Critical Success Factors for Adoption of Electronic Health Record Systems: Literature Review and Prescriptive Analysis

Information Systems Management

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 296-312

  Ben Zion, Ronnie ^a   Pliskin, Nava ^a   Fink, Lior ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

critical success factors; electronic health record; IT interaction model; prescriptive analysis

Indexed keywords

HEALTH; MEDICAL COMPUTING; RECORDS MANAGEMENT;

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTOR; ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD; ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD SYSTEMS; INTERACTION MODEL; LITERATURE REVIEWS; PRESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS;

FACTOR ANALYSIS;

EID: 84911937961     PISSN: 10580530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10580530.2014.958024     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Abouzahra, M. (2011). Causes of failure in Healthcare IT projects. 3rd International Conference on Advanced Management Science (pp. 46–50). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 4–6. Singapore: IACSIT Press.
2. Ahuja, S. P., Mani, S., & Zambrano, J. (2012). A survey of the state of cloud computing in healthcare. Network and Communication Technologies, 1(2), 12–19.
3. Al-Jafar, E. (2013). Exploring patient satisfaction before and after electronic health record (EHR) implementation: The Kuwait experience. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 10(Spring), 1–12.
4. Angst, C. M. (2007). Information technology and its transformational effect on the health care industry (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College Park, MD: University of Maryland. Database: Digital Repository at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6780
5. Angst, C. M., & Agarwal, R. (2009). Adoption of electronic health records in the presence of privacy concerns: The elaboration likelihood model and individual persuasion. MIS Quarterly, 33(2), 339–370.
6. Ash, J. S., & Bates, D. W. (2005). Factors and forces affecting EHR system adoption: Report of a 2004 ACMI discussion. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 12(1), 8–12.
7. Basole, R. C. (2007). The emergence of the mobile enterprise: A value-driven perspective. International Conference on the Management of Mobile Business (ICMB 2007) (pp. 41–48). Toronto, Canada, July 9–11.
8. Bassellier, G., Reich, B. H., & Benbasat, I. (2001) Information technology competence of business managers: A definition and research model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(4), 159–182.
9. Berg, M. (2001). Implementing information systems in health care organizations: Myths and challenges. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 64(2–3), 143–156.
10. Berg, M., & Bowker, G. (1997). The multiple bodies of the medical record: Toward a sociology of an artifact. The Sociological Quarterly, 38(3), 513–537
11. Berwick, D. M. (2003). Disseminating innovations in health care. JAMA, 289(15), 1969–1975.
12. Blumenthal, D., & Tavenner, M. (2010). The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(6), 501–504.
13. Boland, M. V., Chiang, M. F., Lim, M. C., Wedemeyer, L., Epley, K. D., McCannel, C. A., … Lum, F. (2013). Adoption of electronic health records and preparations for demonstrating meaningful use: An American Academy of Ophthalmology survey. Ophthalmology, 120(8), 1702–1710.
14. Borovicka, M. C. (2008). Medical relevance in context to information synthesis. eHealth2008—Medical Informatics Meets eHealth (pp. 139–145), Wien, Austria, May 29–30.
15. Boynton, A., & Zmud, R. (1984). An assessment of critical success factors. Sloan Management Review, 25(4), 17–27.
16. Buntin, M. B., Burke, M. F., Hoaglin, M. C., & Blumenthal, D. (2011). The benefits of health information technology: A review of the recent literature shows predominantly positive results. Health Affairs, 30(3), 464–471.
17. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). (2011). EHR incentive programs. Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/EHRIncentivePrograms/
18. Chaudhry, B., Wang, J., Wu, S., Maglione, M., Mojica, W., Roth, E., … Shekelle, P. (2006). Systematic review: Impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(10), 742–752.
19. Chen, Q., & Chen, H. M. (2004). Exploring the success factors of eCRM strategies in practice. The Journal of Database Marketing, 11(4), 333–343.
20. Chiang, M. F., Boland, M. V., Margolis, J. W., Lum, F., Abramoff, M. D., & Hildebrand, P. L. (2008). Adoption and perceptions of electronic health record systems by ophthalmologists: An American Academy of Ophthalmology survey. Ophthalmology, 115(9), 1591–1597.
21. Chiasson, M. W., & Davidson, E. (2004). Pushing the contextual envelope: Developing and diffusing IS theory for health information systems research. Information and Organization, 14(3), 155–188.
22. Clifford, W. A. (2009). A “KISS” EMR may be all you need. Journal of Medical Practice Management, 25(3), 191–193.
23. Committee on Data Standards for Patient Safety. (2003). Key capabilities of an electronic health record system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10781
24. Connell, N. A. D., & Young, T. P. (2007). Evaluating healthcare information systems through an ‘enterprise’ perspective. Information & Management, 44(4), 433–440.
25. Connolly, C. (2005). Cedars-Sinai doctors cling to pen and paper. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52384-2005Mar20.html
26. Cooke-Davies, T. (2002). The “real” success factors on projects. International Journal of Project Management, 20(3), 185–190.
27. Coronado, R. B., & Antony, J. (2002). Critical success factors for the successful implementation of six sigma projects in organisations. The TQM Magazine, 14(2), 92–99.
28. Crawford, W. (2010). Mapping healthcare information technology (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cambridge, MA: Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. Database: DSpace@MIT. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58179
29. D’Avolio, L. W. (2009). Electronic medical records at a crossroads: Impetus for change or missed opportunity? JAMA, 302(1), 1110–1111.
30. Davis, K., Schoen, C., Schoenbaum, S., Doty, M., Holmgren, A., Kriss, J., & Shea, K. (2007). Mirror, mirror on the wall: An international update on the comparative performance of American health care. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/usr_doc/1027_davis_mirror_mirror_international_update_final.pdf
31. Delone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2003). The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 9–30.
32. Desroches, C. M., Campbell, E. G., Rao, S. R., & Donelan, K. (2008). Electronic health records in ambulatory care—A national survey of physicians. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50–60.
33. Dhillon, G., Hackney, R., McBride, N., & Kesar, S. (1999). Interpreting IS/IT decision support in the UK primary health care system: Issues of consumer orientation and structures. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (pp. 1–7). Maui, HI, January 5–8.
34. Edwards, P. J., Moloney, K. P., Jacko, J. A., & Sainfort, F. (2008). Evaluating usability of a commercial electronic health record: A case study. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(10), 718–728.
35. Eysenbach, G. (2008). Medicine 2.0: Social networking, collaboration, participation, apomediation, and openness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(3). Retrieved from http://www.jmir.org/2008/3/e22/
36. Fichman, R., Kohli, R., & Krishnan, R. (2011). The role of information systems in healthcare: Current research and future trends. Information Systems Research, 22(3), 419–428.
37. Finney, S., & Corbett, M. (2007). ERP implementation: A compilation and analysis of critical success factors. Business Process Management Journal, 13(3), 329–347.
38. Fjermestad, J., & Romano, N. C., Jr. (2003). Electronic customer relationship management: Revisiting the general principles of usability and resistance—An integrative implementation framework. Business Process Management Journal, 9(5), 572–591.
39. Fonville, A., Choe, E. K., Oldham, S., & Kientz, J. A. (2010). Exploring the use of technology in healthcare spaces and its impact on empathic communication. Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium (pp. 497–501). Arlington, VA, November 11–12. New York, NY: ACM.
40. Ford, E. W., Menachemi, N., Peterson, L. T., & Huerta, T. R. (2009). Resistance is futile: But it is slowing the pace of EHR adoption nonetheless. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(3), 274–281.
41. Gagnon, M. P., Desmartis, M., Labrecque, M., Legare, F., Lamothe, L., Fortin, J. P., … Duplantie, J. (2010). Implementation of an electronic medical record in family practice: A case study. Informatics in Primary Care, 18(1), 31–40.
42. Garets, D., & Davis, M. (2006). Electronic medical records vs. electronic health records: Yes, there is a difference. Chicago, IL: HIMSS Analytics. Retrieved from http://www.himssanalytics.org/docs/WP_EMR_EHR.pdf
43. Garg, A. X., Adhikari, N. K. J., McDonald, H., Rosas-Arellano, M. P., Devereaux, P. J., Beyene, J., … Haynes, R. B. (2005). Effects of computerized clinical decision support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: A systematic review. JAMA, 293(10), 1223–1238.
44. Garrison, G., Kim, S., & Wakefield, R. L. (2012). Success factors for deploying cloud computing. Communications of the ACM, 55(9), 62–68.
45. Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214.
46. Goodhue, D. L., Wixom, B. H., & Watson, H. J. (2002). Realizing business benefits through CRM: Hitting the right target in the right way. MIS Quarterly Executive, 1(2), 79–94.
47. Grabenbauer, L., Fraser, R., McClay, J., Woelfl, N., Thompson, C., Cambell, J., & Windle, J. (2011). Adoption of electronic health records: A qualitative study of academic and private physicians and health administrators. Applied Clinical Informatics, 2(2), 165–176.
48. Greenhalgh, T., Potts, H. W. W., Wong, G., Bark, P., & Swinglehurst, D. (2009). Tensions and paradoxes in electronic patient record research: A systematic literature review using the meta-narrative method. The Milbank Quarterly, 87(4), 729–788.
49. Gregerson, J. (2012). The great migration: Opportunities and obstacles await those advancing toward electronic health record adoption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(11), 1710–1717.
50. Grider, D., Linker, R., Thurston, S., & Levinson, S. (2009). The problem with EHRs and coding. Medical Economics. Retrieved from http://medicaleconomics.modernmedicine.com/medical-economics/news/modernmedicine/modern-medicine-feature-articles/problem-ehrs-and-coding
51. Groopman, J., & Hartzband, P. (2009). Obama’s $80 billion exaggeration. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123681586452302125
52. Gupta, A. (2008). Prescription for change. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122426733527345133.html
53. Habib, J. (2010). EHRs, meaningful use, and a model EMR. Drug Benefit Trends, 22(4), 99–101.
54. Halamka, J. D. (2009). Making smart investments in health information technology: Core principles. Health Affairs, 28(2), w385–w389.
55. Hampton, T. (2008). Groups push physicians and patients to embrace electronic health records. JAMA, 299(5), 507–509.
56. Handler, T., Holtmeier, R., Metzger, J., Overhage, M., Taylor, S., & Underwood, C. (2003). EHR definition, attributes and essential requirements. Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/content/files/EHRAttributes.pdf
57. Harrison, M. I., Koppel, R., & Bar-Lev, S. (2007). Unintended consequences of information technologies in health care—An interactive sociotechnical analysis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 14(5), 542–549.
58. Häyrinen, K., Saranto, K., & Nykänen, P. (2008). Definition, structure, content, use and impacts of electronic health records: A review of the research literature. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 77(5), 291–304.
59. Health Industry Insights. (2009). Vendor assessment: The industry short list of electronic health and medical records for large ambulatory practices. Health Industry Insights. Retrieved from http://www.eclinicalworks.com/Collateral/Documents/English-US/HIReport-Large-12.10.09.pdf
60. Health information technology (HIT) Policy Committee. (2013). Medicare & Medicaid EHR incentive programs. HIT Policy Committee. Retrieved from http://healthit.gov/FACAS/sites/faca/files/hitpc_july2013nn.pdf
61. Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75–105.
62. Hey, T. (2010). The next scientific revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(11), 56–63.
63. Hillestad, R., Bigelow, J., Bower, A., Girosi, F., Meili, R., Scoville, R., & Taylor, R. (2005). Can electronic medical record systems transform health care? Potential health benefits, savings, and costs. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1103–1117.
64. Hoffmann, L. (2009). Implementing electronic medical records. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 18–20.
65. Holden, R. J. (2010). Physicians’ beliefs about using EMR and CPOE: In pursuit of a contextualized understanding of health IT use behavior. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(2), 71–80.
66. Howell, J. M., & Boies, K. (2004). Champions of technological innovation: The influence of contextual knowledge, role orientation, idea generation, and idea promotion on champion emergence. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 123–143.
67. Hsiao, C.-J., Hing, E., Socey, T. C., & Cai, B. (2010). Electronic medical record/electronic health record systems of office-based physicians: United States, 2009 and preliminary 2010 state estimates. CDC National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/emr_ehr_09/emr_ehr_09.pdf
68. Hung, S., Hung, W., Tsai, C., & Jiang, S. (2009). Critical factors of hospital adoption of CRM system: Organizational and information system perspectives. Decision Support Systems, 48(4), 592–603.
69. Iacovou, C. L., Benbasat, I., & Dexter, A. S. (1995). Electronic data interchange and small organizations: Adoption and impact of technology. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 465–485.
70. Ilie, V., Slyke, C. V., Parikh, M. A., & Courtney, J. F. (2009). Paper versus electronic medical records: The effects of access on physicians’ decisions to use complex information technologies. Decision Sciences, 40(2), 213–241.
71. Jamal, A., McKenzie, K., & Clark, M. (2009). The impact of health information technology on the quality of medical and health care: A systematic review. Health Information Management Journal, 38(3), 26–37.
72. Jones, C. (2004). Software project management practices: Failure versus success. CrossTalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, October, 5–9.
73. Joos, D., Chen, Q., Jirjis, J., & Johnson, K. B. (2006). An electronic medical record in primary care: Impact on satisfaction, work efficiency and clinic processes. Proceedings of the AMIA Annual Symposium (pp. 394–398). Washington, DC, November 11–15.
74. Kaushal, R., Shojania, K., & Bates, D. (2003). Effects of computerized physician order entry and clinical decision support systems on medication safety: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(12), 1409–1416.
75. Kavanagh, S., & Targosz, D. (2001). Power to the people: Implementing constituent relationship management in the public sector. Government Finance Review, December, 26–31.
76. Kazley, A. S., & Ozcan, Y. A. (2009). Electronic medical record use and efficiency: A DEA and windows analysis of hospitals. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 43(3), 209–216.
77. Kush, R., Helton, E., Rockhold, F., & Hardison, C. (2008). Electronic health records, medical research, and the tower of babel. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(16), 1738–1740.
78. Lanham, H. J., & McDaniel, R. R., Jr. (2008, December). An exploration of heterogeneity in electronic medical record use: Information technology use as emergent and driven by values and expertise. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1–18). Paris, France.
79. Lapointe, L., & Rivard, S. (2006). Getting physicians to accept new information technology: Insights from case studies. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(11), 1573–1578.
80. Lee, T. (2010). Turning doctors into leaders. Harvard Business Review, 88(4), 50–58.
81. Légaré, J., & Douzou, S. (1995). Who needs information systems in the health care sector and who will use them? An experiment. Information Technology & People, 8(3), 28–42.
82. Leidner, D. E., Preston, D., & Chen, D. (2010). An examination of the antecedents and consequences of organizational IT innovation in hospitals. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 19(3), 154–170.
83. Leonard, K. J. (2004). Critical success factors relating to healthcare’s adoption of new technology: A guide to increasing the likelihood of successful implementation. Electronic Healthcare, 2(4), 72–81.
84. Lobach, D. F., & Detmer, D. E. (2007). Research challenges for electronic health records. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(5), S104–S111.
85. Locatelli, P., Restifo, N., Gastaldi, L., & Corso, M. (2012). Health care information systems: Architectural models and governance. In C. Kalloniatis (Ed.), Innovative information systems modelling techniques (pp. 73–98). Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.
86. Lohr, S. (2009). Little benefit seen, so far, in electronic patient records. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/16/business/16records.html
87. Loomis, G. A., Ries, S., Saywell, R. M., Jr., & Thakker, N. R. (2002). If electronic medical records are so great, why aren’t family physicians using them? The Journal of Family Practice, 51(7), 636–641.
88. Lorenzi, N. M., Kouroubali, A., Detmer, D. E., & Bloomrosen, M. (2009). How to successfully select and implement electronic health records (EHR) in small ambulatory practice settings. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 9(1), 15–27.
89. Luchetski, J. E. (2010). Physician champion role in an electronic health record implementation, a case history. Fort Worth, TX: University of North Texas Health Science Center.
90. Ludwick, D., & Doucette, J. (2009). Adopting electronic medical records in primary care: Lessons learned from health information systems implementation experience in seven countries. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78(1), 22–31.
91. Ludwick, D., Manca, D., & Doucette, J. (2010). Primary care physicians’ experiences with electronic medical records: Implementation experience in community, urban, hospital, and academic family medicine. Canadian Family Physician, 56(1), 40–47.
92. Maryland Department of Information Technology. (2008). Systems development life cycle (SDLC). Retrieved from http://doit.maryland.gov/policies/Documents/sdlc/sdlcvol2.pdf
93. Melville, N. P. (2010). Information systems innovation for environmental sustainability. MIS Quarterly, 34(1), 1–21.
94. Middleton, B., Hammond, W., Brennan, P. F., & Cooper, G. F. (2005). Accelerating US EHR adoption: How to get there from here. Recommendations based on the 2004 ACMI retreat. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 12(1), 13–19.
95. Miller, R. H., & Sim, I. (2004). Physicians’ use of electronic medical records: Barriers and solutions. Health Affairs, 23(2), 116–126.
96. Miller-Jacobs, H., & Smelcer, J. (2007). Usability of electronic medical record system: An application in its infancy with a crying need. In M. J. Smith & G. Salvendy (Eds.), Human Interface, Part II (pp. 759–765). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
97. National Governors Association. (2008). Accelerating progress—Using health information technology and electronic health information exchange to improve care. Washington, DC: NGA Center for Best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/0809EHEALTHREPORT.PDF
98. Niazkhani, Z., Pirnejad, H., Berg, M., & Aarts, J. (2009). The impact of computerized provider order entry systems on inpatient clinical workflow: A literature review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(4), 539–549.
99. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). (2008). Defining key health information technology terms. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. Retrieved from http://www.nacua.org/documents/HealthInfoTechTerms.pdf
100. Oliveira, T., & Martins, M. F. (2010). Understanding e-business adoption across industries in European countries. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 110(9), 1337–1354.
101. Omachonu, V. K., & Einspruch, N. G. (2010). Innovation in healthcare delivery systems: A conceptual framework. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 15(1), 1–20.
102. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2007). OECD health data 2007. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/OIF2007en2
103. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2011). Total expenditure on health 2011. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/hlthxp-total-table-2011-1-en
104. Palacio, C., Harrison, J. P., & Garets, D. (2008). Benchmarking electronic medical records initiatives in the US: A conceptual model. Journal of Medical Systems, 34(3), 273–279.
105. Poon, E. G., Jha, A. K., Christino, M., Honour, M. M., Fernandopulle, R., Middleton, B., … Kaushal, R. (2006). Assessing the level of healthcare information technology adoption in the United States: A snapshot. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 6(1), 1–9.
106. Ramirez, R., Melville, N., & Lawler, E. (2010). Information technology infrastructure, organizational process redesign, and business value: An empirical analysis. Decision Support Systems, 49(4), 417–429.
107. Ramlet, M. (2009). Show providers the money: Revenue cycle improvement, the bargaining chip needed for widespread EMR adoption (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Minneapolis, MN: Division of Health Policy & Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Medical Industry Leadership Institute (MILI) Publications/Working Papers. Retrieved from http://www.irc.csom.umn.edu/medicalindustry-leadership-institute/publications/documents/workingpaperramlet.pdf
108. Randeree, E. (2007). Exploring physician adoption of EMRs: A multi-case analysis. Journal of Medical Systems, 31(6), 489–496.
109. Reardon, J. (2007). A study of the assimilation of electronic medical records by independent physician practices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii. Retrieved at http://books.google.com/books?id=DLhqoN5hSMEC
110. Reel, J. S. (1999). Critical success factors in software projects. IEEE Software, 16(3), 18–23.
111. Rishel, W. (2009). Meaningful use and certification of EHRs: Tracking evolving targets. Gartner. Retrieved from http://www.gartner.com/id=1182127
112. Robey, D., Ross, J. W., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2002). Learning to implement enterprise systems: An exploratory study of the dialectics of change. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(1), 17–46.
113. Rockart, J. F. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 81–93.
114. Schweitzer, E. J. (2012). Reconciliation of the cloud computing model with US federal electronic health record regulations. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(2), 161–165.
115. Scott, J. T., Rundall, T. G., Vogt, T. M., & Hsu, J. (2005). Kaiser Permanente’s experience of implementing an electronic medical record: A qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 331, 1313–1316.
116. Seddon, P. B. (1997). A respecification and extension of the DeLone and McLean model of IS success. Information Systems Research, 8(3), 240–253.
117. Shachak, A., & Jadad, A. R. (2010). Electronic health records in the age of social networks and global telecommunications. JAMA, 303(5), 452–453.
118. Shah, S. N. (2009). Study of 3,000 hospitals shows little benefit from EMRs—Similar to CRMs and SFA? The Healthcare IT Guy. Retrieved from http://www.healthcareguy.com/2009/11/22/study-of-3000-hospitals-shows-little-benefit-from-emrs/
119. Shekelle, P., Morton, S. C., & Keeler, E. B. (2006). Costs and benefits of health information technology. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based-reports/hitsys-evidence-report.pdf
120. Silver, M. S., Markus, M. L., & Beath, C. M. (1995). The information technology interaction model: A foundation for the MBA core course. MIS Quarterly, 19(3), 361–390.
121. Simon, J. L. (2006). Electronic medical record adoption among physician organizations. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Berkley, CA: University of California. Retrieved at http://books.google.com/books?id=XCv7QZYC0vwC
122. Sittig, D. F., & Singh, H. (2009). Eight rights of safe electronic health record use. JAMA, 302(10), 1111–1113.
123. Stead, W. W., & Lin, H. (2009). Computational technology for effective health care: Immediate steps and strategic directions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/reports/comptech_2009.pdf
124. Tong, Y., Teo, H.-H., & Tan, C.-H. (2008, December). Direct and indirect use of information systems in organizations: An empirical investigation of system usage in a public hospital. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems, Paris, France.
125. Tornatsky, L., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The process of technology innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
126. Torrieri, M. (2012). Mobile EHRs: A guide for practicing physicians. Physicians Practice. Retrieved from http://www.physicianspractice.com/ehr/mobile-ehrs-guide-practicing-physicians
127. Umble, E. J., Haft, R. R., & Umble, M. M. (2003). Enterprise resource planning: Implementation procedures and critical success factors. European Journal of Operational Research, 146(2), 241–257.
128. Van Der Meijden, M. J., Tange, H. J., Troost, J., & Hasman, A. (2003). Determinants of success of inpatientclinical information systems: A literature review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(3), 235–243.
129. van Ginneken, A. M. (2002). The computerized patient record: Balancing effort and benefit. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 65(2), 97–119.
130. Venkatraman, S., Bala, H., Venkatesh, V., & Bates, J. (2008). Six strategies for electronic medical records systems. Communications of the ACM, 51(11), 140–144.
131. Vest, J. R. (2010). More than just a question of technology: Factors related to hospitals’ adoption and implementation of health information exchange. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(12), 797–806.
132. Wainwright, D., & Waring, T. (2004). Three domains for implementing integrated information systems: Redressing the balance between technology, strategic and organisational analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 24(4), 329–346.
133. Wang, S. J., Middleton, B., Prosser, L. A., Bardon, C. G., Spurr, C. D., Carchidi, P. J., … Bates, D. W. (2003). A cost-benefit analysis of electronic medical records in primary care. The American Journal of Medicine, 114(5), 397–403.
134. Wilson, E. V., & Tulu, B. (2010). The rise of a health-IT academic focus. Communications of the ACM, 53(5), 147–150.
135. Xu, Y., Yen, D. C., Lin, B., & Chou, D. C. (2002). Adopting customer relationship management technology. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102(8), 442–452.
136. Yao, L., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Sanseau, P., & Agarwal, P. (2011). Electronic health records: Implications for drug discovery. Drug Discovery Today, 16(13), 594–599.
137. Yarbrough, A. K., & Smith, T. B. (2007). Technology acceptance among physicians: A new take on TAM. Medical Care Research and Review, 64(6), 650–672.
138. Yu, P., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., & Zhang, J. (2013). Unintended adverse consequences of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care homes. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82(9), 772–788.
139. Zhang, Y., Yu, P., & Shen, J. (2012). The benefits of introducing electronic health records in residential aged care facilities: A multiple case study. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 81(10), 690–704.
140. Zheng, K., Padman, R., Krackhardt, D., Johnson, M. P., & Diamond, H. S. (2010). Social networks and physician adoption of electronic health records: Insights from an empirical study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 17(3), 328–336.
141. Zucker, A., Heart, T., Pliskin, J. S., & Pliskin, N. (2008, December). Influencing physician drug prescription habits towards cost containment. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems, Paris, France.