Confocal raman microscopy and AFM study of the interface between the photosensitive polymer layer and multilayer graphene

Soft Materials

Volumn 12, Issue , 2014, Pages S98-S105

  Di Florio, G ^a   Brundermann E ^a   Yadavalli, N S ^b   Santer, S ^b   Havenith, M ^a  

^a RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

AFM; Confocal Raman microscopy; Graphene; Interfacial molecular interaction; Multilayer graphene; Photosensitive polymer film; Surface Relief Grating

Indexed keywords

AZOBENZENE; GRAPHENE; IRRADIATION; LIGHT INTERFERENCE; LIGHT SENSITIVE MATERIALS; MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MULTILAYERS; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; RINGS (COMPONENTS); SEMICONDUCTING FILMS; TOPOGRAPHY;

AZOBENZENE-CONTAINING POLYMER; CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY; CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSPECTROSCOPY; MULTI-COMPONENT ANALYSIS; MULTILAYER GRAPHENE; PHOTOSENSITIVE POLYMERS; POLARIZATION DISTRIBUTIONS; SURFACE RELIEF GRATINGS;

POLYMER FILMS;

EID: 84911361042     PISSN: 1539445X     EISSN: 15394468     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1539445X.2014.945040     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., and Firsov, A. A. (2004). Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 306:666-669
2. Geim, A. K., and Novoselov, K. S. (2007). The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater., 6:183-191
3. Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Katsnelson, M. I., Grigorieva, I. V., Dubonos, S. V., and Firsov, A. A. (2005). Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature, 438:197-200
4. Zhang, Y. B., Tan, Y. W., Stormer, H. L., and Kim, P. (2005). Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene. Nature, 438:201-204
5. Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S., and Geim, A. K. (2009). The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys., 81:109-162
6. Du, X., Skachko, I., Duerr, F., Luican, A., and Andrei, E. Y. (2009). Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulating phase of Dirac electrons in graphene. Nature, 462:192-195
7. Bolotin, K. I., Ghahari, F., Shulman, M.D., Stormer, H. L., and Kim, P. (2009). Observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Nature, 462:196-199
8. Zhou, S. Y., Gweon, G. H., Fedorov, A. V., First, P. N., de Heer, W. A., Lee, D. H., Guinea, F., Castro Neto, A. H., and Lanzara, A. (2007). Substrate-induced bandgap in epitaxial graphene. Nat. Mater., 6: 770-775
9. Bolotin, K. I., Sikes, K. J., Hone, J., Stormer, H. L., and Kim, P. (2008). Temperature-dependent tran sport in sospende graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett., 101:096802
10. Lee, C., Wei, X. D., Kysar, J.W., and Hone, J. (2008). Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 321:385-388
11. Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhaas, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., Piner, R. D., Nguyen, S. T., and Ruoff, R. S. (2006). Graphene-based composite materials. Nature, 442:282-286
12. Ramanathan, T., Abdala, A. A., Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Herrera-Alonso, M., Piner, R. D., Adamson, D. H., Schniepp, H. C., Chen, X., Ruoff, R. S., Nguyen, S. T., Aksay, I. A., Prud'homme, R. K., and Brinson, L. C. (2008). Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. Nat. Nanotechnol., 3:327-331
13. Zheng, W., Lu, X. and Wong, S. C. (2004). Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 91(5):2781-2788
14. Kim, H., Abdala, A. A. and Macosko, C. (2010). Graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 43:6515-6530
15. Kuilla, T., Bhadra, S., Yao, D., Kim, N. H., Bose, S. and Lee, J. H. (2010). Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci., 35:1350-1375
16. Zhao, Y. and Ikeda, T. Azobenzene-Containing Polymers and Liquid Crystals (2009). Wiley
17. Todorov, T., Nikolova, L. and Tomova, N. (1984). Polarization holography. 2: polarization holographic gratings in photoanisotropic materials with and without birefringence. Appl. Opt., 23:4588-4591
18. Rau, H. and Shen, Y. Q. (1988). Photoisomerization of sterically hindered azobenzenes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 42:321-327
19. Loucif-Saibi, R., Nakatani, K., Delaire, J. A., Dumont, M. and Sekkat, Z. (1993). Photoisomerization and second harmonic generation in Disperse red one-doped and -functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate). films. Chem. Mater., 5(2):229-236
20. Jones, C. and Day, S. (1991). Shedding light on alignment. Nature, 351:15
21. Sekkat, Z., Kleideiter, G. and Knoll, T. (2001). Optical orientation of azo dye in polymer films at high pressure. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, 18(12): 1854-1857
22. Rochon, P., Batalla, E. and Natansohn, A. (1995). Optically induced surface gratings on azoaromatic polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett., 66(2):136-145
23. Barrett, C. J., Natansohn, A. L. and Rochon, P. L. (1996). Mechanism of optically inscribed high-efficiency diffraction gratings in azo polymer films. J. Phys. Chem., 100(21):8836-8842
24. Lefin, P., Fiorini, C. and Nunzi, J. M. (1998). Anisotropy of the photoinduced translation Diffusion of azo-dyes. Opt. Mater., 9(1-4):323-328
25. Bellini, B., Ackermann, J., Klein, H., Grave, C., Dumas, P. and Safarov, V. (2006). Light-induced molecular motion of azobenzene-containing molecules: a random-walk model. J. Phys. Cond. Matter, 18(33):1817-1824
26. Yadavalli, N. S., Saphiannikova, M., Lomadze, N., Goldenberg, L. M., and Santer, S. (2013). Structuring of photosensitive material below diffraction limit using far field irradiation. Applied Physics A, 113: 263-272
27. Yadavalli, N. S., and Santer, S. (2013). In-situ atomic force microscopy study of the mechanism of surface relief grating formation in photosensitive polymer films. Journal of Applied Physics, 113:224304-12
28. Di Florio, G., Bründermann, E., Yadavalli, N.S., Santer, S., and Havenith, M. (2014). Polarized 3D Raman and nanoscale near-field optical microscopy of optically inscribed surface relief gratings: chromophore orientation in azo-doped polymer films. Soft Matter, 10:1544
29. Kumar, J., Li, L., Jiang, X. L., Kim, D. Y., Lee, T. S. and Tripathy, S. (1998). Gradient force: the mechanism for surface relief grating formation in azobenzene functionalized polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 72(17):2096-2101
30. Natansohn, A. and Rochon, P. (2002). Photoinduced motions in azocontaining polymers. Chem. Rev., 102(11):4139-4176
31. Viswanathan, N. K., Kim, D. Y., Bian, S., Williams, J., Liu, W., Li, L., Samuelson, L., Kumar, J. and Tripathy, S. K. (1999). Surface relief structures on azo polymer films. J. Mater. Chem., 9:1941-1955
32. Kopyshev, A., Galvin, C. J., Genzer, J., Lomadze, N., and Santer, S. (2013). Opto-mechanical scission of polymer chains in photosensitive diblock-copolymer brusche. Langmuir, 29:13967-13974
33. Schuh, Ch., Lomadze, N., Ruhe, J., Kopyshev, A., and Santer, S. (2011). Photomechanical Degrafting of Azo-Functionalized Poly(methacrylic acid). (PMAA). Brushes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 115:10431
34. Lomadze, N., Kopyshev, A., Ruhe, J., and Santer, S. (2011). Light-Induced Chain Scission in Photosensitive Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules, 44:7372
35. Yadavalli, N. S., Linde, F., Kopyshev, A., and Santer, S. (2013). Soft matter beats hard matter: Rupturing of thin metallic films induced by mass transport in photosensitive polymer films. ACS Applied Materials &Interfaces, 5:7743-7747
36. Di Florio, G., Bründermann, E., Yadavalli, N.S., Santer, S., and Havenith, M. (2014). Graphene multilayer as nanosized optical strain gauge for polymer surface relief gratings. Nano Lett. 14(10):5754-5760
37. Mohiuddin, T. M. G., Lombardo, A., Nair, R. R., Bonetti, A., Savini, G., Jalil, R., Bonini, N., Basko, D. M., Galiotis, C., Marzari, N., Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K. and Ferrari, A. C. (2009). Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grünesian parameters, and sample orientation. Phys Rev B 79:205433
38. Ni, Z. H., Yu, T., Lu, Y. H., Wang, Y. Y., Feng, Y. P. and Shen, Z. X. (2008). Uniaxial strain on graphene: Raman spectroscopy study and band-gap opening. ACS Nano 2(11):2301-2305
39. Huang, M., Yan, H., Chen, C., Song, D., Heinz, T. F. and Hone, J. (2009). Phonon softening and crystallographic orientation of strained grapheme studied by Raman spectroscopy. PNAS 106(18):7304-7308
40. Ferrari, A. C., Meyer, J. C., Scardaci, V., Casiraghi, C., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Piscanec, S., Jiang, D., Novoselov, K. S., Roth, S., and Geim, A. K. (2006). Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97:187401
41. Huang, M. Y., Yan, H., Chen, C. Y., Song, D. H., Heinz, T. F., and Hone, J. (2009). Phonon softening and crystallographic orientation of strained grapheme studied by Raman spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(18):7304-7308
42. Tsoukleri, G., Parthenios, J., Papagelis, K., Jalil, R., Ferrari, A. C., Geim, A. K., Novoselov, K. S., and Galiotis, C. (2009). Subjecting a graphene monolayer to tension and compression. Small 5(21):2397-2402
43. Proctor, J. E., Gregoryanz, E., Novoselov, K. S., Lotya, M., Coleman, J. N., and Halsall, M. P. (2009). High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of graphene. Phys. Rev. B 80:073408
44. Gong, L., Kinloch, I. A., Young, R.J., Riaz, I., Jalil, R., and Novoselov, K.S. (2010). Interfacial stress transfer in a graphene monolayer nano composite. Adv. Materials 22(24):2694-2697
45. Severin, N., Lange, Ph., Sokolov, I. M., and Rabe, J. P. (2012). Reversible dewetting of a molecularly thin fluid water film in a soft graphene-mica slit pore. Nano Lett., 12(2):774-779
46. Biswas, N. and Umapathy, S. (1997). Density functional calculations of structures, vibrational frequencies, and normal modes of trans- And cisazobenzene. J. Phys. Chem. A, 101(30):5555-5566
47. Malard, L. M., Pimenta, M. A., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S. (2009). Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Physics Reports, 473(5-6): 51-87
48. Ferrari, A. C. (2007). Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: disorder, electron-phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid State Comm., 143(1-2):47-57
49. Ferrari, A. C., and Basko, D. M. (2013). Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nature Nanotechnology, 8:235-246
50. Dresselhaus, M. S., Jorio, A., Hofmann, M., Dresselhaus, G., and Saito, R. (2010). Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett., 10(3):751-758
51. Schmidt, D. A., Ohta, T. and Beechem, T. E. (2011). Strain and charge carrier coupling in epitaxial graphene. Phys. Rev. B, 84:235422
52. Lagugné Labarthet, F., Bruneel, J. L., Buffeteau, T., Sourrisseau, C., Huber, M. R., Zilker, S. J., and Bieringer, T. (2000). Photoinduced orientations of azobenzene chromophores in two distinct holographic diffraction gratings as studied by polarized Raman confocal microspectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2:5154-5167
53. Lagugné Labarthet, F., Bruneel, J. L., Buffeteau, T., and Sourrisseau, C. (2004). Chromophore orientation upon irradiation in gratings inscribed on azo-dye polymer films: a combined AFM and confocal Raman microscopic study. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(22):6949-6960
54. Huang, C., Wang, R. K., Wong, B. M., McGee, D. J., Léonard, F., Kim, Y. J., Johnson, K. F., Arnold, M. S., Eriksson, M. A. and Gopalan, P. (2011). Spectroscopic properties of nanotube-chromophore hybrids. ACS Nano, 5(10):7767-7774
55. Scharfenberg, S., Rocklin, D. Z., Chialvo, C., Weaver, R. L., Goldbart, P. M. And Mason, N. (2011). Probing the mechanical properties of graphene using a corrugated elastic substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett., 98:091908