Proteome degradation in ancient bone: Diagenesis and phylogenetic potential

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 416, Issue , 2014, Pages 69-79

  Buckley, M ^a   Wadsworth, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Albumin; Ancient proteins; Fetuin A; Non collagenous proteins; Palaeoproteomics; Secreted phosphoprotein 24

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; BIOMINERALIZATION; BONE; COLLAGEN; DATING METHOD; DNA; GEOLOGICAL RECORD; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENETICS; PROTEOMICS; SURVIVORSHIP;

EID: 84910593381     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.06.026     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Álvarez-Lao D.J., García N. Chronological distribution of Pleistocene cold-adapted large mammal faunas in the Iberian Peninsula. Quat. Int. 2010, 212:120-128.
2. Anderson N.L., Anderson N.G. The human plasma proteome. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2002, 1(11):845-867.
3. Andrades J.A., Nimni M.E., Becerra J., Eisenstein R., Davis M., Sorgente N. Complement proteins are present in developing endochondral bone and may mediate cartilage cell death and vascularization. Exp. Cell Res. 1996, 227:208-213.
4. Armstrong W.G., Halstead L.B., Reed F.B., Wood L. Fossil proteins in vertebrate calcified tissues. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1983, B301:301-343.
5. Bada J., Wang X., Hamilton H. Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. R. Soc. Lond. Philos. Trans. B Biol. Sci. 1999, 354:77-86.
6. Bar-Gal G.K., Ducos P., Horwitz L.K. The application of ancient DNA analysis to identify Neolithic caprinae: a case study from the site of Hatoula, Israel. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 2003, 13:120-131.
7. Bell L.S., Skinner M.F., Jones S.J. The speed of post mortem change to the human skeleton and its taphonomic significance. Forensic Sci. Int. 1996, 82:129-140.
8. Bennett C.S., Khorram Khorshid H.R., Alexandra Kitchen J., Arteta D., Dalgleish R. Characterization of the human secreted phosphoprotein 24 gene (SPP2) and comparison of the protein sequence in nine species. Matrix Biol. 2004, 22:641-651.
9. Berna F., Matthew A., Weiner S. Solubilities of bone mineral from archaeological sites: the recrystalization window. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2004, 31:867-882.
10. Bianco P., Fisher L.W., Young M.F., Termine J.D., Robey P.G. Expression and localization of the two small proteoglycans biglycan and decorin in developing human skeletal and non-skeletal tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1990, 38:1549-1563.
11. Bininda-Emonds O.R.P., Cardillo M., Jones K.E., MacPhee R.D.E., Beck R.M.D., Grenyer R., Price S.A., Vos R.A., Gittleman J.L., Purvis A. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 2007, 446:507-512.
12. Blow M.J., Zhang T., Woyke T., Speller C.F., Krivoshapkin A., Yang D.Y., Derevianko A., Rubin E.M. Identification of ancient remains through genomic sequencing. Genome Res. 2008, 18:1347-1353.
13. Boskey A.L. Mineralization of bones and teeth. Elements 2007, 3:385-391.
14. Brochmann E.J., Simon R.J., Jawien J., Behnam K., Sintuu C., Wang J.C., Murray S.S. Carboxy terminus of secreted phosphoprotein-24kDa (spp24) is essential for full inhibition of BMP-2 activity. J. Orthop. Res. 2010, 28:1200-1207.
15. Brown W., Dziegielewska K., Saunders N., Møsllgård K. Fetuin-an old friend revisited. Bioessays 1992, 14:749-755.
16. Buckley M. A molecular phylogeny of Plesiorycteropus reassigns the extinct mammalian order 'Bibymalagasia'. PloS One 2013, 8:e59614.
17. Buckley M., Collins M.J. Collagen survival and its use for species identification in Holocene-lower Pleistocene bone fragments from British archaeological and paleontological sites. Antiqua 2011, 1:e1.
18. Buckley M., Kansa S.W. Collagen fingerprinting of archaeological bone and teeth remains from Domuztepe, South Eastern Turkey. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2011, 3:271-280.
19. Buckley M., Anderung C., Penkman K., Raney B.J., Gotherstrom A., Thomas-Oates J., Collins M.J. Comparing the survival of osteocalcin and mtDNA in archaeological bone from four European sites. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:1756-1764.
20. Buckley M., Collins M.J., Thomas-Oates J. A method of isolating the collagen (I) alpha 2 chain carboxytelopeptide for species identification in bone fragments. Anal. Biochem. 2008, 374:325-334.
21. Buckley M., Collins M.J., Thomas-Oates J., Wilson J. Species identification by analysis of bone collagen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 23(23):3843-3854.
22. Buckley M., Kansa S.W., Howard S., Campbell S., Thomas-Oates J., Collins M. Distinguishing between archaeological sheep and goat bones using a single collagen peptide. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2010, 37:13-20.
23. Buckley M., Larkin N., Collins M. Mammoth and Mastodon collagen sequences; survival and utility. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:2007-2016.
24. Buckley M., Fraser S., Herman J., Melton N., Mulville J., Pálsdóttir A. Species identification of archaeological marine mammals using collagen fingerprinting. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 41:631-641.
25. Burger J., Schoon R., Zeike B., Hummel S., Herrmann B. Species determination using species-discriminating PCR-RFLP of ancient DNA from prehistoric skeletal remains. Anc. Biomol. 2001, 4:19-23.
26. Canfield A.E., Sutton A.B., Hoyland J.A., Schor A.M. Association of thrombospondin-1 with osteogenic differentiation of retinal pericytes in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 1996, 109:343-353.
27. Canfield A.E., Hadfield K.D., Rock C.F., Wylie E.C., Wilkinson F.L. HtrA1: a novel regulator of physiological and pathological matrix mineralization?. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2007, 35:669-671.
28. Cappellini E., Jensen L.I., Szklarczyk D., Ginolhac A., da Fonseca R.A., Stafford T.A., Holen S.R., Collins M.J., Orlando L., Willerslev E., Gilbert M.T., Olsen J.V. Proteomic analysis of a Pleistocene mammoth femur reveals more than one hundred ancient bone proteins. J. Proteome Res. 2012, 11(2):917-926.
29. Cattaneo C., Gelsthorpe K., Phillips P., Sokol R.J. Reliable identification of human albumin in ancient bone using ELISA and monoclonal-antibodies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1992, 87:365-372.
30. Cattaneo C., Gelsthorpe K., Phillips P., Sokol R.J. Differential survival of albumin in ancient bone. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1995, 22:271-276.
31. Child A.M., Pollard A.M. Microbial attack on collagen. Archaeometry '90 1991, 617-626. BirkhŠuser Verlag, Basel. E. Pernicka, G.A. Wagner (Eds.).
32. Coen G., Ballanti P., Silvestrini G., Mantella D., Manni M., Di Giulio S., Pisanò S., Leopizzi M., Di Lullo G., Bonucci E. Immunohistochemical localization and mRNA expression of matrix Gla protein and fetuin-A in bone biopsies of hemodialysis patients. Virchows Arch. 2009, 454:263-271.
33. Collins M.J., Riley M.S., Child A.M., Turner-Walker G. A basic mathematical simulation of the chemical degradation of ancient collagen. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1995, 22:175-183.
34. Collins M.J., Gernaey A.M., Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Vermeer C., Westbroek P. Slow rates of degradation of osteocalcin: green light for fossil bone protein?. Geology 2000, 28:1139-1142.
35. Collins M.J., Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Hiller J., Smith C.I., Roberts J.P., Prigodich R.V., Wess T.J., Csapo J., Millard A.R., Turner-Walker G. The survival of organic matter in bone: a review. Archaeometery 2002, 44(3):383-394.
36. Covington A., Song L., Suparno O., Koon H., Collins M. Link-lock: an explanation of the chemical stabilisation of collagen. J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. 2008, 92:1-7.
37. Cruz-Uribe K. The use and meaning of species diversity and richness in archaeological faunas. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1988, 15:179-196.
38. Cuenca-Bescós G., Straus L.G., González Morales M.R., García Pimienta J.C. The reconstruction of past environments through small mammals: from the Mousterian to the Bronze Age in El Mirón Cave (Cantabria, Spain). J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:947-955.
39. Currant A., Jacobi R. A formal mammalian biostratigraphy for the Late Pleistocene of Britain. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2001, 20:1707-1716.
40. Currey J.D. Bones: Structure and Mechanics 2002, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
41. Curry G.B. Amino acids and proteins from fossils. Molecular Evolution and the Fossil Record 1988, 20-33. Paleontological Society. G. Eglinton, G.B. Curry (Eds.).
42. Di Monaco M., Vallero F., Di Monaco R., Mautino F., Cavanna A. Biochemical markers of nutrition and bone mineral density in the elderly. Gerontology 2003, 49:50-54.
43. DiScipio R.G., Davie E.W. Characterization of protein S, a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human plasma. Biochemistry 1979, 18:899-904.
44. Dziegielewska K.M., Brown W.M. Fetuin 1995, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany.
45. Evershed R.P., Turner-Walker G., Hedges R.E.M., Tuross N., Leyden A. Preliminary results for the analysis of lipids in ancient bone. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1995, 22:277-290.
46. Fratzl P., Misof K., Zizak I., Rapp G., Amenitsch H., Bernstorff S. Fibrillar structure and mechanical properties of collagen. J. Struct. Biol. 1998, 122:119-122.
47. Gerber H.P., Vu T.H., Ryan A.M., Kowalski J., Werb Z., Ferrara N. VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Nat. Med. 1999, 5(6):623-628.
48. Glimcher M.J. Bone: nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural, and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2006, 64:223-282.
49. Graham J.R., Chamberland A., Lin Q., Li X.J., Dai D., Zeng W., Ryan M.S., Rivera-Bemudez M.A., Flannery C.R., Yang Z. Serine protease HTRA1 antagonizes Transforming Growth Factor-β signaling by cleaving its receptors and loss of HTRA1 in vitro enhances bone formation. PloS One 2013, 8(9):e74094.
50. Grupe G., Turban-Just S. Serum proteins in archaeological human bone. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 1996, 6:300-308.
51. Grynpas M. The crystallinity of bone mineral. J. Mater. Sci. 1976, 11(9):1691-1696.
52. Grzesik W.J., Robey P.G. Bone matrix RGD glycoproteins: immunolocalization and interaction with human primary osteoblastic bone cells in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1994, 9:487-496.
53. Guindon S., Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 2003, 52:696-704.
54. Hackett C.J. Microscopical focal destruction (tunnels) - in exhumed human bones. Med. Sci. Law 1981, 21:243-265.
55. Haglund L., Tillgren V., Önnerfjord P., Heinegård D. The C-terminal peptide of chondroadherin modulates cellular activity by selectively binding to heparan sulfate chains. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288:995-1008.
56. Hare P.E. Organic geochemistry of bone and its relation to the survival of bone in the natural environment. Fossils in the Making 1980, 208-219. Univ., of Chicago Press. A.K. Behrensmeyer, A.P. Hill (Eds.).
57. Hauschka P.V., Lian J.B., Cole D.E., Gundberg C.M. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol. Rev. 1989, 69:990-1047.
58. Hedges R.E.M. Bone diagenesis: an overview of processes. Archaeometry 2002, 44:319-328.
59. Hodge A.J. Molecular models illustrating the possible distributions of 'holes' in simple systematically staggered arrays of type I collagen molecules in native-type fibrils. Connect. Tissue Res. 1989, 21:137-147.
60. Hodge K., Ten Have S., Hutton L., Lamond A. Cleaning up the masses: exclusion lists to reduce contamination with HPLC-MS/MS. J. Proteome 2013, 88(100):92-103.
61. Iba K., Durkin M.E., Johnsen L., Hunziker E., Damgaard-Pedersen K., Zhang H., Engvall E., Albrechtsen R., Wewer U.M. Mice with a targeted deletion of the tetranectin gene exhibit a spinal deformity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21(22):7817-7825.
62. Ingvarsson-Sundström A., Richards M., Voutsaki S. Stable isotope analysis of the Middle Helladic population from two cemeteries at Asine: Barbouna and the east cemetery. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeometry 2009, 9:1-14.
63. Jans M.M.E., Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Smith C.I., Collins M.J., Kars H. Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2004, 31:87-95.
64. Jiang X., Ye M., Jiang X., Liu G., Feng S., Cui L., Zou H. Method development of efficient protein extraction in bone tissue for proteome analysis. J. Proteome Res. 2007, 6:2287-2294.
65. Johnson J.M., Young T.L., Rada J. Small leucine rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in the human sclera: identification of abundant levels of PRELP. Mol. Vis. 2006, 12:1057-1066.
66. Kadler K. Extracellular matrix 1: fibril-forming collagens. Protein Profile 1994, 1:519-524.
67. Kansa S.W., Kennedy A., Campbell S., Carter E. Resource exploitation at Late Neolithic Domuztepe. Curr. Anthropol. 2009, 50:897-914.
68. Kragh-Hansen U., Vorum H. Quantitative analyses of the interaction between calcium ions and human serum albumin. Clin. Chem. 1993, 39:202-208.
69. Landis W.J. Mineral characterization in calcifying tissues: atomic, molecular and macromolecular perspectives. Connect. Tissue Res. 1996, 35:1-8.
70. Larson G., Albarella U., Dobney K., Rowley-Conwy P., Schibler J., Tresset A., Vigne J.D., Edwards C.J., Schlumbaum A., Dinu A. From the cover: ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104:15276.
71. Lees S. A model for the distribution of HAP crystallites in bone - an hypothesis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1979, 27:53-56.
72. Leytus S.P., Foster D.C., Kurachi K., Davie E.W. Gene for human factor X: a blood coagulation factor whose gene organization is essentially identical with that of factor IX and protein C. Biochemistry 1986, 25(18):5098-5102.
73. Logan G., Collins M., Eglinton G. Preservation of organic biomolecules. Taphonomy Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record 1991, 1-24. Plenum, New York. P.A. Allison, D.E.G. Briggs (Eds.).
74. Logan G.A., Smiley C.J., Eglinton G. Preservation of fossil leaf waxes in association with their source tissues, Clarkia, Northern Idaho, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:751-763.
75. López-García J.M., Blain H.-A., Cuenca-Bescós G., Ruiz-Zapata M.B., Dorado-Valiño M., Gil-García M.J., Valdeolmillos A., Ortega A.I., Carretero J.M., Arsuaga J.L., de Castro J.M.B., Carbonell E. Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Latest Pleistocene of El Portalón Site, Sierra de Atapuerca, northwestern Spain. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2010, 292:453-464.
76. Lowenstam H.A., Weiner S. On Biomineralization 1989, Oxford University Press.
77. Lowenstein J.M., Rainey W.N., Betancourt J.L. Immunospecific albumin in fossil pack rat, porcupine and hyrax urine. Die Naturwissenschaften 1991, 78:26-27.
78. Lunde A.V., Barrett-Connor E., Morton D.J. Serum albumin and bone mineral density in healthy older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Osteoporos. Int. 1998, 8:547-551.
79. Maillard C., Berruyer M., Serre C.M., Dechavanne M., Delmas P.D. Protein-S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1992, 130(3):1599-1604.
80. Mann K.G., Nesheim M.E., Church W.R., Haley P., Krishnaswamy S. Surface-dependent reactions of the vitamin K-dependent enzyme complexes. Blood 1990, 76(1):1-16.
81. Masters P.M. Preferential preservation of non-collagenous protein during bone diagenesis: implications for chronometric and stable isotopic measurements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:3209-3214.
82. Meyer C., Notari L., Becerra S.P. Mapping the Type I collagen-binding site on pigment epithelium-derived factor implications for its antiangiogenic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:45400-45407.
83. Millard A. Deterioration of bone. Handbook of Archaeological Sciences 2001, A.M. Pollard, D. Brothwell (Eds.).
84. Mizuno M., Fujisawa R., Kuboki Y. Bone chondroadherin promotes attachment of osteoblastic cells to solid-state substrates and shows affinity to collagen. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1996, 59:163-167.
85. Montgelard C. Albumin preserved in fossil bones and systematics of Malpaisolys insularis (Muridae, Rodentia), an extinct rodent of the Canary Islands. Hist. Biol. 1992, 6:293-302.
86. Mori, K., Emoto, M., Inaba, M., 2011. Fetuin-A: a multifunctional protein. Recent patents on endocrine, metabolic & immune drug discovery 5, 124-146.
87. Murphy W.J., Eizirik E.E., Johnson E.J., Zhang Y.P.Z., Ryder O.A., O'Brien S.J. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature 2001, 409:614-618.
88. Murray Totty Pot, Cheddar, Somerset: the faunal remains. Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeol. Soc. 2010, 25(1):97-104.
89. Nakamura H., Yamada M., Fukae M., Ozawa H. The localization of CD44 and moesin in osteoclasts after calcitonin administration in mouse tibiae. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 1997, 15:184-192.
90. Neame P.J., Kay C.J., McQuillan D.J., Beales M.P., Hassell J.R. Independent modulation of collagen fibrillogenesis by decorin and lumican. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2000, 57:859-863.
91. Nelsestuen G.L., Kisiel W., Di Scipio R.G. Interaction of vitamin K dependent proteins with membranes. Biochemistry 1978, 17:2134-2138.
92. Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Hedges R.E.M., Mann T., Collins M.J. A preliminary investigation of the application of differential scanning calorimetry to the study of collagen degradation in archaeological bone. Thermochim. Acta 2000, 365:129-139.
93. Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Ostrom P.H., Gandhi H., Shapiro B., Cooper A., Hauschka P.V., Collins M.J. Sequence preservation of osteocalcin protein and mitochondrial DNA in bison bones older than 55ka. Geology 2002, 30:1099-1102.
94. Nielsen-Marsh C.M., Richards M.P., Hauschka P.V., Thomas-Oates J.E., Trinkaus E., Pettitt P.B., Karavanic I., Poinar H., Collins M.J. Osteocalcin protein sequences of Neanderthals and modern primates. PNAS 2005, 102:4409-4413.
95. Ninomiya K., Miyamoto T., Imai J.-I., Fujita N., Suzuki T., Iwasaki R., Yagi M., Watanabe S., Toyama Y., Suda T. Osteoclastic activity induces osteomodulin expression in osteoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 362:460-466.
96. Nogami H.M.D., Oohira A., Ogasawara N.M.D. Levels of Creatine Kinase activity in cartilage of tubular and nontubular bone in relation to pathogenesis of achondroplasia. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 1987, 219:308-312.
97. Paabo S., Higuchi R.G., Wilson A.C. Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction. The emerging field of molecular archaeology. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:9709-9712.
98. Pedersen K.O. Fetuin, a new globulin isolated from serum. Nature 1944, 154:575.
99. Peters T.J. The albumin molecule: its structure and chemical properties. Biochemistry, Genetics, and Medical Applications 1996, 9-75. Academic Press, San Diego.
100. Posner A.S. Crystal chemistry of bone mineral. Physiol. Rev. 1969, 49(4):760-792.
101. Price M.D., Buckley M., Kersel M., Rowan Y.M. Animal management strategies during the Chalcolithic in the Lower Galilee: new data from Marj Rabba (Israel). Paléorient 2013, 39(2):183-200.
102. Prigodich R.V., Vesely M.R. Characterization of the complex between bovine osteocalcin and type 1 collagen. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1997, 345(2):339-341.
103. Qin C., Baba O., Butler W.T. Post-translational modifications of sibling proteins and their roles in osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 2004, 15:126.
104. Quan G.M., Ojaimi J., Li Y., Kartsogiannis V., Zhou H., Choong P.F. Localization of pigment epithelium-derived factor in growing mouse bone. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2005, 76:146-153.
105. Raouf A., Ganss B., McMahon C., Vary C., Roughley P.J., Seth A. Lumican is a major proteoglycan component of the bone matrix. Matrix Biol. 2002, 21:361-367.
106. Robbins L.L., Muyzer G., Brew K. Macromolecules form living and fossil biominerals; implications for the establishment of molecuar phyolgenies. Org Geochem 1993, 799-816. Plenum, New York. M.H. Engle, S.A. Macko (Eds.).
107. Romberg R.W., Werness P.G., Riggs B.L., Mann K.G. Inhibition of hydroxyapatite-crystal growth by bone-specific and other calcium-binding proteins. Biochemistry 1986, 25:1176-1180.
108. Rybczynski N., Gosse J.C., Harington C.R., Wogelius R.A., Hidy A.J., Buckley M. Mid-Pliocene warm-period deposits in the High Arctic yield insight into camel evolution. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:1550.
109. Sage E.H., Bornstein P. Extracellular proteins that moderate cell-matrix interactions. SPARC, tenascin and thrombospondin. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266(23):14831-14834.
110. Sato N., Funayama N., Nagafuchi A., Yonemura S., Tsukita S., Tsukita S. A gene family consisting of ezrin, radixin and moesin. Its specific localization at actin filament/plasma membrane association sites. J. Cell Sci. 1992, 103(Pt 1):131-143.
111. Schmidt-Schultz T.H., Schultz M. Well preserved non-collagenous extracellular matrix proteins in ancient human bone and teeth. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 2007, 17(1):91-99.
112. Schreve D.C. Mammalian evidence from Middle Pleistocene fluvial sequences for complex environmental change at the oxygen isotope substage level. Quat. Int. 2001, 79:65-74.
113. Schweitzer M.H. Molecular paleontology: some current advances and problems. Ann. Paléontol. 2004, 90:81-102.
114. Shen Z., Gantcheva S., Mansson B., Heinegard D., Sommarin Y. Chondroadherin expression changes in skeletal development. Biochem. J. 1998, 330:549-557.
115. Sherratt A. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. Patterns of the Past 1981, 261-305. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. I. Hodder, G. Isaac, N. Hammond (Eds.).
116. Sintuu C., Murray S.S., Behnam K., Simon R., Jawien J., Silva J.D.P., Duarte M.E.L., Brochmann E.J. Full-length bovine spp24 [spp24 (24-203)] inhibits BMP-2 induced bone formation. J. Orthop. Res. 2008, 26:753-758.
117. Smith C.A., Wood E. Biological Molecules 1991, Chapman and Hall, New York.
118. Stuart A.J. The vertebrate fauna of the type Cromerian. Boreas 1975, 4:63-76.
119. Stuart A.J. Pleistocene Vertebrates in the British Isles 1982, Longman, London.
120. Stuart A.J., Lister A.M. The mammalian faunas of Pakefield/Kessingland and Corton, Suffolk, UK: evidence for a new temperate episode in the British early Middle Pleistocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2001, 20:1677-1692.
121. Styrenius C.-G. Some Notes on the New Excavations at Asine. Opuscula Atheniensia 1975, 177-183.
122. Tanaka K., Matsumoto E., Higashimaki Y., Katagiri T., Sugimoto T., Seino S., Kaji H. Role of osteoglycin in the linkage between muscle and bone. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:11616-11628.
123. Thackeray J.F. An analysis of faunal remains from archaeological sites in southern South West Africa (Namibia). S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 1979, 18-33.
124. Tiaden A.N., Breiden M., Mirsaidi A., Weber F.A., Bahrenberg G., Glanz S., Cinelli P., Ehrmann M., Richards P.J. Human serine protease HTRA1 positively regulates osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and mineralization of differentiating bone-forming cells through the modulation of extracellular matrix protein. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 2012, 30:2271-2282.
125. Tombran-Tink J., Barnstable C.J. PEDF: a multifaceted neurotrophic factor. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:628-636.
126. Triffitt J., Gebauer U., Ashton B., Owen M., Reynolds J. Origin of Plasma α2HS-glycoprotein and its Accumulation in Bone 1976.
127. Triffitt J., Owen M., Ashton B., Wilson J. Plasma disappearance of rabbit α2 HS-glycoprotein and its uptake by bone tissue. Calcif. Tissue Res. 1978, 26:155-161.
128. Trueman C.N.G., Behrensmeyer A.K., Tuross N., Weiner S. Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya: diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2004, 31:721-739.
129. Tuross N. Albumin preservation in the Taima-taima mastodon skeleton. Appl. Geochem. 1989, 4:255-259.
130. Vargas S., Bouillon R., Van Baelen H., Raisz L.G. Effects of vitamin D-binding protein on bone resorption stimulated by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990, 47:164-168.
131. Waddington R.J., Roberts H.C., Sugars R.V., Schonherr E. Differential roles for small leucine-rich proteoglycans in bone formation. Eur. Cells Mater. 2003, 6:12-21. (discussion 21).
132. Wadsworth C., Buckley M. Proteome degradation in fossils: investigating the longevity of protein survival in ancient bone. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2014, 28(6):605-615.
133. Wallace J.M., Rajachar R.M., Chen X.D., Shi S., Allen M.R., Bloomfield S.A., Les C.M., Robey P.G., Young M.F., Kohn D.H. The mechanical phenotype of biglycan-deficient mice is bone-and gender-specific. Bone 2006, 39:106-116.
134. Weiner S., Bar-Yosef O. States of preservation of bones from prehistoric sites in the Near East: a survey. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1990, 17:187-196.
135. Weiner S., Price P.A. Disaggregation of bone into crystals. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1986, 39:365-375.
136. Weiner S., Traub W. Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils. FEBS Lett. 1986, 206:262-266.
137. Wewer U.M., Ibaraki K., Schjørring P., Durkin M.E., Young M.F., Albrechtsen R. A potential role for tetranectin in mineralization during osteogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 127:1767-1775.
138. Yonemura S., Hirao M., Doi Y., Takahashi N., Kondo T., Tsukita S., Tsukita S. Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2. J. Cell Biol. 1998, 140:885-895.
139. Young M.F., Bi Y., Ameye L., Chen X.D. Biglycan knockout mice: new models for musculoskeletal diseases. Glycoconj. J. 2002, 19:257-262.
140. Zang X., van Heemst J.D.H., Dria K.J., Hatcher P.G. Encapsulation of protein in humic acid from a histosol as an explanation for the occurrence of organic nitrogen in soil and sediment. Org. Geochem. 2000, 31:679-695.
141. Zhu W., Robey P.G., Boskey A.L. The regulatory role of matrix proteins in mineralisation of bone. Osteoporosis 2007, 191-240. Elsevier, New York. Third ed. D. Feldman, D. Nelson, C.J. Rosen (Eds.).