Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 505, Issue , 2014, Pages 29-55

  Bond, David P G ^a,b   Wignall, Paul B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^b NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES; MASS EXTINCTION;

CLIMATE VARIATION; FLOOD BASALT; FRASNIAN-FAMENNIAN BOUNDARY; LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCE; LAVA FLOW; MASS EXTINCTION; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; TOARCIAN; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

EID: 84907495434     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2014.2505(02)     Document Type: Review

References (310)

1. Aberhan, M., and Fürsich, F., 1996, Diversity analysis of Lower Jurassic bivalves of the Andean Basin and the Pliensbachian-Toarcian mass extinction: Lethaia, v. 29, p. 181-195, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01874.x.
2. Algeo, T.J., Chen Zhongqiang, Fraiser, M.L., and Twitchett, R.J., 2011, Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the collapse and rebuilding of Early Triassic marine ecosystems: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 308, p. 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.011.
3. Ali, J.R., Thompson, G.M., Song, Xieyan, and Wang, Yunliang, 2002, Emeishan Basalts (SW China) and the "end-Guadalupian" crisis: Magnetobiostratigraphic constraints: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 159, p. 21-29, doi:10.1144/0016-764901086.
4. Ali, J.R., Thompson, G.M., Zhou, Mei-Fu, and Song, Xieyan, 2005, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China: Lithos, v. 79, p. 475-489, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.013.
5. Ali, J.R., Fitton, J.G., and Herzberg, C., 2010, Emeishan large igneous province (SW China) and the mantle plume up-doming hypothesis: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 167, p. 953-959, doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-129.
6. 2in geologic time: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans (1978-2012), v. 110, C09S05, doi:10.1029/2004JC002625.
7. Bailey, T.R., Rosenthal, Y., McArthur, J.M., van de Schootbrugge, B., and Thirlwall, M.F., 2003, Paleoceanographic changes of the late Pliensbachian - early Toarcian interval: A possible link to the genesis of an oceanic anoxic event: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 212, p. 307-320, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00278-4.
8. Balter, V., Renaud, S., Girard, C., and Joachimski, M.M., 2008, Record of climate-driven morphological changes in 376 Ma Devonian fossils: Geology, v. 36, p. 907-910, doi:10.1130/G24989A.1.
9. Bambach, R.K., Knoll, A.H., and Wang, S.C., 2004, Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity: Paleobiology, v. 30, p. 522-542, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030〈0522:OEAMDO〉2.0.CO;2.
10. Basu, A.R., Poreda, R.J., Renne, P.R., Teichmann, F., Vasiliev, Y.R., Sobolev, N.V., and Turrin, B.D., 1995, High-He-3 plume origin and temporal-spatial evolution of the Siberian flood basalts: Science, v. 269, p. 822-825, doi:10.1126/science.269.5225.822.
11. Baud, A., Magaritz, M., and Holser, W.T., 1989, Permian-Triassic of the Tethys: Carbon isotope studies: Geologische Rundschau, v. 78, p. 649-677, doi:10.1007/BF01776196.
12. Becker, L., Poreda, R.J., Hunt, A.G., Bunch, T.E., and Rampino, M., 2001, Impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary: Evidence from extra-terrestrial noble gases in fullerenes: Science, v. 291, p. 1530-1533, doi:10.1126/science.1057243.
13. Beerling, D.J., and Berner, R.A., 2002, Biogeochemical constraints on the Triassic-Jurassic boundary carbon cycle event: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 16, p. 10-1-10-13, doi:10.1029/2001GB001637.
14. Beerling, D.J., and Brentnall, S., 2007, Numerical evaluation of mechanisms driving Early Jurassic changes in global carbon cycling: Geology, v. 35, p. 247-250, doi:10.1130/G23416A.1.
15. Beerling, D.J., Harfoot, M., Lomax, B.H., and Pyle, J.A., 2007, The stability of the stratospheric ozone layer during the end-Permian eruption of the Siberian Traps: Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions, ser. A, v. 365, p. 1843-1866, doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2046.
16. Benton, M.J., and Twitchett, R.J., 2003, How to kill (almost) all life: The end-Permian extinction event: Trends in Ecology & Evolution, v. 18, p. 358-365, doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00093-4.
17. 3undersaturated ocean at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 244, p. 368-373, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.039.
18. Black, B.A., Elkins-Tanton, L.T., Rowe, M.C., and Ukstins Peate, I., 2012, Magnitude and consequences of volatile release from the Siberian Traps: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 317-318, p. 363-373, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.001.
19. Black, R.X., 2002, Stratospheric forcing of surface climate in the Arctic Oscillation: Journal of Climatology, v. 15, p. 268-277, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015〈0268:SFOSCI〉2.0.CO;2.
20. Blackburn, T.J., Olsen, P.E., Bowring, S.A., McLean, N.M., Kent, D.V., Puffer, J., McHone, G., Rasbury, E.T., and Et-Touhami, M., 2013, Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Science, v. 340, p. 941-945.
21. 2yield and surface cooling, in Oppenheimer, C., Pyle, D.M., and Barclay, J., eds., Volcanic Degassing: Geological Society of London Special Publication 213, p. 371-380.
22. Bond, D.P.G., and Wignall, P.B., 2008, The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 263, p. 107-118, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.015.
23. Bond, D.P.G., and Wignall, P.B., 2009, Latitudinal selectivity of foraminifer extinctions during the late Guadalupian crisis: Paleobiology, v. 35, p. 465-483, doi:10.1666/0094-8373-35.4.465.
24. Bond, D.P.G., and Wignall, P.B., 2010, Pyrite framboid study of marine Permian-Triassic boundary sections: A complex anoxic event and its relationship to contemporaneous mass extinction: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1265-1279, doi:10.1130/B30042.1.
25. Bond, D.P.G., Wignall, P.B., and Racki, G., 2004, Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria, and France: Geological Magazine, v. 141, p. 173-193, doi:10.1017/S0016756804008866.
26. Bond, D.P.G., Hilton, J., Wignall, P.B., Ali, J.R., Stevens, L.G., Sun Yadong, and Lai Xulong, 2010a, The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 100-116, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004.
27. Bond, D.P.G., Wignall, P.B., Wang Wei, Védrine, S., Jiang Haishui, Lai Xulong, Sun Yadong, Newton, R.J., Cope, H., and Izon, G., 2010b, The mid-Capitanian (Middle Permian) mass extinction and carbon isotope record of South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 292, p. 282-294, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.056.
28. Bond, D.P.G., Zatoń, M., Wignall, P.B., and Marynowski, L., 2013, Evidence for shallow-water 'Upper Kellwasser' anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian reefs of Alberta, Canada: Lethaia, v. 46, p. 355-368, doi:10.1111/let.12014.
29. Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Jin Yugan, Martin, M.W., Davidek, K., and Wang Wei, 1998, U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 280, p. 1039-1045, doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039.
30. Briffa, K.R., Schweingruber, F.H., Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Shiyatov, S.G., and Vaganov, E.A., 1998, Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes: Nature, v. 391, p. 678-682, doi:10.1038/35596.
31. Bryan, S.E., 2007, Silicic large igneous provinces: Episodes, v. 30, p. 20-31.
32. Bryan, S.E., and Ernst, R.E., 2008, Revised definition of large igneous provinces (LIPs): Earth-Science Reviews, v. 86, p. 175-202, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.08.008.
33. Bryan, S.E., Riley, T.R., Jerram, D.A., Leat, P.T., and Stephens, C.J., 2002, Silicic volcanism: An under-valued component of large igneous provinces and volcanic rifted margins, in Menzies, M.A., Klemperer, S.L., Ebinger, C.J., and Baker, J., eds., Magmatic Rifted Margins: Geological Society of America Special Paper 362, p. 99-120.
34. Bryan, S.E., Ukstins Peate, I., Peate, D.W., Self, S., Jerram, D.A., Mawby, M.R., Marsh, J.S., and Miller, J.A., 2010, The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 207-229, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001.
35. Buggisch, W., 1972, Zur Geologie und Geochemie der Kellwasserkalke und ihrer begleitenden Sedimente (Unteres Oberdevon) (Geology and geochemistry of the lowermost upper Devonian Kellwasser Limestone and its associated sediments): Abhandlungen des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung, v. 62, p. 1-67.
36. Buggisch, W., 1991, The global Frasnian-Famennian 'Kellwasser event': Geologische Rundschau, v. 80, p. 49-72, doi:10.1007/BF01828767.
37. Camp, V.E., Ross, M.E., and Hanson, W.E., 2003, Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 105-128, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115〈0105:GOFBAB〉2.0.CO;2.
38. Campbell, I.H., Czamanske, G.K., Fedorenko, V.A., Hill, R.A., and Stepanov, V., 1992, Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 258, p. 1760-1763, doi:10.1126/science.258.5089.1760.
39. Caruthers, A.H., and Smith, P.L., 2012, Pliensbachian ammonoids from the Talkeetna Mountains (Peninsular terrane) of southern Alaska: Revue de Paléobiologie, volume spécial 11, p. 365-378.
40. Caruthers, A.H., Gröcke, D.R., and Smith, P.L., 2011, The significance of an Early Jurassic (Toarcian) carbon-isotope excursion in Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 307, p. 19-26, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.013.
41. Chenet, A.L., Quidelleur, X., Fluteau, F., Courtillot, V., and Bajpai, S., 2007, 40K-40Ar dating of the Main Deccan large igneous province: Further evidence of KTB age and short duration: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 263, p. 1-15, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.011.
42. Chung Sunlin, and Jahn Borming, 1995, Plume-lithosphere interaction in generation of the Emeishan flood basalts at the Permian-Triassic boundary: Geology, v. 23, p. 889-892, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023〈0889:PLIIGO〉2.3.CO;2.
43. Chung Sunlin, Jahn Borming, Wu Genyao, Lo Chinghua, and Cong Bolin, 1998, The Emeishan flood basalt in SW China; a mantle plume initiation model and its connection with continental breakup and mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary, in Flower, M.F.J., Chung Sunlin, Lo Chinghua, and Lee Tungyi, eds., Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia: American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Monograph 27, p. 47-58.
44. Cirilli, S., Marzoli, A., Tanner, L., Bertrand, H., Buratti, N., Jourdan, F., Bellieni, G., Kontak, D., and Renne, P.R., 2009, Latest Triassic onset of the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) volcanism in the Fundy Basin (Nova Scotia): New stratigraphic constraints: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 286, p. 514-525, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.021.
45. Claoué-Long, J.C., Zhang Zichao, Ma Guogan, and Du Shaohua, 1991, The age of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 182-190, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90129-6.
46. Coffin, M.F., and Eldholm, O., 1991, Large Igneous Provinces, JOI/USSAC Workshop Report: Austin, Texas, University of Texas at Austin Institute for Geophysics Technical Report 114, 79 p.
47. Coffin, M.F., and Eldholm, O., 1994, Large igneous provinces: Crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 32, p. 1-36, doi:10.1029/93RG02508.
48. Cohen, A.S., Coe, A.L., and Kemp, D.B., 2007, The late Palaeocene-early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: A comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 164, p. 1093-1108, doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-123.
49. Collinson, J.W., Hammer, W.R., Askin, R.A., and Elliot, D.H., 2006, Permian-Triassic boundary in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 747-763, doi:10.1130/B25739.1.
50. Copper, P., 2002, Reef development at the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction boundary: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 181, p. 27-65, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00472-2.
51. Courtillot, V., 1999, Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 173 p.
52. Courtillot, V., and Olson, P., 2007, Mantle plumes link magnetic superchrons to Phanerozoic mass depletion events: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 260, p. 495-504, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.003.
53. Courtillot, V.E., and Renne, P.R., 2003, On the ages of flood basalt events: Comptes Rendus Geoscience, v. 335, p. 113-140, doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3.
54. Courtillot, V., Jaupart, C., Manighetti, I., Tapponnier, P., and Besse, J., 1999, On causal links between flood basalts and continental breakup: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 166, p. 177-195, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00282-9.
55. Courtillot, V., Kravchinsky, V.A., Quidelleur, X., Renne, P.R., and Gladkochub, D.P., 2010, Preliminary dating of the Viluy Traps (eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 300, p. 239-245, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045.
56. D'Arrigo, R., Seager, R., Smerdon, J.E., Legrande, A.N., and Cook, E.R., 2011, The anomalous winter of 1783-1784: Was the Laki eruption or an analog of the 2009-2010 winter to blame?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 38, p. L05706.
57. Deenen, M.H.L., Ruhl, M., Bonis, N.R., Krijgsman, W., Kuerschner, W.M., Reitsma, M., and van Bergen, M.J., 2010, A new chronology for the end-Triassic mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 291, p. 113-125, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.003.
58. de Silva, S.L., and Zielinski, G.A., 1998, Global influence of the AD 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru: Nature, v. 393, p. 455-458, doi:10.1038/30948.
59. Devine, J.D., Sigurdsson, H., Davis, A.N., and Self, S., 1984, Estimates of sulphur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 6309-6325, doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p06309.
60. Driscoll, S., Bozzo, A., Gray, L.J., Robock, A., and Stenchikov, G., 2012, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations of climate following volcanic eruptions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, D17105, doi:10.1029/2012JD017607.
61. Duncan, R.A., Hooper, P.R., Rehacek, J., Marsh, J.S., and Duncan, A.R., 1997, The timing and duration of the Karoo igneous event, southern Gondwana: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 18,127-18,138, doi:10.1029/97JB00972.
62. Dustira, A.M., Wignall, P.B., Joachimski, M., Blomeier, D., Hartkopf-Fröder, C., and Bond, D.P.G., 2013, Gradual onset of anoxia across the Permian-Triassic boundary in Svalbard, Norway: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 374, p. 303-313, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.02.004.
63. Eldholm, O., and Coffin, M.F., 2000, Large igneous provinces and plate tectonics, in Richards, M.A., Gordon, R.G., and van der Hilst, R.D., eds., The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 121, p. 309-326.
64. Encarnación, J., Fleming, T.H., Elliot, D.H., and Eales, H., 1996, Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana: Geology, v. 24, p. 535-538, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024〈0535:SEOFAK〉2.3.CO;2.
65. English, J.M., Toon, O.B., and Mills, M.J., 2012, Microphysical simulations of sulfur burdens from stratospheric sulfur geoengineering: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 12, p. 4775-4793, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4775-2012.
66. Erwin, D.H., 1994, The Permo-Triassic extinction: Nature, v. 367, p. 231-236, doi:10.1038/367231a0.
67. Fedorenko, V., Czamanske, G., Zen'ko, T., Budahn, J., and Siems, D., 2000, Field and geochemical studies of the melilite-bearing Arydzhangsky Suite, and an overall perspective on the Siberian alkaline-ultramafic flood-volcanic rocks: International Geology Review, v. 42, p. 769-804, doi:10.1080/00206810009465111.
68. Flügel, E., 2002, Triassic reef patterns, in Flügel, E., Kiessling, W., and Golonka, J., eds., Phanerozoic Reef Patterns: Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) Special Publication 72, p. 391-463.
69. Flügel, E., and Kiessling, W., 2002, Patterns of Phanerozoic reef crises, in Flügel, E., Kiessling, W., and Golonka, J., eds., Phanerozoic Reef Patterns: Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) Special Publication 72, p. 691-733.
70. 39Ar technique to plagioclase and glass from the Kirk-patrick Basalt, Antarctica: Chemical Geology, v. 107, p. 173-190, doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90109-V.
71. 3] variations in the Caribbean Sea over the last 130 kyr: A boron isotope and B/Ca study of planktic foraminifera: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 271, p. 254-266, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.04.015.
72. Fowell, S.J., and Olsen, P.E., 1993, Time calibration of Triassic Jurassic microfloral turnover, eastern North America: Tectonophysics, v. 222, p. 361-369, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90359-R.
73. Frogner Kockum, P., Herbert, R., and Gislason, S., 2006, A diverse ecosystem response to volcanic aerosols: Chemical Geology, v. 231, p. 57-66, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.12.008.
74. Frölicher, T.L., Joos, F., Raible, C.C., and Sarmiento, J.L., 2013, Atmospheric CO2 response to volcanic eruptions: The role of ENSO, season, and variability: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 27, p. 239-251, doi:10.1002/gbc.20028.
75. Gaiduk, V.V., 1988, The Middle Paleozoic Vilyui Rift System: Yakutsk, YaF SO AN SSSR, 128 p. (in Russian).
76. Ganino, C., and Arndt, N.T., 2009, Climate changes caused by degassing of sediments during the emplacement of large igneous provinces: Geology, v. 37, p. 323-326, doi:10.1130/G25325A.1.
77. Gastaldo, R.A., Neveling, J., Kittinger Clark, C., and Newbury, S.S., 2009, The terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary event bed is a nonevent: Geology, v. 37, p. 199-202, doi:10.1130/G25255A.1.
78. Gerlach, T., 2011, Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 92, p. 201-202, doi:10.1029/2011EO240001.
79. Gladczenko, T.P., Coffin, M.F., and Eldholm, O., 1997, Crustal structure of the Ontong Java Plateau: Modeling of new gravity and existing seismic data: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth (1978-2012), v. 102, p. 22,711-22,729.
80. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1176 p.
81. Grasby, S.E., and Beauchamp, B., 2008, Intrabasin variability of the carbon-isotope record across the Permian-Triassic transition, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 253, p. 141-150, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.005.
82. Grasby, S.E., Sanei, H., and Beauchamp, B., 2011, Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, p. 104-107, doi:10.1038/ngeo1069.
83. Greene, S.E., Martindale, R.C., Ritterbush, K.A., Bottjer, D.J., Corsetti, F.A., and Berelson, W.M., 2012, Recognising ocean acidification in deep time: An evaluation of the evidence for acidification across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 113, p. 72-93, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.009.
84. Grice, K., Cao Changqun., Love, G.D., Böttcher, M.E., Twitchett, R.J., Grosjean, E., Summons, R.E., Turgeon, S.C., Dunning, W., and Jin Yugan, 2005, Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event: Science, v. 307, p. 706-709, doi:10.1126/science.1104323.
85. Gröcke, D.R., Rimmer, S.M., Yoksoulian, L.E., Cairncross, B., Tsikos, H., and van Hunen, J., 2009, No evidence for thermogenic methane release in coal from the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, p. 204-212, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.022.
86. Gröcke, D.R., Hori, R.S., Trabucho-Alexandre, J., Kemp, D.B., and Schwark, L., 2011, An open marine record of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: Solid Earth Discussions, v. 3, p. 385-410, doi:10.5194/sed-3-385-2011.
87. Hallam, A., 1986, The Pliensbachian and Tithonian extinction events: Nature, v. 319, p. 765-768, doi:10.1038/319765a0.
88. Hallam, A., 1996, Major bio-events in the Triassic and Jurassic, in Walliser, O.H., ed., Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 265-283.
89. Hallam, A., 2002, How catastrophic was the end-Triassic mass extinction?: Lethaia, v. 35, p. 147-157, doi:10.1080/002411602320184006.
90. Hallam, A., and Wignall, P.B., 2004, Discussion on sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 161, p. 1053-1056, doi:10.1144/0016-764904-069.
91. Hautmann, M., 2004, Effect of end-Triassic CO2 maximum on carbonate sedimentation and marine mass extinction: Facies, v. 50, p. 257-261, doi:10.1007/s10347-004-0020-y.
92. Hautmann, M., Benton, M.J., and Tomašových, A., 2008a, Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, v. 249, p. 119-127, doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0249-0119.
93. Hautmann, M., Stiller, F., Cai Huawei, and Sha Jingeng, 2008b, Extinction-recovery pattern of bottom-level faunas across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Tibet: Implications for potential killing mechanisms: Palaios, v. 23, p. 711-718, doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-005r.
94. He Bin, Xu Yigang, Chung Sunling, Xiao Long, and Wang Yamei, 2003, Sedimentary evidence for a rapid, kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 213, p. 391-405, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00323-6.
95. He Bin, Wang Yamei, and Jiang, Xiaowei, 2004, Palaeokarst landforms on top of limestone of the Maokou Formation in the west of the Upper Yangtze Platform, China, and its geological significance: Chinese Geology, v. 31, p. 46-50.
96. Heckendorn, P., Weisenstein, D., Fueglistaler, S., Luo, B.P., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Thomason, L.W., and Peter, T., 2009, The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone: Environmental Research Letters, v. 4, p. 045108, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045108.
97. 39Ar geochronology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 121, p. 19-41, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90029-9.
98. Hermoso, M., Minoletti, F., Le Callonnec, L., Jenkyns, H.C., Hesselbo, S.P., Rickaby, R.E.M., Renard, M., de Rafélis, M., and Emmanuel, L., 2009, Global and local forcing of early Toarcian seawater chemistry: A comparative study of different paleoceanographic settings (Paris and Lusitanian Basins): Paleoceanography, v. 24, p. PA4208, doi:10.1029/2009PA001764.
99. Hesselbo, S.P., Gröcke, D.R., Jenkyns, H.C., Bjerrum, C.J., Farrimond, P., Morgans Bell, H.S., and Green, O.R., 2000, Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event: Nature, v. 406, p. 392-395, doi:10.1038/35019044.
100. Hesselbo, S.P., Robinson, S.A., Surlyk, F., and Piasecki, S., 2002, Terrestrial and marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary synchronized with major carbon-cycle perturbation: A link to initiation of massive volcanism?: Geology, v. 30, p. 251-254, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030〈0251:TAMEAT〉2.0.CO;2.
101. Hesselbo, S.P., Robinson, S.A., and Surlyk, F., 2004, Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, south west Britain: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 161, p. 365-379, doi:10.1144/0016-764903-033.
102. Hesselbo, S.P., Jenkyns, H.C., Duarte, L.V., and Oliveira, L.C.V., 2007, Carbon-isotope record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) oceanic anoxic event from fossil wood and marine carbonate (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 253, p. 455-470, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.009.
103. Heydari, E., Arzani, N., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2008, The invisible serial killer: Application to Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 264, p. 147-162, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.013.
104. Heydari, E., Arzani, N., Safaei, M., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2013, Ocean's response to a changing climate: Clues from variations in carbonate mineralogy across the Permian-Triassic boundary of the Shareza Section, Iran: Global and Planetary Change, v. 105, p. 79-90, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.12.013.
105. Hinojosa, J.L., Brown, S.T., Chen Jun, DePaolo, D.J., Paytan, A., Shen Shuzhong, and Payne, J.L., 2012, Evidence for end-Permian ocean acidification from calcium isotopes in biogenic apatite: Geology, v. 40, p. 743-746, doi:10.1130/G33048.1.
106. Holbrook, W.S., and Kelemen, P.B., 1993, Large igneous province on the US Atlantic margin and implications for magmatism during continental breakup: Nature, v. 364, p. 433-436, doi:10.1038/364433a0.
107. Holser, W.T., and Magaritz, M., 1995, The Late Permian carbon isotope anomaly in the Bellerophon Basin, Carnic and Dolomite Alps: Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 128, p. 75-82.
108. Holser, W.T., Schönlaub, H.P., Boeckelmann, K., Magaritz, M., and Orth, C.J., 1991, The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): Synthesis and conclusions: Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 45, p. 213-235.
109. Hommel, R., and Graf, H.-F., 2011, Modelling the size distribution of geoengineered stratospheric aerosols: Atmospheric Science Letters, v. 12, p. 168-175, doi:10.1002/asl.285.
110. Hooper, P.R., Camp, V.E., Reidel, S.P., and Ross, M.E., 2007, The Columbia River Basalts and their relationship to the Yellowstone hotspot and Basin and Range extension, in Foulger, G.R., and Jurdy, J.M., eds., Plumes, Plates, and Planetary Processes: Geological Society of America Special Paper 430, p. 635-668.
111. Hori, S.R., 1993, Toarcian oceanic event in deep-sea sediments: Geological Survey of Japan Bulletin, v. 44, p. 555-570.
112. House, M.R., 1985, Correlation of mid-Palaeozoic ammonoid evolutionary events with global sedimentary perturbations: Nature, v. 313, p. 17-22, doi:10.1038/313017a0.
113. Humphreys, W.J., 1940, Physics of the Air: New York, McGraw Hill, 665 p.
114. 2: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 286, p. 479-491, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014.
115. 2as a possible trigger for the end-Triassic mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 217, p. 223-242, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.004.
116. Isozaki, Y., 1994, Superanoxia across the Permo-Triassic boundary: Recorded in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan, in Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D.J., eds., Pangea: Global Environments and Resources: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17, p. 805-812.
117. Isozaki, Y., 1997, Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: Records from lost deep sea: Science, v. 276, p. 235-238, doi:10.1126/science.276.5310.235.
118. Isozaki, Y., 2009, Illawarra reversal: The fingerprint of a superplume that triggered Pangean breakup and the end-Guadalupian (Permian) mass extinction: Gondwana Research, v. 15, p. 421-432, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2008.12.007.
119. Isozaki, Y., Kawahata, H., and Ota, A., 2007a, A unique carbon isotope record across the Guadalupian-Lopingian (Middle-Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic paleoatoll carbonates: The high-productivity "Kamura event" and its collapse in Panthalassa: Global and Planetary Change, v. 55, p. 21-38, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.006.
120. Isozaki, Y., Kawahata, H., and Minoshima, K., 2007b, The Capitanian (Permian) Kamura cooling event: The beginning of the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition: Palaeoworld, v. 16, p. 16-30, doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.011.
121. Ivanov, A.V., He, Huayiu, Yan, Liekun, Ryabov, V.V., Shevko, A.Y., Palesskii, S.V., and Nikolaeva, I.V., 2013, Siberian Traps large igneous province: Evidence for two flood basalt pulses around the Permo-Triassic boundary and in the Middle Triassic, and contemporaneous granitic magmatism: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 122, p. 58-76, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.001.
122. Jenkyns, H.C., 1985, The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: Comparisons and contrasts: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 74, p. 505-518.
123. Jenkyns, H.C., 1988, The early Toarcian (Jurassic) event: Stratigraphy, sedimentary and geochemical evidence: American Journal of Science, v. 288, p. 101-151, doi:10.2475/ajs.288.2.101.
124. Jenkyns, H.C., Jones, C.E., Gröcke, D.R., Hesselbo, S.P., and Parkinson, D.N., 2002, Chemostratigraphy of the Jurassic system: Applications, limitations and implications for paleoceanography: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 159, p. 351-378, doi:10.1144/0016-764901-130.
125. Jin Yugan, J., Yichun, Z., and Qinghua, S., 1994, Two phases of the end-Permian mass extinction, in Embry, A.F., Beauchamp, B., and Glass, D.J., eds., Pangea: Global Environments and Resources: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17, p. 813-822.
126. Jin Yugan, Mei Shilong, Wang Wei, Wang Xiangdong, Shen Shuzhong, Shang Qinghua, and Chen Zhongqiang, 1998, On the Lopingian series of the Permian System: Palaeoworld, v. 9, p. 1-18.
127. Jin Yugan, Wang Yue, Wang Wei, Shang Qinghua, Cao Changqun, and Erwin, D.H., 2000, Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China: Science, v. 289, p. 432-436, doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432.
128. 18O signatures indicate climatic cooling as a trigger of the Late Devonian mass extinction: Geology, v. 30, p. 711-714, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030〈0711:CAOSIC〉2.0.CO;2.
129. Joachimski, M.M., Breisig, S., Buggisch, W., Talent, J.A., Mawson, R., Gereke, M., Morrow, J.R., Day, J., and Weddige, K., 2009, Devonian climate and reef evolution: Insights from oxygen isotopes in apatite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 284, p. 599-609, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.028.
130. Joachimski, M.M., Lai Xulong, Shen Shuzhong, Jiang Haishui, Luo Genming, Chen Bo, Chen Jun, and Sun Yadong, 2012, Climate warming in the latest Permian and the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: Geology, v. 40, p. 195-198, doi:10.1130/G32707.1.
131. Johnson, J.G., Klapper, G., and Sandberg, C.A., 1985, Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 567-587, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96〈567:DEFIE〉2.0.CO;2.
132. Jones, C.E., Jenkyns, H.C., and Hesselbo, S.P., 1994, Strontium isotopes in Early Jurassic seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1285-1301, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90382-4.
133. Jones, D.L., Duncan, R.A., Briden, J.C., Randall, D.E., and MacNiocaill, C., 2001, Age of the Batoka basalts, northern Zimbabwe, and the duration of Karoo large igneous province magmatism: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 2, p. 1022, doi:10.1029/2000GC000110.
134. Joshi, M.M., and Shine, K.P., 2003, A GCM study of volcanic eruptions as a cause of increased stratospheric water vapor: Journal of Climate, v. 16, p. 3525-3534, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016〈3525:AGSOVE〉2.0.CO;2.
135. Jourdan, F., Féraud, G., Bertrand, H., Kampunzu, A.B., Tshoso, G., Le Gall, B., Tiercelin, J.J., and Capiez, P., 2004, The Karoo triple junction questioned: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar Jurassic and Proterozoic ages and geochemistry of the Okavango dike swarm (Botswana): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, p. 989-1006, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.017.
136. 39Ar age data: Geology, v. 33, p. 745-748, doi:10.1130/G21632.1.
137. 39Ar highresolution picture of the Karoo large igneous province: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 8, p. Q02002, doi:10.1029/2006GC001392.
138. Jourdan, F., Féraud, G., Bertrand, H., Watkeys, M.K., and Renne, P.R., 2007b, Distinct brief major events in the Karoo large igneous province clarified by new 40Ar/39Ar ages on the Lesotho basalts: Lithos, v. 98, p. 195-209, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.03.002.
139. Jourdan, F., Féraud, G., Bertrand, H., Watkeys, M.K., and Renne, P.R., 2008, The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the sill complex of the Karoo large igneous province: Implications for the Pliensbachian-Toarcian climate change: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, p. Q06009, doi:10.1029/2008GC001994.
140. Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., Miura, Y., Kawahata, H., Tazaki, K., Ueshima, M., Chen Zhongqiang, and Shi Guangrui, 2001, End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: Evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle: Geology, v. 29, p. 815-818, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001) 029〈0815:EPCBAB〉2.0.CO;2.
141. Kaiho, K., Chen Zhongqiang, Kawahata, H., Kajiwara, Y., and Sato, H., 2006, Close-up of the end-Permian mass extinction horizon recorded in the Meishan section, South China: Sedimentary, elemental, and biotic characterization and a negative shift of sulfate sulfur isotope ratio: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 239, p. 396-405, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.011.
142. Kamo, S.L., Czamanske, G.K., and Krogh, T.E., 1996, A minimum U-Pb age for Siberian flood-basalt volcanism: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 3505-3511, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00173-1.
143. Kamo, S.L., Czamanske, G.K., Amelin, Y., Fedorenko, V.A., Davis, D.W., and Trofimov, V.R., 2003, Rapid eruption of Siberian flood-volcanic rocks and evidence for coincidence with the Permian-Triassic boundary and mass extinction at 251 Ma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 75-91, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00347-9.
144. Keller, G., 2014, this volume, Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect?, in Keller, G., and Kerr, A.C., eds., Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: Geological Society of America Special Paper 505, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(03).
145. Kemp, D.B., Coe, A.L., Cohen, A.S., and Schwark, L., 2005, Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period: Nature, v. 437, p. 396-399, doi:10.1038/nature04037.
146. Kennett, J.P., and Watkins, N.D., 1970, Geomagnetic polarity change, volcanic maxima and faunal extinction in the South Pacific: Nature, v. 227, p. 930-934, doi:10.1038/227930a0.
147. Kiessling, W., and Simpson, C., 2011, On the potential for ocean acidification to be a general cause of ancient reef crises: Global Change Biology, v. 17, p. 56-67.
148. Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and Golonka, J., 2000, Fluctuations in the carbonate production of Phanerozoic reefs, in Insalaco, E., Skelton, P.W., and Palmer, T.J., eds., Carbonate Platform Systems: Components and Interactions: Geological Society of London Special Publication 178, p. 191-215, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.178.01.13.
149. Kiselev, A.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Egorov, K.N., Chernyushov, R.A., and Nikiphorov, A.V., 2006, Middle Paleozoic basite magmatism of the north-west part of the Viluy rift: Composition, sources, geodynamics: Petrology, v. 6, p. 660-682.
150. Kiselev, A.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Nikiforov, A.V., and Egorov, K.N., 2007, Composition and sources of Devonian volcanism in the Vilyui rift: Doklady Earth Sciences, v. 415, p. 744-750, doi:10.1134/S1028334X07050194.
151. 30Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 228, p. 143-160, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.022.
152. Kolstad, E.W., and Charlton-Perez, A.J., 2011, Observed and simulated precursors of stratospheric polar vortex anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere: Climate Dynamics, v. 37, p. 1443-1456, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0919-7.
153. Koppelhus, E.B., 1996, Palynology of the Lacustrine Kap Stewart Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland: Copenhagen, Danmarks og Groenlands Geologiske Undersoegelse, 32 p.
154. Korte, C., Hesselbo, S.P., Jenkyns, H.C., Rickaby, R.E., and Spötl, C., 2009, Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic-Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 166, p. 431-445, doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-177.
155. Korte, C., Pande, P., Kalia, P., Kozur, H.W., Joachimski, M.M., and Oberhänsli, H., 2010, Massive volcanism at the Permian-Triassic boundary and its impact on the isotopic composition of the ocean and atmosphere: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 37, p. 293-311, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.012.
156. Kozur, H.W., 1998, Some aspects of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) and of the possible causes for the biotic crisis around this boundary: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 143, p. 227-272, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00113-8.
157. Kozur, H.W., and Weems, R.E., 2011, Detailed correlation and age of continental late Changhsingian and earliest Triassic beds: Implications for the role of the Siberian Trap in the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 308, p. 22-40, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.020.
158. Kravchinsky, V.A., 2012, Paleozoic large igneous provinces of northern Eurasia: Correlation with mass extinction events: Global and Planetary Change, v. 86, p. 31-36, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.01.007.
159. Kravchinsky, V.A., Konstantinov, K.M., Courtillot, V., Valet, J.-P., Savrasov, J.I., Cherniy, S.D., Mishenin, S.G., and Parasotka, B.S., 2002, Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites: Two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma: Geophysical Journal International, v. 148, p. 1-33, doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01548.x.
160. Kump, L.R., Pavlov, A., and Arthur, M.A., 2005, Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia: Geology, v. 33, p. 397-400, doi:10.1130/G21295.1.
161. Kusznir, N.J., Kokhuto, A., and Stephenson, R.A., 1996, Synrift evolution of the Pripyat Trough: Constraints from structural and stratigraphic modeling: Tectonophysics, v. 268, p. 221-236, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (96)00231-4.
162. Kuzmin, M.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Kravchinsky, V.A., 2010, Phanerozoic hot spot traces and paleogeographic reconstructions of the Siberian continent based on interaction with the African large low shear velocity province: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 29-59, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.004.
163. Lai Xulong, Wang Wei, Wignall, P.B., Bond, D.P.G., Jiang Haishui, Ali, J.R., John, E.H., and Sun Yadong, 2008, Palaeoenvironmental change during the end-Guadalupian (Permian) mass extinction in Sichuan, China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 269, p. 78-93, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.08.005.
164. Lamarque, J.F., Kiehl, J.T., and Orlando, J.J., 2007, Role of hydrogen sulfide in a Permian-Triassic boundary ozone collapse: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, L02801, doi:10.1029/2006GL028384.
165. Lefebvre, V., Servais, T., Franc¸ois, L., and Averbuch, O., 2010, Did a Katian large igneous province trigger the Late Ordovician glaciation? A hypothesis tested with a carbon cycle model: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 296, p. 310-319, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.010.
166. 39Ar geochronology and structural data from the giant Okavango and related mafic dyke swarms, Karoo igneous province, Botswana: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 202, p. 595-606, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00763-X.
167. Little, C.T.S., 1996, The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) extinction event, in Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D.E., and Gartner, S., eds., The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, p. 505-512.
168. Little, C.T.S., and Benton, M.J., 1995, Early Jurassic mass extinction: A global long-term event: Geology, v. 23, p. 495-498, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023〈0495:EJMEAG〉2.3.CO;2.
169. Liu Baojun, and Xu, X. (chief eds.), 1994, Atlas of the Lithofacies and Paleogeography of South China (Sinian-Triassic): Beijing, Science Press, 192 p.
170. Liu Chengying, and Zhu Rixiang, 2009, Geodynamic significances of the Emeishan Basalts: Earth Science Frontiers, v. 16, p. 52-69, doi:10.1016/S1872-5791(08)60082-2.
171. Lucas, S.G., 1998, Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 143, p. 347-384, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00117-5.
172. Lucas, S.G., 2009, Timing and magnitude of tetrapod extinctions across the Permo-Triassic boundary: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 491-502, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.11.016.
173. Mahoney, J.J., Fitton, J.G., Wallace, P.J., Antretter, M.J., Banerjee, N.R., Bergen, J.A., Cairns, G., Castillo, P.R., Chambers, L.M., Chazey, W.J., III, Coffin, M.F., Godard, M.M., Hall, S.A., Honnorez, J., Ingle, S.P., Kroenke, L.W., MacLeod, K.G., Naruse, H., Neal, C.R., Ogg, J.G., Riisager, P., Sano, T., Sikora, P.J., van der Werff, W., White, R.V., and Zhao Xixi, 2001, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Initial Reports 192 (online only): College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.192.2001.
174. Martindale, R.C., Berelson, W.M., Corsetti, F.A., Bottjer, D.J., and West, A.J., 2012, Constraining carbonate chemistry at a potential ocean acidification event (the Triassic-Jurassic boundary) using the presence of corals and coral reefs in the fossil record: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 350-352, p. 114-123, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.020.
175. Marzoli, A., Renne, P.R., Piccirillo, E.M., Ernesto, M., Bellieni, G., and De Min, A., 1999, Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic magmatic province: Science, v. 284, p. 616-618, doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.616.
176. Marzoli, A., Bertrand, H., Knight, K.B., Cirilli, S., Buratti, N., Vérati, C., Nomade, S., Renne, P.R., Youbi, N., Martini, R., Allenbach, K., Neuwerth, R., Rapaille, C., Zaninetti, L., and Bellieni, G., 2004, Synchrony of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary climatic and biotic crisis: Geology, v. 32, p. 973-976, doi:10.1130/G20652.1.
177. Marzoli, A., Jourdan, F., Puffer, J.H., Cuppone, T., Tanner, L.H., Weems, R.E., Bertrand, H., Cirilli, S., Bellieni, G., and De Min, A., 2011, Timing and duration of the Central Atlantic magmatic province in the Newark and Culpeper Basins, eastern USA: Lithos, v. 122, p. 175-188, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.12.013.
178. Masaitis, V.L., Mikhailov, M.V., and Selivanovskaya, T.V., 1975, Volcanism and Tectonics of the Patom-Vilyui Aulacogen: Moscow, Nedra, 182 p.
179. McArthur, J.M., Donovan, D.T., Thirlwall, M.F., Fouke, B.W., and Mattey, D., 2000, Strontium isotope profile of the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event, the duration of ammonite biozones, and belemnite palaeotemperatures: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 179, p. 269-285, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00111-4.
180. McElwain, J.C., Beerling, D.J., and Woodward, F.I., 1999, Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary: Science, v. 285, p. 1386-1390, doi:10.1126/science.285.5432.1386.
181. McElwain, J.C., Wade-Murphy, J., and Hesselbo, S.P., 2005, Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals: Nature, v. 435, p. 479-482, doi:10.1038/nature03618.
182. McElwain, J.C., Popa, M.E., Hesselbo, S.P., Haworth, M., and Surlyk, F., 2007, Macroecological responses of terrestrial vegetation to climatic and atmospheric change across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in East Greenland: Paleobiology, v. 33, p. 547-573, doi:10.1666/06026.1.
183. McGhee, G.R., Sheehan, P.M., Bottjer, D.J., and Droser, M.L., 2004, Ecological ranking of Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: Ecological and taxonomic severities are decoupled: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 211, p. 289-297, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.05.010.
184. McGhee, G.R., Clapham, M.E., Sheehan, P.M., Bottjer, D.J., and Droser, M.L., 2013, A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 370, p. 260-270, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.019.
185. McHone, J.G., 2003, Volatile emissions from Central Atlantic magmatic province basalts: Mass assumptions and environmental consequences, in Hames, W., Mchone, J.G., Renne, P., and Ruppel, C., eds., The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Insights from Fragments of Pangea: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 136, p. 241-254.
186. Metcalfe, I., 1999, Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: An overview, in Metcalfe, I., ed., Final Results Volume for IGCP Project 321: Rotterdam, Netherlands, A.A. Balkema, p. 9-28.
187. Meyerhoff, A.A., 1980, Geology and petroleum fields in Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian strata, Lena-Tunguska Petroleum Province, eastern Siberia, USSR, in Halbouty, M.T., ed., Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade 1968-1978: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 30, p. 225-252.
188. 39Ar ages for the Dufek layered mafic intrusion, Antarctica: Implications for the age of the Ferrar large igneous province: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 2497-2504, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00098-7.
189. Montenegro, A., Spence, P., Meissner, K.J., Eby, M., Melchin, M.J., and Johnston, S.T., 2011, Climate simulations of the Permian-Triassic boundary: Ocean acidification and the extinction event: Paleoceanography, v. 26, p. PA3207, doi:10.1029/2010PA002058.
190. Mundil, R.L., Metcalfe, I., Ludwig, K., Paull, R., Oberli, F., and Nicoll, R., 2001, Timing of the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis: Implications from new zircon U/Pb age data: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 187, p. 131-145, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00274-6.
191. Mundil, R., Ludwig, K.R., Metcalfe, I., and Renne, P.R., 2004, Age and timing of the Permian mass extinctions: U/Pb dating of closed-system zircons: Science, v. 305, p. 1760-1763, doi:10.1126/science.1101012.
192. Myhre, G., Myhre, A., and Stordal, F., 2001, Historical evolution of radiative forcing of climate: Atmospheric Environment, v. 35, p. 2361-2373, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00531-8.
193. Nakazawa, K., Ishu, K., Kato, M., Okimura, Y., Nakamura, K., and Haralambous, D., 1975, Upper Permian fossils from island of Salamis, Greece: Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Geology and Mineralogy, v. 41, p. 21-44.
194. Niemeier, U., Schmidt, H., and Timmreck, C., 2011, The dependency of geoengineered sulfate aerosol on the emission strategy: Atmospheric Science Letters, v. 12, p. 189-194, doi:10.1002/asl.304.
195. Nomade, S., Knight, K.B., Beutel, E., Renne, P.R., Verati, C., Féraud, G., Marzoli, A., Youbi, N., and Bertrand, H., 2007, Chronology of the Central Atlantic magmatic province: Implications for the Central Atlantic rifting processes and the Triassic-Jurassic biotic crisis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 244, p. 326-344, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.034.
196. Ogden, D.E., and Sleep, N.H., 2012, Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, p. 59-62, doi:10.1073/pnas.1118675109.
197. Olsen, P.E., 1999, Giant lava flows, mass extinctions, and mantle plumes: Science, v. 284, p. 604-605, doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.604.
198. Olsen, P.E., Kent, D.V., and Fowell, S.J., 1997, Causal? association of the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction and Pangean flood basalt - A matter of timing: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 78, p. F721.
199. Olsen, P.E., Kent, D.V., Et-Touhami, M., and Puffer, J., 2003, Cyclo-, magneto-, and bio-stratigraphic constraints on the duration of the CAMP event and its relationship to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, in Hames, W., Mchone, J.G., Renne, P., and Ruppel, C., eds., The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Insights from Fragments of Pangea: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 136, p. 7-32.
200. Oman, L., Robock, A., Stenchikov, G., Schmidt, G.A., and Ruedy, R., 2005, Climatic response to high-latitude volcanic eruptions: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres (1984-2012), v. 110, p. D13103, doi:10.1029/2004JD005487.
201. Palais, J.M., and Sigurdsson, H., 1989, Petrologic evidence of volatile emissions from major historic and pre-historic volcanic eruptions, in Berger, A., Dickinson, R.E., and Kidson, J.W., eds., Understanding Climate Change: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 52, p. 31-53.
202. Pálfy, J., Demény, A., Haas, J., Hetényi, M., Orchard, M., and Vetö, I., 2001, Carbon isotope anomaly and other geochemical changes at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from a marine section in Hungary: Geology, v. 29, p. 1047-1050, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029〈1047:CIAAOG〉2.0.CO;2.
203. Pálfy, J., Smith, P.L., and Mortensen, J.K., 2002, Dating the end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinctions, correlative large igneous provinces, and isotopic events, in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K.G., eds., Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Geological Society of America Special Paper 356, p. 523-532.
204. Payne, J.L., and Kump, L.R., 2007, Evidence for recurrent Early Triassic massive volcanism from quantitative interpretation of carbon isotope fluctuations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 264-277, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.034.
205. Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Follett, D., Seibel, M., Kump, L.R., Riccardi, A., Altiner, D., Sano, H., and Wei Jiayong, 2007, Erosional truncation of uppermost Permian shallow-marine carbonates and implications for Permian-Triassic boundary events: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 771-784, doi:10.1130/B26091.1.
206. Pinto, J.P., Turco, R.P., and Toon, O.B., 1989, Self-limiting physical and chemical effects in volcanic eruption clouds: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, no. D8, p. 11,165-11,174, doi:10.1029/JD094iD08p11165.
207. Pruss, S.B., Bottjer, D.J., Corsetti, F.A., and Baud, A., 2006, A global marine sedimentary response to the end-Permian mass extinction: Examples from southern Turkey and the western United States: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 78, p. 193-206, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.05.002.
208. Racki, G., 1998, Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: Undervalued tectonic control?: Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, v. 141, p. 177-198.
209. Racki, G., and Wignall, P.B., 2005, Late Permian double-phased mass extinction and volcanism: An oceanographic perspective: Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, v. 20, p. 263-297, doi:10.1016/S0920-5446(05)80010-X.
210. Rampino, M.R., and Self, S., 1992, Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption: Nature, v. 359, p. 50-52, doi:10.1038/359050a0.
211. Rampino, M.R., and Stothers, R.B., 1988, Flood basalt volcanism during the past 250 million years: Science, v. 241, p. 663-668, doi:10.1126/science.241.4866.663.
212. Rasch, P.J., Crutzen, P.J., and Coleman, D.B., 2008, Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols: The role of particle size: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, L02809, doi:10.1029/2007GL032179.
213. Raunsgaard Pedersen, K., and Lund, J.J., 1980, Palynology of the plant-bearing Rhaetian to Hettangian Kap Stewart Formation, Scoresby Sund, East Greenland: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 31, p. 1-69, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90022-6.
214. Raup, D.M., and Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 1982, Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record: Science, v. 215, p. 1501-1503, doi:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501.
215. Reichow, M.K., Saunders, A.D., White, R.V., Al'Mukhamedov, A.I., and Medvedev, A.Y., 2005, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of basalts from the West Siberian Basin: An extension of the Permo-Triassic Siberian Traps, Russia: Lithos, v. 79, p. 425-452, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.011.
216. Reichow, M.K., Pringle, M.S., Al'Mukhamedov, A.I., Allen, M.B., Andreichev, V.L., Buslov, M.M., Davies, C.E., Fedoseev, G.S., Fitton, J.G., Inger, S., Medvedev, A.Ya., Mitchell, C., Puchkov, V.N., Safonova, I.Yu., Scott, R.A., and Saunders, A.D., 2009, The timing and extent of the eruption of the Siberian Traps large igneous province: Implications for the end-Permian environmental crisis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, p. 9-20, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.030.
217. Renne, P.R., and Basu, A.R., 1991, Rapid eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 253, p. 176-179, doi:10.1126/science.253.5016.176.
218. Renne, P.R., Black, M.T., Zichao Zhang, Richards, M.A., and Basu, A.R., 1995, Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism: Science, v. 269, p. 1413-1416, doi:10.1126/science.269.5229.1413.
219. 39Ar geochronology: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 74, p. 5349, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.06.017.
220. 39Ar geochronology" by P.R. Renne et al. (2010): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 75, p. 5097, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.021.
221. Retallack, G.J., 1995, Permian-Triassic life crisis on land: Science, v. 267, p. 77-80, doi:10.1126/science.267.5194.77.
222. Retallack, G.J., and Jahren, A.H., 2008, Methane release from igneous intrusion of coal during Late Permian extinction events: The Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 1-20, doi:10.1086/524120.
223. Retallack, G.J., Veevers, J., and Morante, R., 1996, Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinctions and Middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 195-207, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108〈0195:GCGBPT〉2.3.CO;2.
224. Riccardi, A., Kump, L.R., Arthur, M.A., and D'Hondt, S., 2007, Carbon isotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during the end-Permian event: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 248, p. 73-81, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.010.
225. 39Ar and K-Ar ages of the Viluy Traps (eastern Siberia): Further evidence for a relationship with the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 386, p. 531-540, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.020.
226. Riley, T.R., Millar, I.L., Watkeys, M.K., Curtis, M.L., Leat, P.T., Klausen, M.B., and Fanning, C.M., 2004, U-Pb zircon (SHRIMP) ages for the Lebombo rhyolites, South Africa: Refining the duration of Karoo volcanism: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 161, p. 547-550, doi:10.1144/0016-764903-181.
227. Riley, T.R., Curtis, M.L., Leat, P.T., Watkeys, M.K., Duncan, R.A., Millar, I.L., and Owens, W.H., 2006, Overlap of Karoo and Ferrar magma types in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Journal of Petrology, v. 47, p. 541-566, doi:10.1093/petrology/egi085.
228. Robock, A., 2000, Volcanic eruptions and climate: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 38, p. 191-219, doi:10.1029/1998RG000054.
229. Ruhl, M., and Kürschner, W.M., 2011, Multiple phases of carbon cycle disturbance from large igneous province formation at the Triassic-Jurassic transition: Geology, v. 39, p. 431-434, doi:10.1130/G31680.1.
230. Ruhl, M., Kürschner, W.M., and Krystyn, L., 2009, Triassic-Jurassic organic carbon isotope stratigraphy of key sections in the western Tethys realm (Austria): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 281, p. 169-187, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.020.
231. Ruhl, M., Deenen, M.H.L., Abels, H.A., Bonis, N.R., Krijgsman, W., and Kürschner, W.M., 2010, Astronomical constraints on the duration of the Early Jurassic Hettangian Stage and recovery rates following the end-Triassic mass extinction (St. Audrie's Bay/East Quantoxhead, UK): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 295, p. 262-276, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.008.
232. Ruhl, M., Bonis, N.R., Reichart, G.J., Damsté, J.S.S., and Kürschner, W.M., 2011, Atmospheric carbon injection linked to end-Triassic mass extinction: Science, v. 333, p. 430-434, doi:10.1126/science.1204255.
233. Sabine, C.L., Feely, R.A., Gruber, N., Key, R.M., Lee, K., Bullister, J.L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C.S., Wallace, D.W.R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F.J., Peng Tsunghung, Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A.F., 2004, The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2: Science, v. 305, p. 367-371, doi:10.1126/science.1097403.
234. Sadovnikov, G.N., and Orlova, E.F., 1993, The lower boundary and biostratigraphy of the nonmarine Triassic in Siberia, in Lucas, S.G., and Morales, M., eds., The Nonmarine Triassic: 3: Albuquerque, New Mexico, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, p. 421-422.
235. Sadovnikov, G.N., and Orlova, E.F., 1998, Lower boundary of nonmarine Triassic of Siberia: Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, v. 5, p. 156-157.
236. Sandoval, J., Henriques, M.H., Chandler, R.B., and Ureta, S., 2012, Latest Toarcian-earliest Bajocian (Jurassic) Grammoceratinae (Hildoceratidae, Ammonitina) of the western Tethys: Their palaeobiogeographic and phylogenetic significance: Geobios, v. 45, p. 109-119, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2011.11.001.
237. Saunders, A.D., England, R.W., Reichow, M.K., and White, R.V., 2005, A mantle plume origin for the Siberian Traps: Uplift and extension in the West Siberian Basin, Russia: Lithos, v. 79, p. 407-424, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.010.
238. Scarth, A., 2001, Vulcan's Fury: Man Against the Volcano: New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press, 299 p.
239. 2: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 323, p. 27-39, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.028.
240. Schmidt, A., Carslaw, K.S., Mann, G.W., Wilson, M., Breider, T.J., Pickering, S.J., and Thordarson, T., 2010, The impact of the 1783-1784 AD Laki eruption on global aerosol formation processes and cloud condensation nuclei: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 10, p. 6025-6041, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6025-2010.
241. Schmidt, A., Carslaw, K.S., Mann, G.W., Rap, A., Pringle, K.J., Spracklen, D.V., Wilson, M., and Forster, P.M., 2012a, Importance of tropospheric volcanic aerosol for indirect radiative forcing of climate: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 12, p. 7321-7339, doi:10.5194/acp-12-7321-2012.
242. Schmidt, A., Thordarson, T., Oman, L.D., Robock, A., and Self, S., 2012b, Climatic impact of the long-lasting 1783 Laki eruption: Inapplicability of mass-independent sulfur isotopic composition measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres (1984-2012), v. 117, D23116, doi:10.1029/2012JD018414.
243. Schoene, B., Guex, J., Bartolini, A., Schaltegger, U., and Blackburn, T.J., 2010, Correlating the end-Triassic mass extinction and flood basalt volcanism at the 100 ka level: Geology, v. 38, p. 387-390, doi:10.1130/G30683.1.
244. Self, S., Thordarson, T., Keszthelyi, L., Walker, G.P.L., Hon, K., Murphy, M.T., Long, P., and Finnemore, S., 1996, A new model for the emplacement of Columbia River basalts as large, inflated pahoehoe lava flow fields: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, p. 2689-2692, doi:10.1029/96GL02450.
245. Self, S., Thordarson, T., and Keszthelyi, L., 1997, Emplacement of continental flood basalt lava flows, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 100, p. 381-410.
246. Self, S., Keszthelyi, L., and Thordarson, T., 1998, The importance of pahoehoe: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 26, p. 81-110, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.81.
247. Self, S., Thordarson, T., and Widdowson, M., 2005, Gas fluxes from flood basalt eruptions: Elements, v. 1, p. 283-287, doi:10.2113/gselements.1.5.283.
248. Sephton, M.A., Looy, C.V., Brinkhuis, H., Wignall, P.B., De Leeuw, J.W., and Visscher, H., 2005, Catastrophic soil erosion during the end-Permian biotic crisis: Geology, v. 33, p. 941-944, doi:10.1130/G21784.1.
249. Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 1996, Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: A perspective from global databases, in Walliser, O.H., ed., Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 35-51.
250. Sepkoski, J.J., Jr., 2002, A compendium of fossil marine animal genera: Bulletins of American Paleontology, v. 363, p. 1-560.
251. Sharma, M., 1997, Siberian Traps, in Mahoney, J.J., and Coffin, M.F., eds., Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 100, p. 273-295.
252. Shellnutt, J.G., Jahn Borming, and Zhou Meifu, 2011, Crustally-derived granites in the Panzhihua region, SW China: Implications for felsic magmatism in the Emeishan large igneous province: Lithos, v. 123, p. 145-157, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.10.016.
253. Shellnutt, J.G., Denyszyn, S.W., and Mundil, R., 2012, Precise age determination of mafic and felsic intrusive rocks from the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (SW China): Gondwana Research, v. 22, p. 118-126, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.10.009.
254. Shen Shuzhong, and Shi Guangrui, 2009, Latest Guadalupian brachiopods from the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary GSSP section at Penglaitan in Laibin, Guangxi, South China, and implications for the timing of the pre-Lopingian crisis: Palaeoworld, v. 18, p. 152-161, doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.04.010.
255. Shen Shuzhong, Crowley, J.L., Wang Yue, Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Sadler, P.M., Cao Changqun, Rothman, D.H., Henderson, C.M., Ramezani, J., Zhang Hua, Shen Yanan, Wang Xiangdong, Wang Wei, Mu Lin, Li Wenzhong, Tang Yuegang, Liu Xiaolei, Liu Lujun, Zeng Yong, Jiang Yaofa, and Jin Yugan, 2011, Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 334, p. 1367-1372, doi:10.1126/science.1213454.
256. Shpount, B.R., and Oleinikov, B.V., 1987, A comparison of mafic dyke swarms from the Siberian and Russian platforms, in Halls, H.C., and Fahrig W.G., eds., Mafic Dyke Swarms: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 34, p. 379-383.
257. Sigurdsson, H., 1990, Evidence for volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climatic response: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 89, p. 277-289, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90069-J.
258. Simms, M.J., 2003, Uniquely extensive seismite from the latest Triassic of the United Kingdom: Evidence for bolide impact?: Geology, v. 31, p. 557-560, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031〈0557:UESFTL〉2.0.CO;2.
259. Simms, M.J., 2007, Uniquely extensive soft-sediment deformation in the Rhaetian of the UK: Evidence for earthquake or impact?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 244, p. 407-423, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.037.
260. Smith, R.M., and Ward, P.D., 2001, Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa: Geology, v. 29, p. 1147-1150, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029〈1147:POVEAA〉2.0.CO;2.
261. Sobolev, S.V., Sobolev, A.V., Kuzmin, D.V., Krivolutskaya, N.A., Petrunin, A.G., Arndt, N.T., Radko, V.A., and Vasiliev, Y.R., 2011, Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes: Nature, v. 477, p. 312-316, doi:10.1038/nature10385.
262. Song Haijun, Wignall, P.B., Tong Jinnan, and Yin Hongfu, 2012, Two pulses of extinction during the Permian-Triassic crisis: Nature Geoscience, v. 6, p. 52-56.
263. Stanley, S.M., and Yang Xiangning, 1994, A double mass extinction at the end of the Palaeozoic Era: Science, v. 266, p. 1340-1344, doi:10.1126/science.266.5189.1340.
264. Sun Yadong, Lai Xulong, Wignall, P.B., Widdowson, M., Ali, J.R., Jiang Haishui, Wang Wei, Yan Chunbo, Bond, D.P.G., and Védrine, S., 2010, Dating the onset and nature of the Middle Permian Emeishan large igneous province eruptions in SW China using conodont biostratigraphy and its bearing on mantle plume uplift models: Lithos, v. 119, p. 20-33, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.05.012.
265. Sun Yadong, Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., Yan Chunbo, Chen Yanlong, Jiang Haishui, Wang Lina, and Lai Xulong, 2012, Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse: Science, v. 338, p. 366-370, doi:10.1126/science.1224126.
266. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Myklebust, R., Eidem, T.R., and Rey, S.S., 2004, Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming: Nature, v. 429, p. 542-545, doi:10.1038/nature02566.
267. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Corfu, F., and Jamtveit, B., 2007, Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 554-566, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.013.
268. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A.G., Schmidbauer, N., Corfu, F., Podladchikov, Y.Y., and Jamtveit, B., 2009, Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 277, p. 490-500, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.015.
269. Thordarson, T., and Self, S., 1993, The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783-1785: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, p. 233-263, doi:10.1007/BF00624353.
270. Thordarson, T., and Self, S., 2003, Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783-1784 Laki eruption: A review and reassessment: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres (1984-2012), v. 108, p. AAC 7-1-AAC 7-29.
271. Timmreck, C., Lorenz, S.J., Crowley, T.J., Kinne, S., Raddatz, T.J., Thomas, M.A., and Jungclaus, J.H., 2009, Limited temperature response to the very large AD 1258 volcanic eruption: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 36, L21708, doi:10.1029/2009GL040083.
272. Timmreck, C., Graf, H.-F., Lorenz, S.J., Niemeier, U., Zanchettin, D., Matei, D., Jungclaus, J.H., and Crowley, T.J., 2010, Aerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptions: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 37, L24705, doi:10.1029/2010GL045464.
273. Tolan, T.L., Reidel, S.P., Beeson, M.H., Anderson, J.L., Fecht, K.R., and Swanson, D.A., 1989, Revisions to the estimates of the areal extent and volume of the Columbia River Basalt Group, in Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism of the Columbia River Flood Basalt Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 1-20.
274. Twitchett, R.J., Looy, C.V., Morante, R., Visscher, H., and Wignall, P.B., 2001, Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis: Geology, v. 29, p. 351-354, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029〈0351:RASCOM〉2.0.CO;2.
275. Ukstins Peate, I., and Bryan, S.E., 2008, Re-evaluating plume-induced uplift in the Emeishan large igneous province: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 625-629, doi:10.1038/ngeo281.
276. van de Schootbrugge, B., Bailey, T.R., Rosenthal, Y., Katz, M.E., Wright, J.D., Miller, K.G., Feist-Burkhardt, S., and Falkowski, P.G., 2005, Early Jurassic climate change and the radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in the Tethys Ocean: Paleobiology, v. 31, p. 73-97, doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031〈0073:EJCCAT〉2.0.CO;2.
277. van de Schootbrugge, B., Quan, T.M., Lindström, S., Püttmann, W., Heunisch, C., Pross, J., Fiebig, J., Petschick, R., Röhling, H.-G., Richoz, S., Rosenthal, Y., and Falkowski, P.G., 2009, Floral changes across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary linked to flood basalt volcanism: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, p. 589-594, doi:10.1038/ngeo577.
278. Venkatesan, T.R., Kumar, A., Gopalau, K., and Al'Mukhamedov, A.I., 1997, 40Ar-39Ar age of Siberian basaltic volcanism: Chemical Geology, v. 138, p. 303-310, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00006-5.
279. Visscher, H., Looy, C.V., Collinson, M.E., Brinkhuis, H., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J.H., Kürschner, W.M., and Sephton, M.A., 2004, Environmental mutagenesis during the end-Permian ecological crisis: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 101, p. 12,952-12,956, doi:10.1073/pnas.0404472101.
280. Vogt, P.R., 1972, Evidence for global synchronism in mantle plume convection and possible significance for geology: Nature, v. 240, p. 338-342, doi:10.1038/240338a0.
281. Vörö, A., 1993, Jurassic brachiopods from the Bakony Mts. (Hungary): Global and local effects on changing diversity, in Pálfy, J., and Vörö, A., eds., Mesozoic Brachiopods of Alpine Europe: Budapest, Hungarian Geological Society, p. 179-187.
282. Wang Wei, Cao Changqun, and Wang Yue, 2004, The carbon isotope excursion on GSSP candidate section of the Lopingian-Guadalupian boundary: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 220, p. 57-67, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00033-0.
283. Wang Xiangdong, and Sugiyama, T., 2000, Diversity and extinction patterns of Permian coral faunas of China: Lethaia, v. 33, p. 285-294, doi:10.1080/002411600750053853.
284. Ward, P.D., Montgomery, D.R., and Smith, R., 2000, Altered river morphology in South Africa related to the Permian-Triassic extinction: Science, v. 289, p. 1740-1743, doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1740.
285. Ward, P.D., Botha, J., Buick, R., De Kock, M.O., Erwin, D.H., Garrison, G.H., Kirschvink, J.L., and Smith, R., 2005, Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa: Science, v. 307, p. 709-714, doi:10.1126/science.1107068.
286. Westphal, M., Gurevitch, E.L., Samsonov, B.V., Feinberg, H., and Pozzi, J.P., 1998, Magnetostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic volcanics from deep drill SG6 in western Siberia: Evidence for long-lasting Permo-Triassic volcanic activity: Geophysical Journal International, v. 134, p. 254-266, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00557.x.
287. Wiesner, M.G., Wetzel, A., Catane, S.G., Listanco, E.L., and Mirabueno, H.T., 2004, Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 66, p. 226-242, doi:10.1007/s00445-003-0306-x.
288. Wignall, P.B., 2001, Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 53, p. 1-33, doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4.
289. Wignall, P.B., 2007, The end-Permian mass extinction - How bad did it get?: Geobiology, v. 5, p. 303-309, doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00130.x.
290. Wignall, P.B., and Bond, D.P.G., 2008, The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, v. 119, p. 73-84.
291. Wignall, P.B., and Hallam, A., 1992, Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Tri-assic extinction: Facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, p. 21-46, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(92)90182-5.
292. Wignall, P.B., and Newton, R., 2003, Contrasting deep-water records from the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of South Tibet and British Columbia: Evidence for a diachronous mass extinction: Palaios, v. 18, p. 153-167, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)18〈153:CDRFTU〉2.0.CO;2.
293. Wignall, P.B., and Twitchett, R.J., 1996, Ocean anoxia and the end-Permian mass extinction: Science, v. 272, p. 1155-1158, doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1155.
294. orgchemostratigraphy, Fe and S geochemistry, facies, fauna and trace fossils: Geological Magazine, v. 135, p. 47-62, doi:10.1017/S0016756897008121.
295. Wignall, P.B., Newton, R.J., and Little, C.T.S., 2005, The timing of paleoenvironmental change and cause-and-effect relationships during the Early Jurassic mass extinction in Europe: American Journal of Science, v. 305, p. 1014-1032, doi:10.2475/ajs.305.10.1014.
296. Wignall, P.B., Hallam, A., Newton, R.J., Sha, Jingeng, Reeves, E., Mattioli, E., and Crowley, S., 2006, An eastern Tethyan (Tibetan) record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) mass extinction event: Geobiology, v. 4, no. 3, p. 179-190, doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00081.x.
297. Wignall, P.B., Sun Yadong, Bond, D.P.G., Izon, G., Newton, R.J., Védrine, S., Widdowson, M., Ali, J.R., Lai Xulong, Jiang Haishui, Cope, H., and Bottrell, S.H., 2009a, Volcanism, mass extinction and carbon isotope fluctuations in the Middle Permian of China: Science, v. 324, p. 1179-1182, doi:10.1126/science.1171956.
298. Wignall, P.B., Védrine, S., Bond, D.P.G., Wang Wei, Lai Xulong, Ali, J.R., and Jiang Haishui, 2009b, Facies analysis and sea-level change at the Guadalupian-Lopingian global stratotype (Laibin, South China), and its bearing on the end-Guadalupian mass extinction: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 166, p. 655-666, doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-118.
299. Wignall, P.B., Bond, D.P.G., Kuwahara, K., Kakuwa, K., Newton, R.J., and Poulton, S.W., 2010, An 80 million year oceanic redox history from Permian to Jurassic pelagic sediments of the Mino-Tamba terrane, SW Japan, and the origin of four mass extinctions: Global and Planetary Change, v. 71, p. 109-123, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.022.
300. Williams-Jones, G., and Rymer, H., 2000, Hazards of volcanic gasses, in Sigurdsson, H., ed., Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: San Diego, Academic Press, p. 997-1004.
301. Wilson, M., and Lyashkevich, Z.M., 1996, Magmatism and the geodynamics of rifting of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donets rift, East European Platform: Tectonophysics, v. 268, p. 65-81, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00234-X.
302. Wood, C.A., 1992, Climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption, in Harrington, C.R., ed., The Year Without a Summer: World Climate in 1816: Ottawa, Canadian Museum of Nature, p. 58-77.
303. Woods, A.D., and Bottjer, D.J., 2000, Distribution of ammonoids in the Lower Triassic Union Wash Formation (eastern California): Evidence for paleoceanographic conditions during recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: Palaios, v. 15, p. 535-545, doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2000)015〈0535:DOAITL〉2.0.CO;2.
304. Wu Fuyuan, Arzamastsev, A.A., Mitchell, R.H., Lia Qiuli, Suna Jing, Yanga Yueheng, and Wang Rucheng, 2013, Emplacement age and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Afrikanda alkaline ultramafic complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Chemical Geology, v. 353, p. 210-229, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.027.
305. Xiong Conghui, and Wang Qi, 2011, Permian-Triassic land-plant diversity in South China: Was there a mass extinction at the Permian/Triassic boundary?: Paleobiology, v. 37, p. 157-167, doi:10.1666/09029.1.
306. Yang Xiangning, Zhou Jianping, Liu Jiarun, and Shi Guijun, 1999, Evolutionary pattern of fusulinacean foraminifer in Maokouan: Middle Permian: Science in China, ser. D, v. 42, p. 456-464.
307. Yang Xiangning, Liu Jiarun, and Shi Guijun, 2004, Extinction processes and patterns of Middle Permian Fusulinaceans in southwest China: Lethaia, v. 37, p. 139-147, doi:10.1080/00241160410005114.
308. Zharkov, M.A., 1984, Paleozoic Salt Bearing Formations of the World: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 427 p.
309. Zhou Meifu, Malpas, J., Song Xieyan, Robinson, P.T., Sun Min, Kennedy, A.K., Lesher, C.M., and Keays, R.R., 2002, A temporal link between Emeishan large igneous province (SW China) and the end-Guadalupian mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 196, p. 113-122, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00608-2.
310. Zielinski, G.A., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M.S., and Taylor, K., 1996, Potential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ∼71,000 years ago: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, p. 837-840, doi:10.1029/96GL00706.