A meta-analysis and review of holistic face processing

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 140, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1281-1302

  Richler, Jennifer J ^a   Gauthier, Isabel ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Expertise; Face perception; Holistic processing; Individual differences

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; META ANALYSIS; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RECOGNITION;

FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERCEPTION; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 84906858412     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037004     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Avidan, G., Tanzer, M., & Behrmann, M. (2011). Impaired holistic processing in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2541-2552.
2. Basso, M. R., Schefft, B. K., Ris, M. D., & Dember, W. N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 249-255.
3. Behrmann, M., Marotta, J., Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., & McKeeff, T. J. (2005). Behavioral change and its neural correlates in visual agnosia after expertise training. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 554-568
4. Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, A., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 551-565
5. Bilalíc, M., Langner, R., Ulrich, R., & Grodd, W. (2011). Many faces of expertise: Fusiform face area in chess experts and novices. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 10206 -10214
6. Boggan, A. L., Bartlett, J. C., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2012). Chess masters show a hallmark of face processing with chess. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 37-42
7. Boutet, I., Gentes-Hawn, A., & Chaudhuri, A. (2002). The influence of attention on holistic face encoding. Cognition, 84, 321-341
8. Brants, M., Wagemans, J., & Op de Beeck, H. P. (2011). Activation of fusiform face area by Greebles is related to face similarity but not expertise. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3949-3958
9. Bukach, C. M., Bub, D. N., Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2006). Perceptual expertise effects are not all or none: Spatially limited perceptual expertise for faces in a case of prosopagnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 48-63.
10. Bukach, C. M., Cottle, J., Ubiwa, J., & Miller, J. (2012). Individuation experience predicts other-race effects in holistic processing for both Caucasian and Black participants. Cognition, 123, 319 -324.
11. Bukach, C. M., & Gauthier, I. (2005). [Effect of study format on holistic face processing]. Unpublished raw data.
12. Bukach, C. M., Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2006). Beyond faces and modularity: The power of an expertise framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 159-166
13. Bukach, C. M., Philips, W. S., & Gauthier, I. (2010). Limits of generalization between categories and implications for theories of category specificity. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72, 1865-1874
14. Bushneil, I. W., Sai, F., & Mullin, J. T. (1989). Neonatal recognition of the mother's face. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 3-15
15. Butko, N. J., Fasel, I., & Movellan, J. R. (2006, June). Learning about humans during the first 6 minutes of life [Abstract]. Paper presented at the International Conference on Development and Learning, Bloomington, Indiana. Retrieved from http://mplab.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/69_butko_paper.pdf
16. Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1994). Are faces perceived as configurations more by adults than by children? Visual Cognition, 1, 253-274.
17. Cassia, V. M., Picozzi, M., Kuefner, D., Bricolo, E., & Turati, C. (2009). Holistic processing of faces and cars in preschool-aged children and adults: Evidence from the composite effect. Developmental Science, 12, 236-248
18. Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, I. (2005). [Holistic processing and working memory load]. Unpublished raw data.
19. Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, I. (2010). Selective interference on the holistic processing of faces in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 448 - 461
20. Cheung, O. S., Richler, J. J., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2008). Revisiting the role of spatial frequencies in the holistic processing of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1327-1336.
21. Cheung, O. S., Richler, J. J., Phillips, W. S., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Does temporal integration of face parts reflect holistic processing? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 476 - 483
22. Chua, K.-W., Richler, J. J., & Gauthier, I. (2014). Becoming a Lunari or Taiyo expert: Learned attention to parts drives holistic processing of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. Advance online publication.
23. Cochran, W. G. (1954). The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics, 10, 101-129.
24. Coory, M. D. (2010). Comment on: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 932
25. Crookes, K., & McKone, E. (2009). Early maturity of face recognition: No childhood development of holistic processing, novel face encoding, or face space. Cognition, 111, 219-247
26. Curby, K. M., & Gauthier, I. (2007). A visual short-term memory advantage for faces. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 620-628
27. Curby, K. M., & Gauthier, I. (2009). The temporal advantage for individuating objects of expertise: Perceptual expertise is an early riser. Journal of Vision, 9, 7
28. Curby, K. M., Glazek, K., & Gauthier, I. (2009). A visual short-term memory advantage for objects of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 94-107
29. Curby, K. M., Goldstein, R., & Blacker, K. (2013). Disrupting perceptual grouping of face parts impairs holistic face processing. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75, 83-91
30. Curby, K. M., Johnson, K. J., & Tyson, A. (2012). Face to face with emotion: Holistic face processing is modulated by emotional state. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 93-102
31. Dailey, M. N., & Cottrell, G. W. (1999). Organization of face and object recognition in modular neural networks. Neural Networks, 12, 1053-1074
32. DeGutis, J., DeNicola, C., Zink, T., McGlinchey, R., & Milberg, W. (2011). Training with own-race faces can improve processing of otherrace faces: Evidence from developmental prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2505-2513.
33. DeGutis, J., Wilmer, J., Mercado, R. J., & Cohan, S. (2013). Using regression to measure holistic face processing reveals a strong link with face recognition ability. Cognition, 126, 87-100.
34. De Haan, E. H. F. (1999). A familial factor in the development of face recognition deficits. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 312-315.
35. Dehaene, S., Pegado, F., Braga, L. W., Ventura, P., Nunes Filho, G., Jobert, A.,... Cohen, L. (2010, December 3). How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language. Science, 330, 1359-1364
36. Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (1998). Anxiety and attentional focusing: Trait, state, and hemispheric influences. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 745-761
37. Duchaine, B., & Nakayama, K. (2006). The Cambridge Face Memory Test: Results for neurologically intact individuals and an investigation of its validity using inverted face stimuli and prosopagnosic participants. Neuropsychologia, 44, 576-585.
38. Dundas, E. M., Plaut, D. C., & Behrmann, M. (2013). The joint development of hemispheric lateralization for words and faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 348 -358
39. Eimer, M. (2000). Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 10, 145-158
40. Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: An introduction to statistical power, meta-analysis and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
41. Engel, S. A., Harley, E. M., Pope, W. B., Villablanca, J. P., Mazziotta, J. C., & Enzmann, D. (2009). Activity in the fusiform face area supports expert perception in radiologists and does not depend upon holistic processing of images. In S. Berkman & D. J. Manning (Eds.), Medical imaging: Image perception, observer performance, and technology assessment (p. 72630M). Bellingham, WA: SPIE
42. Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. W. (1998). What is " special" about face perception? Psychological Review, 105, 482-498.
43. Freire, A., & Lee, K. (2001). Face recognition in 4- to 7-year-olds: Processing of configural, featural, and paraphernalia information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 80, 347-371
44. Gao, Z., Flevaris, A. V., Robertson, L. C., & Bentin, S. (2011). Priming global and local processing of composite faces: Revisiting the processing-bias effect on face perception. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73, 1477-1486.
45. Gauthier, I., & Bukach, C. (2007). Should we reject the expertise hypothesis Cognition, 103, 322-330.
46. Gauthier, I., Curran, T., Curby, K. M., & Collins, D. (2003). Perceptual interference supports a non-modular account of face processing. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 428-432
47. Gauthier, I., Klaiman, C., & Schultz, R. T. (2009). Face composite effects reveal abnormal face processing in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 49, 470-478
48. Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 191-197
49. Gauthier, I., Tanaka, J. W., & Brown, D. D. (2002). [Why does selective attention to parts fail in holistic face processing?]. Unpublished raw data.
50. Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. (2002). Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 431-446
51. Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform " face area" increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 568-573
52. Gauthier, I., Williams, P., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. W. (1998). Training " Greeble" experts: A framework for studying expert object recognition processes. Vision Research, 38, 2401-2428.
53. Goffaux, V. (2009). Spatial interactions in upright and inverted faces: Re-exploration of spatial scale influence. Vision Research, 49, 774-781.
54. Goffaux, V., & Rossion, B. (2006). Faces are " spatial" -Holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1023-1039
55. Goffaux, V., & Rossion, B. (2007). Face inversion disproportionately impairs the perception of vertical but not horizontal relations between features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 995-1002.
56. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York, NY: Wiley.
57. Grüter, T., Grüter, M., & Carbon, C.-C. (2008). Neural and genetic foundations of face recognition and prosopagnosia. Journal of Neuropsychology, 2, 79-97
58. Harrison, S. A., Gauthier, I., Hayward, W. G., & Richler, J. J. (2010). [Other-race effects are quantitative not qualitative in the composite paradigm]. Unpublished raw data.
59. Harrison, S. A., Gauthier, I., Hayward, W. G., & Richler, J. J. (in press). Other-race effects are quantitative not qualitative in the composite paradigm. Visual Cognition.
60. Higgins, J. P. T. (2008). Commentary: Heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be expected and appropriately quantified. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37, 1158-1160
61. Hills, P. J., Cooper, R. E., & Pake, J. M. (2013). First fixations in face processing: The more diagnostic they are the smaller the face-inversion effect. Acta Psychologica, 142, 211-219.
62. Hole, G. J. (1994). Configurational factors in the perception of unfamiliar faces. Perception, 23, 65-74.
63. Hsiao, J. H., & Cottrell, G. W. (2009). Not all visual expertise is holistic, but it may be leftist: The case of Chinese character recognition. Psychological Science, 20, 455-463.
64. Humphreys, L. G. (1990). Erroneous interpretation of difference scores: Application to a recent example. Intelligence, 14, 231-233.
65. Huntsinger, J. R. (2012). Does positive affect broaden and negative affect narrow attentional scope? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 595-600
66. Jacques, C., & Rossion, B. (2009). The initial representation of individual faces in the right occipito-temporal cortex is holistic: Electrophysiological evidence from the composite face illusion. Journal of Vision, 9, 8
67. Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1-19
68. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311.
69. Kanwisher, N., Tong, F., & Nakayama, K. (1998). The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area. Cognition, 68, B1-B11.
70. Konar, Y., Bennett, P. J., & Sekuler, A. B. (2010). Holistic processing is not correlated with face-identification accuracy. Psychological Science, 21, 38-43.
71. Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (2000). When inverted faces are recognized: The role of configural information in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A. Human Experimental Psychology, 53, 513-536.
72. Le Grand, R., Cooper, P. A., Mondloch, C. J., Lewis, T. L., Sagiv, N., de Gelder, B., & Maurer, D. (2006). What aspects of face processing are impaired in developmental prosopagnosia. Brain and Cognition, 61, 139-158
73. Loftus, G. R., Oberg, M. A., & Dillon, A. M. (2004). Linear theory, dimensional theory, and the face-inversion effect. Psychological Review, 111, 835-863
74. Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255-260.
75. Maurer, D., & Young, R. E. (1983). Newborn's following of natural and distorted arrangements of facial features. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 127-131.
76. McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 293-299
77. McGugin, R. W., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Gauthier, I. (2012). High-resolution imaging of expertise reveals reliable object selectivity in the fusiform face area related to perceptual performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17063-17068
78. McGugin, R. W., & Gauthier, I. (2010). Perceptual expertise with objects predicts another hallmark of face perception. Journal of Vision, 10, 15.
79. McGugin, R. W., Richler, J. J., Herzmann, G., Speegle, M., & Gauthier, I. (2012). The Vanderbilt Expertise Test reveals domain-general and domain-specific sex effects in object recognition. Vision Research, 69, 10-22.
80. McKone, E. (2008). Configural processing and face viewpoint. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 310-327
81. McKone, E. (2009). Holistic processing for faces operates over a wide range of sizes but is strongest at identification rather than conversational distances. Vision Research, 49, 268-283.
82. McKone, E., Kanwisher, N., & Duchaine, B. C. (2007). Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 8-15.
83. McKone, E., & Yovel, G. (2009). Why does picture-plane inversion sometimes dissociate perception of features and spacing in faces, and sometimes not? Toward a new theory of holistic processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(5), 778-797.
84. Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3-35.
85. Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C.-S., & Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of our own race. Psychological Science, 17, 608-615
86. Mondloch, C. J., Le Grand, R., & Maurer, D. (2002). Configural face processing develops more slowly than featural face processing. Perception, 31, 553-566.
87. Mondloch, C. J., Pathman, T., Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & de Schonen, S. (2007). The composite face effect in 6-year-old children: Evidence of adult-like holistic processing. Visual Cognition, 15, 564-577
88. Morton, J., & Johnson, M. H. (1991). CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition. Psychological Review, 98, 164-181
89. Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 353-383.
90. Op de Beeck, H. P., & Baker, C. I. (2010). The neural basis of visual object learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 22-30.
91. Palermo, R., Willis, M. L., Rivolta, D., McKone, E., Wilson, C. E., & Calder, A. J. (2011). Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1226-1235.
92. Richler, J. J., Bukach, C. M., & Gauthier, I. (2009). Context influences holistic processing of nonface objects in the composite task. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 530-540
93. Richler, J. J., Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, I. (2009). [Beliefs alter holistic face processing... if response bias is not taken into account]. Unpublished raw data.
94. Richler, J. J., Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, I. (2011a). Beliefs alter holistic face processing... if response bias is not taken into account. Journal of Vision, 11, 17
95. Richler, J. J., Cheung, O. S., & Gauthier, I. (2011b). Holistic processing predicts face recognition. Psychological Science, 22, 464-471.
96. Richler, J. J., Cheung, O. S., Wong, A. C.-N., & Gauthier, I. (2009). Does response interference contribute to face composite effects? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 258-263.
97. Richler, J. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). [Reliability of holistic face processing in the composite task]. Unpublished raw data.
98. Richler, J. J., & Gauthier, I. (2013). When intuition fails to align with data: A reply to Rossion (2013). Visual Cognition, 21, 254-276.
99. Richler, J. J., Gauthier, I., Wenger, M. J., & Palmeri, T. J. (2008). Holistic processing of faces: Perceptual and decisional components. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 328-342.
100. Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Gauthier, I., & Palmeri, T. J. (2009). Holistic processing of faces happens at a glance. Vision Research, 49, 2856-2861.
101. Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2009). [Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically]. Unpublished raw data.
102. Richler, J. J., Mack, M. L., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Inverted faces are (eventually) processed holistically. Vision Research, 51, 333-342.
103. Richler, J. J., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2012). Meanings, mechanisms, and measures of holistic processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 553.
104. Richler, J. J., Tanaka, J. W., Brown, D. D., & Gauthier, I. (2008). Why does selective attention to parts fail in face processing? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 1356-1368.
105. Richler, J. J., Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, I. (2011). Perceptual expertise as a shift from strategic interference to automatic holistic processing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 129-134.
106. Riesenhuber, M., Jarudi, I., Gilad, S., & Sinha, P. (2004). Face processing in humans is compatible with a simple shape-based model of vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271, S448- S450.
107. Ro, T., Friggel, A., & Lavie, N. (2009). Musical expertise modulates the effects of visual perceptual load. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71, 671-674.
108. Robbins, R., & McKone, E. (2007). No face-like processing for objectsof-expertise in three behavioural tasks. Cognition, 103, 34-79
109. Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382-439.
110. Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
111. Ross, D. A., Richler, J. J., & Gauthier, I. (2013). Reliability of composite task measurement of face holistic processing. Manuscript submitted for publication.
112. Rossion, B. (2008). Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception. Acta Psychologica, 128, 274-289.
113. Rossion, B. (2013). The composite face illusion: A whole window into our understanding of holistic face perception. Visual Cognition, 21, 139-253
114. Rossion, B., & Boremanse, A. (2008). Nonlinear relationship between holistic processing of individual faces and picture-plane rotation: Evidence from the face composite illusion. Journal of Vision, 8, 3.
115. Rossion, B., Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Despland, P. A., Bruyer, R., Linotte, S., & Crommelinck, M. (2000). The N170 occipito-temporal component is enhanced and delayed to inverted faces but not to inverted objects: An electrophysiological account of face-specific processes in the human brain. NeuroReport, 11, 69 -72.
116. Sagiv, N., & Bentin, S. (2001). Structural encoding of human and schematic faces: Holistic and part-based processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 937-951.
117. Schimmack, U. (2012). The ironic effect of significant results on the credibility of multiple-study articles. Psychological Methods, 17, 551-566.
118. Schultz, R. T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: The role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 125-141.
119. Schwartz, B. L., Marvel, C. L., Drapalski, A., Rosee, R. B., & Deutsch, S. I. (2002). Configural processing in face recognition in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 7, 15-39.
120. Searcy, J. H., & Bartlett, J. C. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 904-915.
121. Sekuler, A. B., Gaspar, C. M., Gold, J. M., & Bennett, P. J. (2004). Inversion leads to quantitative, not qualitative, changes in face processing. Current Biology, 14, 391-396
122. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
123. Susilo, T., Rezlescu, C., & Duchaine, B. (2013). The composite effect for inverted faces is reliable at large sample sizes and requires the basic face configuration. Journal of Vision, 13, 14.
124. Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A. Human Experimental Psychology, 46, 225-245.
125. Tanaka, J. W., Kaiser, M. D., Butler, S., & Le Grand, R. (2012). Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 961-977.
126. Thomas, D. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2012). Difference scores from the point of view of reliability and repeated-measures ANOVA: In defense of difference scores for data analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72, 37-43.
127. Todorov, A., Loehr, V., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2010). The obligatory nature of holistic processing of faces in social judgments. Perception, 39, 514-532.
128. Tsao, D. Y., & Livingstone, M. S. (2008). Mechanisms of face perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 411-437.
129. Valentine, T., & Bruce, V. (1988). Mental rotation of faces. Memory & Cognition, 16, 556-566
130. Wang, R., Li, J., Fang, H., Tian, M., & Liu, J. (2012). Individual differences in holistic processing predict face recognition ability. Psychological Science, 23, 169-177.
131. Weiner, K. S., & Grill-Spector, K. (2013). Neural representations of faces and limbs neighbor in human high-level visual cortex: Evidence for a new organization principle. Psychological Research, 77, 74-97.
132. Willenbockel, V., Fiset, D., Chauvin, A., Blais, C., Arguin, M., Tanaka, J. W., & Bub, D. N. (2010). Does face inversion change spatial frequency tuning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 122-135.
133. Wilmer, J. B., Germine, L., Chabris, C. F., Chatterjee, G., Williams, M., Loken, E.,... Duchaine, B. (2010). Human face recognition ability is specific and highly heritable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 5238-5241
134. Wong, A. C.-N., Bukach, C. M., Hsiao, J., Greenspon, E., Ahern, E., Duan, Y., & Lui, K. F. H. (2012). Holistic processing as a hallmark of perceptual expertise for nonface categories including Chinese characters. Journal of Vision, 12, 7.
135. Wong, A. C.-N., Bukach, C. M., Yuen, C., Yang, L., Leung, S., & Greenspon, E. (2011). Holistic processing of words modulated by reading experience. PLoS ONE, 6, e20753.
136. Wong, A. C.-N., & Gauthier, I. (2007). An analysis of letter expertise in a levels-of-categorization framework. Visual Cognition, 15, 854-879.
137. Wong, A. C.-N., Palmeri, T. J., & Gauthier, I. (2009). Conditions for face-like expertise with objects: Becoming a Ziggerin expert-but which type? Psychological Science, 20, 1108-1117.
138. Wong, A. C.-N., Palmeri, T. J., Rogers, B. P., Gore, J. C., & Gauthier, I. (2009). Beyond shape: How you learn about objects affects how they are represented in visual cortex. PLoS ONE, 4, e8405
139. Wong, Y. K., Folstein, J. R., & Gauthier, I. (2012). The nature of experience determines object representations in the visual system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 682-698.
140. Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, I. (2010). Holistic processing of musical notation: Dissociating failures of attention in experts and novices. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 541-551.
141. Xu, B., & Tanaka, J. W. (2013). Does face inversion qualitatively change face processing: An eye movement study using a face change detection task. Journal of Vision, 13, 22.
142. Xu, Y. (2005). Revisiting the role of the fusiform face area in visual expertise. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1234-1242.
143. Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141-145.
144. Young, A. W., Hellawell, D., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 16, 747-759.
145. Yovel, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). The neural basis of the behavioral face-inversion effect. Current Biology, 15, 2256-2262.
146. Zhou, G., Cheng, Z., Zhang, X., & Wong, A. C.-N. (2012). Smaller holistic processing of faces associated with face drawing experience. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 157-162.
147. Zhu, Q., Song, Y., Hu, S., Li, X., Tian, M., Zhen, Z.,... Liu, J. (2010). Heritability of the specific cognitive ability of face perception. Current Biology, 20, 137-142.