Global coal gap between Permian-Triassic extinction and Middle Triassic recovery of peat-forming plants

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 195-207

  Retallack, Gregory J ^a   Veevers, John J ^b   Morante, Ric ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENTS; COAL; COAL DEPOSITS; ORGANIC CARBON; PEAT; SEA LEVEL; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; WETLANDS; PLANTS (BOTANY); STRATIGRAPHY;

BEARING SEQUENCES; PALEOBOTANICAL; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC EXTINCTION; PLANT DIVERSITY; SEDIMENTARY FACIES; SHALLOW MARINE; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON; GLOBAL COAL GAP; MIDDLE TRIASSIC RECOVERY; LATE TRIASSIC; PEAT THICKNESS;

METAL RECOVERY; GEOLOGY;

COAL SEAM; HERBIVORE; HIATUS; LOCAL EXTINCTION; ORGANIC CARBON; PEATLAND; PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY; SWAMP; TETRAPOD; TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON; EXTINCTION RISK; PALEOBOTANY; PEAT SOIL; COAL GAP; EXTINCTION; PEAT FORMING PLANT; PERMIAN; TRIASSIC;

EID: 0029731880     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Aigner, T., and Bachmann, G. H., 1992, Sequence stratigraphic framework of the German Triassic: Sedimentary Geology, v. 80, p. 115-135.
2. Anderson, J. A. R., 1964, The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Borneo: Journal of Tropical Geography, v. 18, p. 7-16.
3. Anderson, J. M., and Anderson, H. M., 1983, Palaeoflora of southern Africa, Molteno Formation (Triassic). Vol. 1. Part 1. Introduction. Part 2. Dicroidium: Rotterdam, Netherlands, A. A. Balkema, 227 p.
4. Arnold, C. A., and Daugherty, L. H., 1964, A fossil Denstaedtioid fern from the Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Contributions of the Museum of Paleontology, v. 19, p. 65-88.
5. Ayers, W. B., and Kaiser, W. R., 1984, Lacustrine and interdeltaic coal in the Fort Union Formation (Palaeocene), Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, U.S.A., in Rahmani, R, A., and Flores, R. M., eds., Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences: International Association for Sedimentology Special Publication 7, p. 61-84.
6. Balme, B. E., 1989, Triassic biostratigraphic charts and explanatory notes: Canberra, Australia, Records of the Bureau of Mineral Resources Geology and Geophysics, v. 1989/37, 29 p.
7. Basinger, J. F., 1984, Seed cones of Metasequoia mitteri from the middle Eocene of southern British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 62, p. 281-289.
8. Baud, A., Magaritz, M., and Holser, W. T., 1989, Permo-Triassic of the Tethys: Carbon isotope studies: Geologische Rundschau, v. 78, p, 649-677.
9. Benton, M. J., 1987, Mass extinctions among families of non-marine tetrapods: The data: Societé Géologique de la France Mémoire 150, p. 21-32.
10. Besly, B. M., and Turner, P., 1983, Origin of red beds in a moist tropical climate (Etruria Formation, Upper Carboniferous, U.K.), in Wilson, R. C. L., ed., Residual deposits: Surface related weathering processes and materials: Oxford, Black-well, p. 131-147.
11. Betekhina, O. A., Nadler, Y. S., and Yuzvitsky, A. Z., 1984, Geology and coal tenor of the Kuznetsk Basin: Moscow, 27th International Geological Congress, Field Guide 50/58, p. 116-135.
12. Blackburn, D. T., and Sluiter, I. R. K., 1994, The Oligo-Miocene coal floras of southeastern Australia, in Hill, R. S., ed., History of Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 328-366.
13. Bose, M. N., Taylor, E. M., and Taylor, T. N., 1990, Gondwana floras of India and Antarctica - A survey and appraisal, in Taylor, T. N., and Taylor, E. L., eds., Antarctic paleobiology: New York, Springer, p. 118-148.
14. Briden, J, C., and Irving, E., 1964, Palaeolatitude spectra of sedimentary palaeoclimatic indicators, in Nairn, A. E. M., ed., Problems in palaeoclimatology: New York, Interscience, p. 199-204.
15. Brown, J. T., 1975, Equisetum clarnoi, a new species based on petrifactions from the Eocene of Oregon: American Journal of Botany, v. 62, p. 410-415.
16. Bull, S. W., and Cas, R. A. F., 1989, Volcanic influences in a storm-and tide-dominated shallow marine depositional system: The Late Permian Broughton Formation, southern Sydney Basin, Kiama, N.S.W.: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 569-584.
17. Bustin, R. M., and Dunlop, R. L., 1992, Sedimentologic factors affecting mining, quality and geometry of coal seams of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Mist Mountain Formation, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, in McCabe, P. J., and Parrish, J. T., eds., Controls on the distribution and quality of Cretaceous coals: Geological Society of America Special Publication 267, p. 117-138.
18. Campbell, H. J., 1994, The Triassic bivalves Daonella and Halobia in New Zealand, New Caledonia and Svalbard: New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 66, 165 p.
19. Campbell, I. H., Czamanske, G. K., Fedorenko, V. A., Hill, R. I., and Stepanov, V., 1992, Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 258, p. 1760-1763.
20. Campbell, M. R., 1925, The valley coal fields of Virginia: Geological Survey of Virginia Bulletin 25, 322 p.
21. Casshyap, S. M., and Tewari, R, C., 1984, Fluvial models of the Lower Permian coal measures of Son-Mahanadi and Koll-Damodar Valley basins, India, in Rahmani, R. A., and Flores, R. M., eds., Sedimentology of coal and coal-bearing sequences: International Association for Sedimentology Special Publication 7, p. 121-147.
22. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1988a, Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Lythraceae: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 63, p. 303-312.
23. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1988b, Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Araceae: American Journal of Botany, v. 75, p. 1099-1113.
24. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1989, Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nympheaceae: Botanical Gazette, v. 150, p. 207-217.
25. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1990a, Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Vitaceae: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 68, p. 288-295.
26. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1990b, Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 68, p. 1327-1339.
27. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., and Stockey, R. A., 1991, Pemineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Prunioideae: Botanical Gazette, v. 152, p. 369-379.
28. Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S., Erwin, D. M., and Stockey, R. A., 1993, Further observations on Palaeorosa similkameenensis (Rosaceae) from the middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 78, p. 277-291.
29. Chi, B. Y., and Hills, L. V., 1976, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of Devonian megaspores, Arctic Canada: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 24, p. 640-818.
30. Chitaley, S. D., 1974, Palaeogene angiosperms (excepting woods), in Surange, K. R., Lakhanpal, K. N., and Bharadwaj, D. C., eds., Aspects and appraisal of Indian palaeobotany: Lucknow, India, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, p. 321-331.
31. Claoué-Long, J. C., Zhang, Z. C., Ma, G.-G., and Du, S. H., 1991, The age of the Permo-Triassic boundary: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 182-190.
32. Collinson, J. W., Isbell, J. L., Elliot, D. H., Miller, M. F., and Miller, J. M. G., 1994, Permian-Triassic transantarctic basin, in Veevers, J. J., and Powell, C. McA., eds., Permian-Triassic Pangean basins and foldbelts along the Panthalassan margin of Gondwanaland: Geological Society of America Memoir 184, p. 173-222.
33. Cornet, B., and Olsen, P. E., 1990, Early to middle Carnian (Triassic) flora and fauna of the Richmond and Taylorsville Basins, Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A.: Virginia Museum of Natural History Guidebook 1, 83 p.
34. Daragan-Sushchov, Y. I., 1989, Development patterns of the Early Triassic lakes of the Tunguska syneclise: International Geology Review, v. 31, p. 1007-1017.
35. de Fauw, S. L., 1993, The Pangean dicynodont Rechnisaurus from the Triassic of Argentina, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 101-105.
36. Defline, M., 1913, Les resources de la France en combustibles mineraux, in McInnes, W. W., Dowling, D. B., and Leach, W. W., eds., The coal resources of the world: Toronto, Morang, v. 2, p. 469-711.
37. Deng W.-M., Liu G.-J., Wen S.-X., Jian Z.-T., and Zhang Z.-F., 1980, A general geological survey in Qangtang Plateau, north Xizang (Tibet): Scientia Geologica Sinica, v. 2, p. 142-255.
38. 86Sr curve: Chemical Geology, Isotope Geoscience Section, v. 112, p. 145-167.
39. de Papp, C., 1913, Les resources houillères de la Hongrie, in McInnes, W. W., Dowling, D. B., and Leach, W. W., eds., The coal resources of the world: Toronto, Morang, v. 2, p. 967-1012.
40. Diessel, C. F. K., 1992, Coal-bearing depositional systems: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 72 p.
41. DiMichele, W. A., and Phillips, T. L., 1994, Paleobotanical and paleoecological constraints on models of peal formation in the Late Carboniferous of Euramerica: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 39-90.
42. DiMichele, W. A., Phillips, T. L., and Olmstead, R. G., 1987, Opportunistic evolution: Abiotic environmental stress and the fossil record of plants: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 50, p. 151-178.
43. Dingle, R. V., Siesser, W. G., and Newton, A. R., 1983, Mesozoic and Tertiary geology of southern Africa: Rotterdam, Netherlands, A. A. Balkema, 375 p.
44. Dodson, P., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Bakker, R. T., and McIntosh, J., 1980, Paleoecology of the Jurassic Morrison Formation, western North America: Paleobiology, v. 6, p. 208-232.
45. Doelling, H. H., and Graham, R. L., 1972. Southwestern Utah coalfields: Alton, Kaiparowits Plateau and Kolob-Harmony: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Monograph 12, 333 p.
46. Edwards, D., and Edwards, D. S., 1986, A reconsideration of Rhyniophytina Banks, in Spicer, R. A., and Thomas, B, A., eds., Systematic and taxonomic approaches in palaeobotany: Systematics Association Special Volume 31, p. 201-222.
47. Ergolskaya, Z. V., 1936, Petrograficheskoe izuchenie barzasskikh uglei [Petrographic study of the Barzass coal]: Trudy Zhentralinoe Geologisheskoe Rasvestiya Instituta, v. 170, p. 5-58.
48. Erwin, D. H., 1993, The great Paleozoic crisis: New York, Columbia University Press, 327 p.
49. Erwin, D. H., 1994, The Permo-Triassic extinction: Nature, v. 367, p. 231-236.
50. Erwin, D. M., and Stockey, R. A., 1989a. Permineralized monocotyledons from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia: Alismatacae: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 67, p. 2636-2645.
51. Erwin, D. M., and Stockey, R. A., 1989b, Sapindaceous flowers from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Colombia, Canada: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 68, p. 2025-2034.
52. Erwin, D. M., and Stockey, R. A., 1994, Permineralized monocotyledons from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia: Arecaceae: Palaeontographica, v. B234, p. 19-40.
53. Eshet, Y., 1992, The palynofloral succession and palynological events in the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in Israel, in Sweet, W. C., Yang Z.-Y., Dickins, J. M., and Yin H.-F., eds., Permo-Triassic events in the eastern Tethys: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 134-145.
54. Falini, F., 1965, On the formation of coal deposits of lacustrine origin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1317-1346.
55. Farabee, M. J., Taylor, T. N., and Taylor, E. L., 1989, Pollen and spore assemblages from the Falla Formation (Upper Triassic), central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 61, p. 101-138.
56. 2 flux into the atmosphere during the final consolidation of Pangea: Geology, v. 23, p. 507-510.
57. Flores-Williams, H., 1978, Chilean, Argentine and Bolivian coals, in Kottlowski, F. E., Cross, A. T., and Meyerhoff, A. A., eds., Coal resources of the Americas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 179, p. 1-13.
58. Flügel, E., 1994, Pangean shelf carbonates: Controls and paleoclimatic significance of Permian and Triassic reefs, in Klein, G. de V., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, tectonics and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent: Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, p. 247-266.
59. Foster, C. B., Balme, B. E., and Helby, R., 1994, First record of Tethyan palynomorphs from the Late Triassic of East Antarctica: Australian Geological Survey Organisation Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, v. 15, p. 239-246.
60. Fredericksen, N. C., 1972, The rise of the Mesophytic flora: Geoscience and Man, v. 4, p. 17-28.
61. Galtier, J. L., and Phillips, T. L., 1985, Swamp vegetation from Grand Croix (Stephanien) and Autun (Autunian), France, and comparison with coal ball peats of the Illinois Basin: Ninth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Comptes Rendus, v. 5, p. 13-24.
62. Galtier, J., and Taylor, T. N., 1994, The first record of ferns from the Permian of Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 23, p. 227-239.
63. Gastony, G. J., 1969, Sporangial fragments referred to Dictyophyllum in Triassic chert from Sarawak: American Journal of Botany, v. 56, p. 1181-1186.
64. Gillespie, W. H., Rothwell, G. W., and Scheckler, S. E., 1981, The earliest seeds: Nature, v. 253, p. 176-177.
65. Glass, G. B., 1981, Coal deposits of Wyoming, in Reid, S. G., and Miller, D. D., eds., Energy reserves of Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association Annual Field Conference Guide-book, v. 32, p. 181-236.
66. Gloe, C. S., 1976, Brown coal, in Douglas, J. G., and Ferguson, J. A., eds., Geology of Victoria: Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 5, p. 378-389.
67. Goodall, D. W., 1983, Conclusion - The future of mires, in Gore, A. J. P., ed., Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 395-401.
68. Gorelova, S. G., Menishikova, A. V., and Khalfin, L. L., 1973, Fitostratigrafiya i opredelitelya rastenii verchnepaleozoiskikh uglenosnikh otlozhenii kuznetskogo basseina [Phytostratigraphy and fossil plants of the upper Paleozoic deposits of the Kuznetsk Basin]: Trudy Sibirskogo Institut Geologii, Geofizii i Mineralinogo Sirya Kemerova, v. 140, 169 p.
69. Gould, R. E., and Delevoryas, T., 1977, The biology of Glossopteris: Evidence from petrified seed-bearing and pollen-bearing organs: Alcheringa, v. 1, p. 387-399.
70. Gould, R. E., and Shibaoka, M., 1980, Some aspects of the formation and petrographic features of coal members in Australia, with special reference to the Tasman orogenic zone: Australian Coal Geology, v. 2, p. 1-29.
71. Gray, J., 1993, Major Paleozoic land plant evolutionary bioevents, in Geldsetzer, H. H. J., and Nowlan, G. S., eds., Event markers in Earth history: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 104, p. 153-169.
72. Grebe, H., 1970, Permian plant microfossils from the Newcastle Coal Measures/Narrabeen Group boundary, Lake Munmorah, New South Wales: Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, v. 12, p. 125-136.
73. Habicht, J. K. A., 1979, Paleoclimate, paleomagnetism and continental drift: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, v. 9, p. 1-31.
74. Hacquebard, P., and Donaldson, J. R., 1969, Carboniferous coal deposition associated with flood-plain and limnic environments in Nova Scotia, in Dapples, E. C., and Hopkins, M. E., eds., Environments of coal deposition: Geological Society of America Special Paper 114, p. 143-191.
75. Hallock, P., 1987. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: A factor in global diversity cycles: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 457-471.
76. Haq, B. U., Hardenhol, J.. and Vail, P. R., 1988, Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Paper 42, p. 71-108.
77. Harrington, H. J., 1958, Geology of Kaitangata coalfield: Geological Survey of New Zealand Bulletin 59, 131 p.
78. Helby, R. J., Morgan, R., and Partridge, A. D., 1987, A palynological zonation of the Australian Mesozoic: Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 4, 94 p.
79. Herbert, C., 1993. Tectonics of the New England orogen reflected in the sequence stratigraphy of the Narrabeen Group/coal measures of the Sydney Basin, in Flood, P. G., and Aitchison, J. C., eds., New England orogen, eastern Australia: Armidale, Australia, University of New England, p. 127-135.
80. Holser, W. T., 1984, Gradual and abrupt shifts in ocean chemistry during Phanerozoic time, in Holland, H. D., and Trendall, A. F., eds., Patterns of change in Earth evolution: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 123-143.
81. Holser, W. T., and Magaritz, M., 1987, Events near the Permian-Triassic boundary: Modern Geology, v. 11, p. 155-180.
82. Holser, W. T., Schidlowski, M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., 1988, Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur, in Gregor, C. B., Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., eds., Chemical cycles in the evolution of the Earth: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 105-173.
83. Hsü, K. J., and McKenzie, J. A., 1990, Carbon-isotope anomalies at era boundaries; global catastrophes and their ultimate cause, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward. P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 61-70.
84. Hubert, J. F., 1977, Paleosol caliche in the New Haven Arkose, Connecticut: Record of semiaridity in Late Triassic-Early Jurassic time: Geology, v. 5, p. 302-304.
85. Janoschek, W. R., and Matura, A., 1980, Austria, in Aubouin, J., ed., Geology of the European countries: Paris, Dunod, p. 1-88.
86. Kent, L. E., 1980, Stratigraphy of South Africa: South African Geological Survey Handbook 8, 690 p.
87. Kidston, R., and Lang, W. H., 1921, On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure from the Rhynie chert bed, Aberdeen-shire. Part V. The Thallophyta occurring in the peat bed, the succession of plants through a vertical section of the bed and the conditions of accumulation: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, v. 52, p. 855-902.
88. King, G. M., 1990, The dicynodonts: London, Chapman and Hall, 233 p.
89. Kitching, J. W., 1979, Preliminary report on a clutch of six dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation, northern Orange Free State: Palaeontographica Africana, v. 22, p. 41-45.
90. Knoll, A. H., 1984, Patterns of extinction in the fossil record of vascular plants, in Nitecki, M., ed., Extinctions: University of Chicago Press, p. 21-68.
91. 86Sr: Chemical Geology, Isotope Geoscience Section, v. 80, p. 327-349.
92. Koppes, S., 1994, Crunchy rock-and-fossil jellosalad: Arizona State University Research, v. 9, p. 20-23.
93. Krassilov, V. A., 1981, Orestovia and the origin of vascular plants: Lethaia, v. 14, p. 235-250.
94. Krassilov, V. A., 1992, Coal-bearing deposits of the Soviet Far East, in McCabe, P. J., and Parrish, J. T., eds., Controls on the distribution and quality of Cretaceous coals: Geological Society of America Special Publication 267, p. 263-267.
95. Kraus, M. J., and Middleton, L. T., 1987, Dissected paleotopography and base-level changes in a Triassic fluvial sequence: Geology, v. 15, p. 18-21.
96. Krumbiegel, G., Rüffle, L., and Haubold, H., 1983, Das Eozäne Geiseltal: Wittenberg, Lutherstadt, A. Ziemsen, 227 p.
97. Kushev, G. L., 1963, Karagandinskii uglenosnii bassein [Karaganda coal basin]: Alma Ata, Izdatelistvo Akademia Nauk Kazakhskoi S.S.R., 434 p.
98. Labandeira, C. C., and Sepkoski, J. J., 1993, Insect diversity in the fossil record: Science, v. 261, p. 310-315.
99. Lesnikowska, A., and Galtier, J., 1992, Permineralized Marattiales from the Stephanian and Autunian of central France: A reinvestigation of Grandeuryella renaullii (Stur) Weiss emend.: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 72, p. 299-315.
100. Li P.-J., and Wu X.-W., 1981, Late Triassic plants and their geographical provinces in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, in Liu D.-S., ed.. Geological and ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Science Press, and New York, Gordon and Breach, v. 1, p. 193-200.
101. Loope, D. B., 1988, Rhizoliths in ancient eolianites: Sedimentary Geology, v. 56, p. 301-314.
102. Lottes, A. L., and Ziegler, A. M., 1994, World peat occurrence and the seasonality of climate and vegetation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 23-37.
103. Luchnikov, V. S., 1982, Stratigrafiya uglenosnikh otlozhenii juri zhentralinogo Tadzhikistana [Stratigraphy of Jurassic coalbearing deposits of central Tadzhikistan]: Sovietskaya Geologii, p. 75-85.
104. MacDougall, J. D., 1988. Seawater strontium isotopes, acid rain and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Science, v. 239, p. 485-487.
105. Mader, D., 1990, Paleoecology of the flora in Buntsandstein and Keuper in the Triassic of middle Europe: Stuttgart, Germany, G. Fischer, 1600 p.
106. Magaritz, M., Krishnamurthy, R. V., and Holser, W. T., 1992, Parallel trends in organic and inorganic carbon isotopes across the Permian/Triassic boundary: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 727-739.
107. Matson, R. E., and Blumer, J. W., 1973, Quality and strippable 9 coal, selected deposits, southeastern Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 91, 135 p.
108. McCartney, K., Huffman, A. R., and Tredoux, M., 1990, A paradigm for endogenous causation of mass extinctions, in Sharpton, V. C., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 125-138.
109. McElroy, C. T., 1963, Geology of the Clarence-Moreton Basin: Geological Survey of New South Wales Memoir 9, 172 p.
110. McLean, J. R., 1982, Lithostratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing sequence, foothills of Alberta: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80-29, 46 p.
111. McPherson, J. G., 1980, Genesis of variegated redbeds in the fluvial Aztec Siltstone (Late Devonian), southern Victoria Land: Sedimentary Geology, v. 27, p. 119-142.
112. Mengel, D. C., and Carr, A. F., 1976, Ipswich coal field: Geological Survey of Queensland Report 94, 18 p.
113. Meyen, S. V., 1982, The Carboniferous and Permian floras of Angaraland (a synthesis): Lucknow, India, International Publishers, 109 p.
114. Meyen, S. V., 1987, Fundamentals of palaeobotany: London, Chapman and Hall, 432 p.
115. Millay, M. A., and Taylor, T. N., 1990, New fern stems from the Triassic of Antarctica: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 63, p. 41-64.
116. Moore, P. D., and Bellamy, D. J., 1974, Peatlands: New York, Springer, 221 p.
117. Moore, T. L., and Worsley, T. R., 1994. Orogenic enhancement of weathering and continental ice-sheet initiation, in Klein, G. de V., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, tectonics and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent: Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, p. 75-90.
118. Morante, R., 1993, Determining the Permian/Triassic boundary in Australia through C-isotopic chemostratigraphy, in Flood, P. G., and Aitchison, J. C., eds., New England orogen, eastern Australia: Armidale, Australia, University of New England, p. 293-298.
119. Morante, R., Veevers, J. J., Andrew, A. S., and Hamilton, P. J., 1994. Determination of the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia from carbon isotope stratigraphy: Australian Petroleum Exploration Association Journal, v. 34, p. 330-336.
120. Nalivkin, D. V., 1973. Geology of the U.S.S.R. [English translation by N. Rast]: Edinburgh, Scotland, Oliver and Boyd, 855 p.
121. Nambudiri, A. M. V., and Tidwell, W. D., 1978, On probable affinities of Viracarpon sahni from the Deccan intertrappean flora of India: Palaeontographica, v. B166, p. 30-43.
122. Nambudiri, E. M. V., Tidwell, W. D., and Chitaley, S., 1987, Revision of Sahniocarpon harrisii Chitaley & Pratil, based on new specimens from the Deccan intertrappean beds of India: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 47. p. 527-535.
123. Nichols, D. J., and Fleming, R. F., 1990. Plant microfossil record of the terminal Cretaceous event in the western United States and Canada, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 445-455.
124. Olsen, P. E., 1989, Stratigraphy, facies, depositional environments and paleontology of the Newark Supergroup, in Hatcher, R. D., Thomas, W. A., and Viele, G. W., eds., The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. F-2, p. 743-750.
125. Ortlam, D., 1971, Paleosols and their significance in stratigraphy and applied geology in the Permian and Triassic of southern Germany, in Yaalon, D. H., ed., Paleopedology: Jerusalem, Israel University Press, p. 321-327.
126. Palmer, A. R., 1983, The Decade of North American Geology time scale: Geology, v. 11, p. 503-504.
127. Parrish, J. M., Parrish, J. T., and Ziegler, A. M., 1986, Permian-Triassic paleogeography and paleoclimate, and implications for therapsid distribution, in Hotton, N., MacLean, P. D., Roth, J. J., and Roth, E. C., eds., The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles: Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 109-131.
128. Peters, M. D., and Christophel, D. C., 1978. Austrosequoia wintonensis, a new taxodiaceous cone from Queensland, Australia: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 56, p. 3119-3128.
129. Phillips, T. L., 1980, Stratigraphie and geographic occurrences of permineralized coal swamp plants - Upper Carboniferous of North America and Europe, in Dilcher, D. L., and Taylor, T. N., eds., Biostratigraphy of fossil plants: Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 25-92.
130. Phillips, T. L., Peppers, R. A., Avcin, M. J., and Loughnan, P. F., 1974, Fossil plants and coal: Patterns of change in Pennsylvanian coal swamps of the Illinois Basin: Science, v. 184, p. 1367-1369.
131. Pigg, K. B., 1990, Anatomically preserved Dicroidium foliage from the central Transantarctic Mountains: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 66, p. 129-145.
132. Pigg, K. B., and Taylor, T. N., 1990, Permineralized Glossopteris and Dicroidium from Antarctica, in Taylor, T. N., and Taylor, E. L., eds., Antarctic paleobiology: New York, Springer, p. 164-172.
133. Pigg, K. B., and Trivett, M. L., 1994, Evolution of the glossopterid gymnosperms from Permian Gondwana: Journal of Plant Research, v. 107, p. 461-477.
134. Pigg, K. B., Davis, W. C., and Ash, S., 1993, A new permineralized Upper Triassic flora from the Petrified Forest National park, Arizona: A preliminary report, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 411-413.
135. Pittman, E. F., 1913, The coal measures of New South Wales, in McInnes, W. W., Dowling, D. B., and Leach, W. W., eds., The foal resources of the world: Toronto, Morang, v. 1, p. 3-14.
136. Raup, D. M., 1979, Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications: Science, v. 206, p. 217-218.
137. Raymond, A., and Phillips, T. L., 1983. Evidence for an Upper Carboniferous mangrove community, in Teas, H. J., ed., Tasks for vegetation science: The Hague, Netherlands, Junk, v. 8. p. 19-30.
138. Renne, P. R., and Basu, A. R., 1991, Rapid eruption of the Siberian traps flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary: Science, v. 253, p. 176-177.
139. Renne, P. R. Zhang, I. C., Richards, M. A., Black, M. T., and Basu, A. R., 1995, Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crisis and Siberian volcanism: Science, v. 269, p. 1413-1416.
140. Retallack, G. J., 1975, The life and times of a Triassic lycopod: Alcheringa, v. 1, p. 3-29.
141. Retallack, G. J., 1976, Triassic palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales. Part I. Features of the paleosols: Geological Society of Australia Journal, v. 23, p. 383-399.
142. Retallack, G. J., 1977a, Triassic palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales. Part II. Classification and reconstruction: Geological Society of Australia Journal, v. 24, p. 19-35.
143. Retallack, G. J., 1977b, Reconstructing Triassic vegetation of eastern Australia: A new approach to the biostratigraphy of Gondwanaland: Alcheringa, v. 1, p. 253-283.
144. Retallack, G. J., 1979, Middle Triassic coastal outwash plain deposits in Tank Gully, Canterbury: Royal Society of New Zealand Journal, v. 9, p. 397-414.
145. Retallack, G. J., 1980, Late Carboniferous to Middle Triassic megafossil floras from the Sydney Basin, in Herbert, C., and Helby, R., eds., A guide to the Sydney Basin: Geological Survey of New South Wales Bulletin 26, p. 384-430.
146. Retallack, G. J., 1990, Soils of the past: London, Unwin-Hyman, 520 p.
147. Retallack, G. J., 1991, Untangling the effects of burial alteration and ancient soil formation: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 19, p. 183-206.
148. Retallack, G. J., 1994, A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1377-1397.
149. Retallack, G. J., 1995, Permian-Triassic life crisis on land: Science, v. 267, p. 77-80.
150. Retallack, G. J., and Dilcher, D. L., 1981, A coastal hypothesis for the dispersal and rise to dominance of flowering plants, in Niklas, K. J., ed., Paleobotany, paleoecology and evolution: New York, Praeger, v. 2, p. 27-77.
151. Retallack, G. J., and Ryburn, R. J., 1982, Middle Triassic deltaic deposits in Long Gully, near Otematata, north Otago, New Zealand: Royal Society of New Zealand Journal, v. 12, p. 207-217.
152. Retallack, G. J., Gould, R. E., and Runnegar, B., 1977, Isotopic dating of a Middle Triassic megafossil flora from near Nymboida, northeastern New South Wales: Linnaean Society of New South Wales Proceedings, v. 101, p, 77-113.
153. Retallack, G. J., Renne, P. R., and Kimbrough, D. L., 1993, New radiometric ages for Triassic floras of southeast Gondwana, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 415-418.
154. Robinson, J. M., 1990, Lignin, land plants and fungi: Biological evolution affecting Phanerozoic oxygen balance: Geology, v. 15, p. 607-610.
155. Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. R. P., 1988, Late Paleozoic transgressive-regressive deposition: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Paper 42, p. 227-247.
156. Sahni, B., 1932, A petrified Williamsonia from the Rajmahal Hills, India: Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, v. 20, p. 1-19.
157. Sahni, B., 1948, The Pentoxyleae - A new group of Jurassic gymnosperms from the Rajmahal Hills of India: Botanical Gazette, v. 110, p. 47-80.
158. Scheckler, S. E., 1986, Geology, floristics and paleoecology of Late Devonian coal swamps from Appalachian Laurentia (U.S.A.): Annales de la Societé Géologique de Belgique, v. 109, p. 209-222.
159. Schneider, W., 1990, Floral successions in Miocene bogs of central Europe, in Knobloch, E., and Kvaček, Z., eds., Proceedings of the Symposium on Paleofloristic and Paleoclimatic Changes in the Cretaceous and Tertiary: Prague, Geological Survey, p. 203-214.
160. Schubert, J. K., and Bottjer, D. J., 1992, Early Triassic stromatolites as post-mass extinction disaster forms: Geology, v. 20, p. 883-886.
161. Scotese, C. R., and Denham, C. R., 1988, Terra mobilis: Plate tectonics for the Macintosh: Austin, Texas, Earth in Motion Technologies (software).
162. Sereno, P. C., Forster, C. A., Rogers, R. R., and Monetta, A. M., 1993, Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria: Nature, v. 361, p. 64-66.
163. Shearer, J. C., Staub, J. R., and Moore, T. A., 1994, The conundrum of coal bed thickness: A theory for stacked mire sequences: Journal of Geology, v. 102, p. 611-617.
164. Smyth, M., 1980, Thick coal members: Products of an inflationary environment? Australian Coal Geology, v. 2, p. 53-76.
165. Spicer, R. A., and Chapman, J. L., 1990, Climate change and the evolution of high latitude terrestrial vegetation and floras: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, p. 279-284.
166. Stanley, G. D., 1992, Tropical reef ecosystems and their evolution, in Nierenberg, W. A., ed., Encyclopedia of earth system science: San Diego, California, Academic Press, v. 4, p. 375-388.
167. Steel, R. J., 1974, Cornstone (fossil caliche) - Its origin, stratigraphic and sedimentological importance in the New Red Sandstone, Scotland: Journal of Geology, v. 82, p. 351-369.
168. Stockey, R. A., 1983, Pinus driftwoodensis sp. n. from the early Tertiary of British Columbia: Botanical Gazette, v. 144, p. 148-156.
169. Stockey, R. A., 1984, Middle Eocene Pinus remains from British Columbia: Botanical Gazette, v. 145, p. 262-274.
170. Stockey, R. A., 1987, A permineralized flower from the middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada: American Journal of Botany, v. 74, p. 1878-1887.
171. Stockey. R, A., and Pigg, K. B., 1991, Flowers and fruits of Princetonia allenbyensis (Magnoliopsida, family indet.) from the middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia: Reviews of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 70, p. 163-172.
172. Stricker, G. D., 1991, Economic Alaskan coal deposits, in Gluskoter, H. J., Rice, D. D., and Taylor, R. B., eds., Economic geology, U.S.; Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. P-2, p. 591-601.
173. Stubblefield, S. F., and Taylor, T. N., 1988, Recent advances in palaeomycology: New Phytologist, v. 108, p. 3-25.
174. Suescún-Gomez, D., 1978, Coal deposits in Colombia, in Kottlowski, F. E., Cross, A. T., and Meyerhoff, A. A., eds., Coal resources of the Americas: Geological Society of America Special Paper 179, p. 49-56.
175. Taylor, E. L., and Taylor, T. N., 1990, Structurally preserved Permian and Triassic floras from Antarctica, in Taylor, T. N., and Taylor, E. L., eds., Antarctic paleobiology: New York, Springer, p. 149-163.
176. Taylor, E. L., and Taylor, T. N., 1993, Fossil tree rings and paleoclimate from the Triassic of Antarctica, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 453-455.
177. Taylor, E. L., Taylor, T. N., and Collinson, J. W., 1989. Depositional setting and paleobotany of Permian and Triassic permineralized peats from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 20-27.
178. Taylor, E. L., Taylor, T. N., and Cuneo, R. N., 1990, The present is not the key to the past: A polar forest from the Permian of Antarctica: Science, v. 257, p. 1675-1677.
179. Taylor, T. N., Taylor, E. L., and Del Fueyo, G., 1993, Permineralized Triassic plants from Antarctica, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 149-163.
180. Tidwell, W. D., Kim, J.-H., and Kimura, T., 1987, Mid-Mesozoic leaves from near Ida Bay, southern Tasmania, Australia: Royal Society of Tasmania Papers and Proceedings, v. 121, p. 159-167.
181. Vakhrameev, V. A., Dobruskina, J. A., Meyen. S, V., and Zaklinskaya, E. D., 1978, Paläozoische und mesozoische Floren Eurasiens und die Phytogeographie dieser Zeit: Jena, West Germany, G. Fischer, 300 p.
182. Veevers, J. J., 1989, Middle/Late Triassic (230 ± 5 Ma) singularity in the stratigraphic and magmatic history of the Pangean heat anomaly: Geology, v. 17, p. 784-787.
183. Veevers, J. J., 1990a, Tectonic-climatic supercycles in the billion year plate-tectonic eon: Permian Pangean icehouse alternates with Cretaceous dispersed-continents greenhouse: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 1-16.
184. Veevers, J. J., 1990b, Development of Australia's post-Carboniferous sedimentary basins: Australian Petroleum Exploration Association Journal, v. 16. p. 25-32.
185. Veevers, J. J., 1994, Pangea: Evolution of a supercontinent and its consequences for Earth's paleoclimate and sedimentary environments, in Klein, G. de V., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, tectonics, and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent: Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, p. 13-23.
186. Veevers, J. J., and Tewari, R. C., 1995, Gondwana master basin of peninsular India between Tethys and the interior of the Gondwanaland province of Pangea: Geological Society of America Memoir 187 (in press).
187. Veevers, J. J., Conaghan, P. J., and Shaw, S. E., 1994a, Turning point in Pangean environmental history of the Permo-Triassic (P-Tr) boundary, in Klein, G. de V., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, tectonics, and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent: Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, p. 187-196.
188. Veevers, J. J., Powell, C. McA., Collinson, J. W., and López-Gamundi, O. R., 1994b, Synthesis, in Veevers, J. J., and Powell, C. McA., eds., Permian-Triassic basins and foldbelts along the Panthalassan margin of Gondwanaland: Geological Society of America Memoir 184, p. 331-353.
189. Visscher, H., and Brugman, W. A., 1988, The Permian-Triassic boundary in the southern Alps: A palynological approach, in Cassinis, G., ed., Permian and Triassic boundary in the South Alpine segment of the western Tethys: Proceedings of a conference and additional reports: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 34, p. 121-128.
190. 13C evidence from British Columbia, Canada: Geology, v. 22, p. 580-584.
191. Wang, Z., 1993, Evolutionary ecosystem of Permo-Triassic red beds in north China: A historic record of global desertification, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 471-476.
192. Webb, J. A., and Fielding, C. R., 1993, Permo-Triassic sedimentation within the Lambert Graben, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, in Findlay, R. H., Unrug, R., Banks. M. R., and Veevers, J. J., eds., Gondwana Eight: Proceedings of the Eighth Gondwana Symposium. Hobart: Rotterdam, Netherlands, A, A. Balkema, p, 357-369.
193. Weber, K. I., 1993, Paleosols in Triassic sediments of southeast Germany, in Lucas, S. G., and Morales, M., eds., The non-marine Triassic: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3, p. 477-478.
194. Wen S.-X., Zhang B.-G., Wang Y.-G., Sun D.-L., Wang Y.-J., Chen C.-Z., Dong D.-Y., Liao W.-H., Chen T.-E., He G.-X., Mu X.-N., Yin J.-X., and Wu H.-R., 1981, Sedimentary development and formation of stratigraphie region in Xizang, in Liu D.-S., ed., Geological and ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Science Press, and New York, Gordon and Breach, v. 1, p. 119-130.
195. White, M. E., 1991, Time in our hands: Balgowlah, New South Wales, Reed, 191 p.
196. Wilson, R. L., 1975, Capella district, in Traves, D. M., and King, D., eds., Economic geology of Australia and New Zealand: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 6, p. 78-82.
197. Wood, R., 1993, Nutrients, predation and the history of reef-building: Palaios, v. 8, p. 526-543.
198. Worsley, T. R., Moore, T. L., Fraticelli, C. M., and Scotese, C. R., 1994, Phanerozoic CO: levels and global temperatures inferred from changing paleogeography, in Klein, G. de V., ed., Pangea: Paleoclimate, tectonics and sedimentation during accretion, zenith and breakup of a supercontinent: Geological Society of America Special Paper 288, p. 57-74.
199. Wu C.-L., Li S.-T., and Cheng S.-T, 1992, Humid-type alluvial fan deposits and associated coal seams in the Lower Cretaceous Haizhou Formation, Fuxin Basin of northeastern China, in McCabe, P. J., and Parrish, J. T., eds., Controls on the distribution and quality of Cretaceous coals: Geological Society of America Special Publication 267, p. 269-286.
200. Yang Z. Y., Chen Y. Q., and Wang H. Z., 1986, The geology of China: New York, Oxford University Press, 303 p.
201. Zahnle, K. J., 1990, Atmospheric chemistry by large impacts, in Sharpton, V. L., and Ward, P. D., eds., Global catastrophes in Earth history: Geological Society of America Special Paper 247, p. 271-300.
202. Ziegler, A. M., Scotese, C. R., McKerrow, W. S., Johnson, M. E., and Bambach, R. K., 1979, Paleozoic paleogeography: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, v. 7, p. 473-502.
203. Ziegler, A. M., Scotese, C. R., and Barrett, S. F., 1983, Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic maps, in Brosche, P., and Sündermann, J., eds., Tidal friction and the Earth's rotation: Berlin. Springer-Verlag, p. 240-252.
204. Ziegler, A. M., Parrish, J. M., Yao Y.-P., Gyllenhall, E. D., Rowley, P. B., Parrish, J. T., Nie S.-Y., Bekker, A., and Hulver, M. L., 1993, Early Mesozoic phytogeography and climate: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. B341, p. 297-305.
205. Ziegler, P. A., 1988, Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 43, 198 p.