrole films at microelectrodes and atomic force microscopy tipintegrated electrodes. Anal Chem 2008; 80: 237-245 [PMID: 18034460 DOI: 10.1021/ac701613t]
124. Pournaghi-Azar MH, Ahour F, Hejaz MS. Differential pulse voltammetric detection of hepatitis c virus 1a oligonucleotide chain by a label-free electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensor using consensus sequence of hepatitis c virus 1a probe on the pencil graphite electrode. Electroanalysis 2009; 21: 1822-1828 [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804570]
125. Riccardi Cdos S, Dahmouche K, Santilli CV, da Costa PI, Yamanaka H. Immobilization of streptavidin in sol-gel films: Application on the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus. Talanta 2006; 70: 637-643 [PMID: 18970820 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.01.027]
126. Uliana CV, Riccardi CS, Tognolli JO, Yamanaka H. Optimization of an amperometric biosensor for detection of Hepatitis C virus using fractional factorial designs. J Braz Chem Soc 2008; 19: 782-787 [DOI: 10.1590/S0103-50532008000400024]
127. Umek RM, Lin SW, Vielmetter J, Terbrueggen RH, Irvine B, Yu CJ, Kayyem JF, Yowanto H, Blackburn GF, Farkas DH, Chen YP. Electronic detection of nucleic acids: A versatile platform for molecular diagnostics. J Mol Diagn 2001; 3: 74-84 [PMID: 11333303 DOI: 10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60655-1]
128. Liu S, Hu Y, Jin J, Zhang H, Cai C. Electrochemical detection of hepatitis C virus based on site-specific DNA cleavage of BamHI endonuclease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009; (13): 1635-1637 [PMID: 19294245 DOI: 10.1039/b900690g]
129. Vanamee ES, Viadiu H, Lukacs CM, Aggarwal AK. Two of a kind: BamHI and BglII. In: Pingoud A. Restriction endonucleases. Heidelberg: Springer, 2004: 215-233
130. Liu S, Wu P, Li W, Zhang H, Cai C. Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical identification of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b based on specific endonuclease combined with gold nanoparticles signal amplification. Anal Chem 2011; 83: 4752-4758 [PMID: 21553883 DOI: 10.1021/ac200624f]
131. Nielsen PE. The many faces of PNA. In: Janson C, During M. Peptide nucleic acids, morpholinos and related antisense biomolecules. New York: Springer, 2006: 3-13
132. Nielsen PE, Egholm M. An introduction to peptide nucleic acid. Curr Issues Mol Biol 1999; 1: 89-104 [PMID: 11475704]
133. Park JY, Lee YS, Chang BY, Kim BH, Jeon S, Park SM. Label-free impedimetric sensor for a ribonucleic acid oligomer specific to hepatitis C virus at a self-assembled monolayercovered electrode. Anal Chem 2010; 82: 8342-8348 [PMID: 20828200 DOI: 10.1021/ac1019232]
134. Hejazi MS, Pournaghi-Azar MH, Ahour F. Electrochemical detection of short sequences of hepatitis C 3a virus using a peptide nucleic acid-assembled gold electrode. Anal Biochem 2010; 399: 118-124 [PMID: 19931215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.11.019]
135. Pournaghi-Azar MH, Ahour F, Hejazi MS. Direct detection and discrimination of double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to hepatitis C virus genotype 3a using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid and double-stranded DNA hybridization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397: 3581-3587 [PMID: 20563795 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3875-5]
136. Ahour F, Pournaghi-Azara MH, Hejazi MS. An electrochemical approach for direct detection and discrimination of fully match and single base mismatch double-stranded oligonucleotides corresponding to universal region of hepatitis C virus. Anal Methods 2012; 4: 967-972 [DOI: 10.1039/c2ay05795f]
137. Ahour F, Pournaghi-Azar MH, Alipour E, Hejazi MS. Detection and discrimination of recombinant plasmid encoding hepatitis C virus core/E1 gene based on PNA and doublestranded DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 45: 287-291 [PMID: 23500377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.063]
138. Zhang Z, Li X, Wang C, Xiong Y, Liu P, Zhang C. Cobalt complex plays a dual role in the construction of E-DNA sensor. J Electroanal Chem 2013; 690: 117-120 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.11.033]
139. Sam SS, Steinmetz HB, Tsongalis GJ, Tafe LJ, Lefferts JA. Validation of a solid-phase electrochemical array for genotyping hepatitis C virus. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95: 18-22 [PMID: 23583628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.04.001]