The psychopathy checklist-revised: Forensic applications and limitations

Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 230-265

  Hare, Robert D ^b   Black, Pamela J ^b   Walsh, Zach ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906360208     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203118740     Document Type: Chapter

References (249)

1. Abracen, J., Looman, J., Ferguson, M., Harkins, L., & Mailloux, D. (2011). Recidivism among treated sexual offenders and comparison subjects: Recent outcome data from the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) high-intensity Sex Offender Treatment Programme. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 17, 142-152.
2. Abracen, J., Looman, J., & Langton, C. M. (2008). Treatment of sexual offenders with psychopathic traits: Recent research developments and clinical implications. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 9, 144-166.
3. Acheson, S. K. (2005). Review of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, 2nd Edition. In R. A. Spies & B. S. Blake (Eds.), The sixteenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 429-431). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2011, June 21). Personality disorders. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/PROPOSEDREVISIONS/Pages/PersonalityandPersonalityDisorders.aspx (accessed March 2012).
6. Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological testing (5th ed.). London: Collier Macmillan.
7. Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
8. Archer, R. P., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Stredny, R. V., & Handel, R. W. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 84-94.
9. Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2006). Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. New York: Regan Books/HarperCollins.
10. Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (in preparation). The B-Scan 360 Manual.
11. Babiak, P., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 174-193.
12. Berger, K., Rotermund, P., Vieth, E. R., & Hohnhorst, A. (2012). The prognostic value of the PCL-R in relation to the SUD treatment ending. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35, 198-201.
13. Berrios, G. E. (1996). The history of mental symptoms: Descriptive psychopathology since the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Blackburn, R., & Coid, J. W. (1998). Psychopathy and the dimensions of personality disorders in violent offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 129-145.
15. Boer, D. P., Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R. & Webster, C. D. (1997). Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk-20: Professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. Vancouver: British Columbia Institute on Family Violence.
16. Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2007). Score metric equivalence of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) across criminal offenders in North America and the United Kingdom: A critique of Cooke, Michie, Hart, and Clark (2005) and new analyses. Assessment, 14, 44-56.
17. Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analyses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16, 155-168.
18. Book, A. S., & Quinsey, V. L. (2003). Psychopaths: cheaters or warrior-hawks? Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 33-45.
19. Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: Does Levenson's Self-Report Psychopathy Scale measure the same constructs as Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: Does Levenson's Revised? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1021-1038.
20. Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Edens, J. F., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, J. K. (2002). Psychopathy as a predictor of institutional misbehavior among sex offenders: A prospective replication. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 497-511.
21. Burns, T., Fazel, S., Fahy, T., Fitzpatrick, R., Rogers, R., Sinclair, J.,... Yiend, J. (2011). Dangerous severe personality disordered (DSPD) patients: Characteristics and comparison with other high-risk offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 127-136.
22. Buss, D. M. (2009). How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 359-366.
23. Caldwell, M., Skeem, J., Salekin, R., & Van Rybroek, G. (2006). Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: A 2-year follow-up. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 571-596.
24. Campbell, T. W. (2000). Sexual predator evaluations and phrenology: Considering issues of evidentiary reliability. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 111-130.
25. Campbell, T. W. (2007). The validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in adversarial proceedings. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 6, 43-53.
26. Catchpole, R. E. H., & Gretton, H. M. (2003). The predictive validity of risk assessment with violent young offenders: A 1-year examination of criminal outcome. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 688-708.
27. Clark, H. J., & Forth, A. E. (2004). Psychopathy in the court. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, Carleton University.
28. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
29. Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
30. Coid, J., & Yang, M. (2011). The impact of psychopathy on violence among the household population of Great Britain. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 473-480.
31. Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., & Hare, R. D. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 65-73.
32. Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., Moran, P., Bebbington, P.,... Hare, R. D. (2009). Psychopathy among prisoners in England and Wales. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 134-141.
33. Cooke, D. J., Kosson, D. S., & Michie, C. (2001). Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) in Caucasian and African-American participants. Psychological Assessment, 13, 531-542.
34. Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188.
35. Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hart, S. D., & Clarke, D. (2005). Searching for the pan-cultural core of psychopathic personality disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 283-295.
36. Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1999). The functioning of the Clinical Version of the Psychopathy Checklist: An item response theory analysis. Psychological Assessment, 11, 3-13.
37. Copestake, S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2011). A comparison of a self-report measure of psychopathy with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a UK sample of offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 22, 169-182.
38. Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 3-19.
39. Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (2002). Personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
40. Cox, J., DeMatteo, D. S., & Foster, E. E. (2010). The effect of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in capital cases: Mock jurors' responses to the label of psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 878-891.
41. Crocker, A. G., & Côté, G. (2009). Evolving systems of care: Individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder in custody of civil and forensic psychiatric services. European Psychiatry, 24, 356-364.
42. Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
43. Czar, K. A., Dahlen, E. R., Bullock, E. E., & Nicholson, B. C. (2011). Psychopathic personality traits in relational aggression among young adults. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 207-214.
44. Dahle, K. P. (2006). Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: A comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 431-442.
45. Dahlstrom, W. G., & Welsh, G. S. (1960). An MMPI handbook: A guide to use in clinical practice and research. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Press.
46. Declercq, F., Willemsen, J., Audenaert, K., & Verhaeghe, P. (2012). Psychopathy and predatory violence in homicide, violent, and sexual offences: Factor and facet relations. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17, 59-74.
47. Decuyper, M., De Fruyt, F., & Buschman, J. (2008). A five-factor model perspective on psychopathy and comorbid axis-II disorders in a forensic-psychiatric sample. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 394-406.
48. DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7, 256-273.
49. DeMatteo, D., & Edens, J. F. (2006). The role and relevance of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in court: A case law survey of U.S. courts (1991-2004). Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12, 214-241.
50. de Oliveira-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignácio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F., & Moll, J. (2008). Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage, 40, 1202-1213.
51. de Oliveira-Souza, R., Ignácio, R. A., Moll, J., & Hare, R. D. (2008). Psychopathy in a civil psychiatric outpatient sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 427-437.
52. Dolan, M., & Davies, G. (2006). Psychopathy and institutional outcome in patients with schizophrenia in forensic settings in the UK. Schizophrenia Research, 81, 277-281.
53. Dolan, M., & Doyle, M. (2000). Violence risk prediction: Clinical and actuarial measures and the role of the Psychopathy Checklist. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 303-311.
54. Doninger, N.A., & Kosson, D. S. (2001). Interpersonal construct systems among psychopaths. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1263-1281.
55. Doren, D. M., & Yates, P. M. (2008). Effectiveness of sex offender treatment for psychopathic sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 234-245.
56. Doyle, M., Dolan, M., & McGovern, J. (2002). The validity of North American risk assessment tools in predicting in-patient violent behaviour in England. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 141-154.
57. Douglas, K. S., & Webster, C. D. (1999). The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Concurrent validity in a sample of incarcerated offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 3-19.
58. Edens, J. F. (2001). Misuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in court: Two case examples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1082-1094.
59. Edens, J. F., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Colwell, K. W., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, J. K. (2002). Psychopathy and institutional misbehavior among incarcerated sex offenders: A comparison of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the Personality Assessment Inventory. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 49-58.
60. Edens, J. F., Buffington-Vollum, J. K, Keilen, A., Roskamp, P., & Anthony, C. (2005). Prediction of future dangerousness in capital murder trials: Is it time to "disinvent the wheel?" Law and Human Behavior, 29, 55-86.
61. Edens, J. F., Davis, K. M., Fernandez-Smith, K., & Guy, L. S. (2012). No sympathy for the devil: Attributing psychopathic traits to capital murderers also predicts support for executing them. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. doi:10.1037/a0026442.
62. Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. Jr. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 131-144.
63. Edens, J. F., Skeem, J. L., & Douglas, K. S. (2006). Incremental validity analyses of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version in a civil psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13, 368-374.
64. Felthous, A. R. (2011). The "untreatability" of psychopathy and hospital commitment in the USA. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 400-405.
65. Felthous, A. R., & Sass, H. (Eds.) (2007). International handbook on psychopathic disorders and the law (pp. 41-67). New York: John Wiley.
66. Forth, A. E., & Book, A. S. (2007). Psychopathy in youth: A valid construct? In H. Hervé & J. Yuille, J. (Eds.), The psychopath: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 369-387). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
67. Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996). The assessment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals: Reliability and validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 531-543.
68. Forth, A. E., Kosson, D., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare PCL: Youth Version. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
69. Fox, A. R., Kvaran, T. H., & Fontaine, R. G. (2012). Psychopathy and culpability: How responsible is the psychopath for criminal wrongdoing? Law and Social Inquiry. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01294.x.
70. Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.
71. Fulero, S. M. (1995). Review of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. In J. C. Conoley & J. C. Impara (Eds.), Twelfth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 453-454). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute.
72. Gacono, C. (Ed.). (2000). The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
73. Gao, Y., Glenn, A. L., Schug, R. A., Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009). The neurobiology of psychopathy: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal / La Revue de l'Association des Psychiatres du Canada, 54, 813-823.
74. Gazzaniga, M. S. (2008). The law and neuroscience. Neuron, 60, 412-415.
75. Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., & Smith, P. (2002). Is the PCL-R really the "unparalleled" measure of offender risk? A lesion in knowledge cumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 397-426.
76. Glenn, A. L., Raine, A. A., & Schug, R. A. (2009). The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 5-6.
77. Glover, A. J., Nicholson, D. E., Hemmati, T., Bernfeld, G. A., & Quinsey, V. L. (2002). A comparison of predictors of general and violent recidivism among high-risk federal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 235-249.
78. Gray, N. S., Fitzgerald, S., Taylor, J., MacCulloch, M. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL:SV and the HCR-20. Psychological Assessment, 19, 474-479.
79. Gray, N. S., Hill, C., McGleish, A., Timmons, D., MacCulloch, M. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2003). Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 443-451.
80. Gregory, S., Ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Howard, M., Hodgins, S., & Blackwood, N. (2012). The antisocial brain: Psychopathy matters. Archives of General Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2012.222.
81. Guay, J., Ruscio, J., Knight, R. A., & Hare, R. D. (2007). A taxometric analysis of the latent structure of psychopathy: Evidence for dimensionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 701-716.
82. Gustavson, C., Ståhlberg, O., Sjödin, A., Forsman, A., Nilsson, T., & Anckarsäter, H. (2007). Age at onset of substance abuse: A crucial covariate of psychopathic traits and aggression in adult offenders. Psychiatry Research, 153, 195-198.
83. Guy, L. S., & Douglas, K. S. (2006). Examining the utility of the PCL:SV as a screening measure using competing factor models of psychopathy. Psychological Assessment, 18, 225-230.
84. Guy, L. S., Edens, J. F., Anthony, C., & Douglas, K. S. (2005). Does psychopathy predict institutional misconduct among adults? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1056-1064.
85. Häkkänen-Nyholm, H., & Nyholm, J. O. (Eds.). (2012). Psychopathy and the law: A practitioners' guide. New York: Wiley Blackwell.
86. Hare, R. D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-119.
87. Hare, R. D. (1985). Comparison of the procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 7-16.
88. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
89. Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: A case of diagnostic confusion. Psychiatric Times, 13, 39-40
90. Hare, R. D. (1998a). Psychopaths and their nature: Implications for the mental health and criminal justice systems. In T. Millon, E. Simonson, M. Burket-Smith, & R. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 188-212). New York: Guilford Press.
91. Hare, R. D. (1998b). The Hare PCL-R: Some issues concerning its use and misuse. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 101-123.
92. Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (2nd ed.). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
93. Hare, R. D., Clark, D., Grann, M., & Thornton, D. (2000). Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 623-645.
94. Hare, R. D., and Cox, D. N. (1978). Clinical and empirical correlates of psychopathy, and the selection of subjects for research. In R. D. Hare and D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behaviour: Approaches to research (pp. 1-21). Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
95. Hare, R. D., & Frazelle, J. (1980). Some preliminary notes on the use of a research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia.
96. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. N. (2005). The PCL-R assessment of psychopathy: Development, structural properties, and new directions. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.
97. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217-246.
98. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2009). Psychopathy: Assessment and forensic implications. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 791-802.
99. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2010a). The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: Comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22, 446-454.
100. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2010b). Psychopathy: Assessment and forensic implications. In L. Malatesti & J. McMillan (Eds.), Responsibility and psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy (pp. 93-123). New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Hare, R. D., Neumann, C. S., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). Psychopathy. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of personality disorders (pp. 478-504). New York: Oxford University Press.
102. Harenski, C. A., Hare, R. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2010). Neuroimaging, genetics, and psychopathy: Implications for the legal system. In L. Malatesti & J. McMillan (Eds.), Responsibility and psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry, and philosophy (pp. 125-154). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103. Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991, August). Psychopathy and violent behavior: Two factors are better than one. Paper presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 1991.
104. Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2006). Treatment of psychopathy: A review of empirical findings. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 555-572), New York: Guilford Press.
105. Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Hilton, N. Z., Lalumière, M. L., & Quinsey, V. L. (2007). Coercive and precocious sexuality as a fundamental aspect of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 1-27
106. Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
107. Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1989). Discriminant validity of the Psychopathy Checklist. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 211-218.
108. Heilbrun, K., Hart, S. D., Hare, R. D., Gustafson, D., Nunez, C., & White, A. J. (1998). Inpatient and postdischarge aggression in mentally disordered offenders: The role of psychopathy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 514-527.
109. Hemphill, J. F., & Hare, R. D. (2004). Some misconceptions about the Hare PCL-R and risk assessment: A reply to Gendreau, Goggin, & Smith. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 203-243.
110. Hemphill, J. F., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. C. P. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 139-170.
111. Hemphill, J. F., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1994). Psychopathy and substance use. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 169-180.
112. Hervé, H., & Yuille, J. (Eds.). (2007) The psychopath: Theory, research, and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
113. Hicklin, J., & Widiger, T. A. (2005). Similarities and differences among antisocial and psychopathic self-report inventories from the perspective of general personality functioning. European Journal of Personality, 19, 325-342.
114. Hicks, M. M., Rogers, R., & Cashel, M. (2000). Predictions of violent and total infractions among institutionalized male juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 183-190.
115. Hicks, B. M., Vaidyanathan, U., & Patrick, C. J. (2010). Validating female psychopathy subtypes: Differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 38-57.
116. Hildebrand, M., & de Ruiter, C. (2004). PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM-IV Axis I and Axis II disorders in a sample of male forensic psychiatric patients in the Netherlands. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27, 233-248.
117. Hildebrand, M., de Ruiter, C., & de Vogel, V. (2004). Psychopathy and sexual deviance in treated rapists: Association with sexual and non-sexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 1-24.
118. Hill, C. D., Neumann, C. S., & Rogers, R. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in offenders with Axis I disorders. Psychological Assessment, 16, 90-95.
119. Hill, C. D., Rogers, R., & Bickford, M. E. (1996). Predicting aggressive and socially disruptive behavior in a maximum security forensic psychiatric hospital. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41, 56-59.
120. Hilton, N. Z., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Houghton, R. E., & Eke, A. W. (2008). An indepth actuarial assessment for wife assault recidivism: The Domestic Violence Risk Appraisal Guide. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 150-163.
121. Hobson, J., Shine, J., & Roberts, R. (2000). How do psychopaths behave in a prison therapeutic environment? Psychology, Crime, and Law, 6, 139-154.
122. Home Office & Department of Health. (1999). Managing dangerous people with severe personality disorder. London: Home Office and Department of Health. Retrieved from http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/persdis.html.
123. Howard, R., Khalifa, N., Duggan, C., & Lumsden, J. (2012). Are patients deemed "dangerous and severely personality disordered" different from other personality disordered patients detained in forensic settings? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 22, 65-78.
124. Jackson, R. L., Neumann, C. S., & Vitacco, M. J. (2007). Impulsivity, anger, and psychopathy: The moderating effect of ethnicity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 289-304.
125. Jackson, R. L., & Richards, H. J. (2007). Diagnostic and risk profiles among civilly committed sex offenders in Washington State. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 313-323.
126. Kennealy, P. J., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2007). Validity of factors of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in female prisoners: Discriminant relations with antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and personality. Assessment, 14, 323-340.
127. Kennealy, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Walters, G. D., & Camp, J. (2010). Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence? Psychological Assessment, 22, 569-580.
128. Khiroya, R., Weaver, T., & Maden, T. (2009). Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units. Psychiatric Bulletin, 33, 129-132.
129. Kiehl, K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research, 142, 107-128.
130. Koenigs, M., Baskin-Sommers, A., Zeier, J., & Newman, J. P. (2011). Investigating the neural correlates of psychopathy: A critical review. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 792-799.
131. Kosson, D., Neumann, C. S., Forth, A. E., Salekin, R. T., Hare, R. D., Krischer, M. K., & Sevecke, K. (2012). Factor structure of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) in adolescent females. Psychological Assessment.
132. Kosson, D. S., Steuerwald, B. L., Forth, A. E., & Kirkhart, K. J. (1997). A new method for assessing the interpersonal behavior of psychopathic individuals: Preliminary validation studies. Psychological Assessment, 9, 89-101.
133. Kroner, D. G., & Mills, J. F. (2001). The accuracy of five risk appraisal instruments in predicting institutional misconduct and new convictions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 471-489.
134. Kroner, D. G., Mills, J. F., & Reddon, J. R. (2005). A coffee can, factor analysis, and prediction of antisocial behavior: The structure of criminal risk. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 360-374.
135. Lake, A. J., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Li, W., Curtin, J. J., & Newman, J. P. (2011). Evidence for unique threat-processing mechanisms in psychopathic and anxious individuals. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 451-462.
136. Langton, C. M., Barbaree, H. E., Harkins, L., & Peacock, E. J. (2006). Sex offenders' response to treatment and its association with recidivism as a function of psychopathy. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 18, 99-120.
137. Langton, C. M., Hogue, T. E., Daffern, M., Mannion, A., & Howells, K. (2011). Personality traits as predictors of inpatient aggression in a high-security forensic psychiatric setting: Prospective evaluation of the PCL-R and IPDE dimension ratings. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 392-415.
138. Larsson, H., Viding, E., & Plomin, R. (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior: Genetic, environmental, and early parenting characteristics. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 197-211.
139. Leistico, A. R., Salekin, R. T., DeCoster, J., & Rogers, R. (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 28-45.
140. Lewis, K., Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2012). The Violence Risk Scale: Predictive validity and linking changes in risk with violent recidivism in a sample of high-risk offenders with psychopathic traits. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191112441242.
141. Lilienfeld, S. O. (1998). Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 99-125.
142. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Widows, M. R. (2005). Professional manual for the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
143. Lincoln, T., & Hodgins, S. (2008). Is lack of insight associated with physically aggressive behavior among people with schizophrenia living in the community? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 62-66.
144. Lindberg, N., Laajasalo, T., Holi, M., Putkonen, H., Weizmann-Henelius, G., & Häkkänen-Nyholm, H. (2009). Psychopathic traits and offender characteristics: A nationwide consecutive sample of homicidal male adolescents. BMC Psychiatry, 9 [full text].
145. Lloyd, C. D., Clark, H. J., & Forth, A. E. (2010). Psychopathy, expert testimony, and indeterminate sentences: Exploring the relationship between Psychopathy Checklist-Revised testimony and trial outcome in Canada. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15, 323-339.
146. Looman, J., & Ismail, G. (under review). Field inter-rater reliability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised.
147. Lorenz, A. R., & Newman, J. P. (2002). Do emotion and information processing deficiencies found in Caucasian psychopaths generalize to African-American psychopaths? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1077-1086.
148. Ly, M., Motzkin, J. C., Philippi, C. L., Kirk, G. R., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2012). Cortical thinning in psychopathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 743-749.
149. Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2012). Fearless dominance and psychopathy: A response to Lilienfeld et al. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 341-353.
150. Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2007). Using a general model of personality to identify the basic elements of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 160-178.
151. Lynn, R. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 273-316.
152. Malatesti, L., & McMillan, J. (Eds.). (2010). Responsibility and psychopathy: Interfacing law, psychiatry and philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
153. Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., Edens, J. F., & Poythress, N. G. (2006). Is antisocial personality disorder continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1571-1581.
154. Mathieu, C., Hare, R. D., Jones, D. N., Babiak, P., & Neumann, C. S. (2012). Factor structure of the B-Scan 360: A measure of corporate psychopathy. Psychological Assessment. doi: 10.1037/a0029262.
155. McCoy, W. K., & Edens, J. F. (2006). Do Black and White youths differ in levels of psychopathic traits? A meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist Measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 386-392.
156. Miller, A. K., Rufino, K. A., Boccaccini, M. T., Jackson, R. L., & Murrie, D. C. (2011). On individual differences in person perception: Raters' personality traits relate to their Psychopathy Checklist-Revised scoring tendencies. Assessment, 18, 253-260.
157. Miller, H. A., Amenta, A. E., & Conroy, M. A. (2005). Sexually violent predator evaluations: Empirical evidence, strategies for professionals, and research directions. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 29-54.
158. Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011, August 8). An examination of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory's nomological network: A meta-analytic review. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 305-326. doi:10.1037/a0024567
159. Millon, T. (1987). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
160. Millon, T., Davis, R., & Millon, C. (1997). MC MCMI-III manual (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
161. Mobbs, D., Lau, H. C., Jones, O. D., & Frith, C. D. (2007). Law, responsibility, and the brain. PLoS Biology, 5, 693-700. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050103.t001
162. Mokros, A., Neumann, C. S., Stadtland, C., Osterheider, M., Nedopil, N., & Hare, R. D. (2011). Assessing measurement invariance of PCL-R assessments from file reviews of North American and German offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 56-63.
163. Mokros, A., Osterheider, M., Hucker, S. J., & Nitschke, J. (2011). Psychopathy and sexual sadism. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 188-199.
164. Mokros, A., Stadtland, C., Osterheider, M., & Nedopil, N. (2010). Assessment of risk for violent recidivism through multivariate Bayesian classification. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16, 418-450.
165. Monahan, J., Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., Mulvey, E. P.,... Banks, S. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The McArthur study of mental disorder and violence. New York: Oxford University Press.
166. Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory-professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
167. Morrissey, C. (2003). The use of the PCL-R in forensic populations with learning disability. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 5, 20-24.
168. Morrissey, C., Hogue, T. E., Mooney, P., Lindsay, W. R., Steptoe, L., Taylor, J., & Johnston, S. (2005). Applicability, reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in offenders with intellectual disabilities: Some initial findings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 4, 207-220.
169. Morrissey, C., & Hollin, C. (2011). Antisocial and psychopathic personality disorders in forensic intellectual disability populations: What do we know so far? Psychology, Crime and Law, 17, 133-149.
170. Morrissey, C., Mooney, P., Hogue, T. E., Lindsay, W. R., & Taylor, J. L. (2007). Predictive validity of the PCL-R for offenders with intellectual disability in a high security hospital: Treatment progress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32, 125-133.
171. Murrie, D. C., Boccaccini, M. T., Turner, D. B., Meeks, M., Woods, C., & Tussey, C. (2009). Rater (dis)agreement on risk assessment measures in sexually violent predator proceedings: Evidence of adversarial allegiance in forensic evaluation? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 15, 19-53.
172. Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Johansson, P. J. (2012, May 28). The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), low anxiety, and fearlessness: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. doi:10.1037/a0027886.
173. Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Newman, J. P. (2007). The super-ordinate nature of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 102-117.
174. Neumann, C. S., Vitacco, M. J., Hare, R. D., & Wupperman, P. (2005). Reconstruing the "reconstruction" of psychopathy: A comment on Cooke, Michie, Hart, and Clark. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 624-640.
175. Newman, J. P., Hiatt, K. D., & MacCoon, D. G. (in press). Cognitive and affective neuroscience in disinhibitory psychopathology: Summary and integration. In D. Barch (Ed.), Cognitive and affective neuroscience of psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
176. Newman, J. P., & Schmitt, W. A. (1998). Passive avoidance in psychopathic offenders: A replication and extension, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 527-532.
177. Ogloff, J. P. R., & Chopra, S. R. (2004). Stuck in the dark ages: Supreme Court decision-making and legal developments. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10, 379-416.
178. Olver, M. E., Neumann, C. S., Wong, S. C. P., & Hare, R. D. (2012). The structural and predictive properties of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in Canadian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Psychological Assessment. doi: 10.1037/a0029840.
179. Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). A meta-analysis of predictors of offender treatment attrition and its relationship to recidivism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 6-21.
180. Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2009). Therapeutic responses of psychopathic sexual offenders: Treatment attrition, therapeutic change, and long-term recidivism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 328-336.
181. Olver, M. E., & Wong, S. C. P. (2011). Predictors of sex offender treatment dropout: Psychopathy, sex offender risk, and responsivity implications. Psychology, Crime and Law, 17, 457-471.
182. Patrick, C. J. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.
183. Paulhus, D. L., Hemphill, J. F., & Hare, R. D. (in press). Manual for the Self-report Psychopathy Scale (SRP-IV). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
184. Pedersen, L., Kunz, C., Rasmussen, K., & Elsass, P. (2010). Psychopathy as a risk factor for violent recidivism: Investigating the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) in a forensic psychiatric setting. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 308-315.
185. Pereira, N., Huband, N., & Duggan, C. (2008). Psychopathy and personality: An investigation of the relationship between the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in a hospitalized sample of male offenders with personality disorder. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18, 216-223.
186. Pham, T. H., Ducro, C., Maghem, B., & Réveillère, C. (2005). Évaluation du risque de récidive au sein d'une population de délinquants incarcérés ou internés en Belgique francophone / Prediction of recidivism among prison inmates and forensic patients in Belgium. Annales Médico-psychologiques, 163, 842-845.
187. Pham, T. H., & Saloppé, X. (2010). PCL-R psychopathy and its relation to DSM Axis I and II disorders in a sample of male forensic patients in a Belgian security hospital. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 205-214.
188. Porter, S., Birt, A. R., & Boer, D. P. (2001). Investigation of the criminal and conditional release profiles of Canadian federal offenders as a function of psychopathy and age. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 647-661.
189. Porter, S., & Porter, S. (2007). Psychopathy and violent crime. In H. Hervé & J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The Psychopath: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 287-300). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
190. Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., & Wilson, K. (2009). Crime profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 109-118.
191. Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. (2006). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
192. Quinsey, V. L., Jones, G. B., Book, A. S., & Barr, K. N. (2006). The dynamic prediction of antisocial behavior among forensic psychiatric patients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1539-1565.
193. Quinsey, V. L., Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1995). Actuarial prediction of sexual recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 85-105.
194. Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Seibert, L. A. (2011). Unprovoked aggression: Effects of psychopathic traits and sadism. Journal of Personality, 79, 75-100.
195. Reimann, B. J., & Nussbaum, D. (2011). Predicting seclusion in a medium secure forensic inpatient setting. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 150-158.
196. Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1997). Cross-validation and extension of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide for child molesters and rapists. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 231-241.
197. Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Cormier, C. A. (1992). An evaluation of a maximum security therapeutic community for psychopaths and other mentally disordered offenders. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 399-412.
198. Richards, H. J., Casey, J. O., & Lucente, S. W. (2003). Psychopathy and treatment response in incarcerated female substance abusers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 251-267.
199. Richards, H. J., Casey, J. O., Lucente, S. W., & Kafami, D. (2003). Differential association of Hare Psychopathy Checklist scores to HIV behaviors in incarcerated female substance abusers. Individual Differences Research, 2, 95-107.
200. Saleh, F. M., Malin, H. M., Grudzinskas, A. J. Jr., & Vitacco, M. J. (2010). Paraphilias with co-morbid psychopathy: The clinical and legal significance to sex offender assessments. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 211-223.
201. Salekin, R. T. (2008). Psychopathy and recidivism from mid-adolescence to young adulthood: Cumulating legal problems and limiting life opportunities. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 386-395.
202. Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203-215.
203. Samuel, D. B., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Ball, S. A. (2012). An expert consensus approach to relating the proposed DSM-5 types and traits. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 1-16.
204. Schiffer, B., Müller, B. W., Scherbaum, N., Hodgins, S., Forsting, M., Wiltfang, J.,... Leygraf, N. (2011). Disentangling structural brain alterations associated with violent behavior from those associated with substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1039-1049.
205. Schopp, R. F., Scalora, M. J., & Pearce, M. (1999). Expert testimony and professional judgment: Psychological expertise and commitment as a sexual predator after Hendricks. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 5, 120-174.
206. Serin, R. C., Mailloux, D. L., & Malcolm, P. B. (2001). Psychopathy, deviant sexual arousal, and recidivism among sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 234-246.
207. Sjöstedt, G., & Långström, N. (2002). Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: A comparison of four different measures. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8, 25-40.
208. Skeem, J. L., Edens, J. F., Camp, J. & Colwell, L. H. (2004). Are there ethnic differences in levels of psychopathy? A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 505-527.
209. Sreenivasan, S., Walker, S. C., Weinberger, L. E., Kirkish, P., & Garrick, T. (2008). Four-facet PCL-R structure and cognitive functioning among high violent criminal offenders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 197-200.
210. Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., Mulvey, E. P.,... Banks, S. (2000). A classification tree approach to the development of actuarial violence risk assessment tools. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 83-100.
211. Sullivan, E. A., Abramowitz, C. S., Lopez, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Reliability and construct validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised for Latino, European American, and African American male inmates. Psychological Assessment, 18, 382-392.
212. Swogger, M. T., Walsh, Z., Homaifar, B. Y., Caine, E. D., & Conner, K. R. (2012). Predicting self-and other-directed violence among discharged psychiatric patients: The roles of anger and psychopathic traits. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 42, 371-379.
213. Swogger, M. T., Walsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2007). Domestic violence and psychopathic traits: Distinguishing the antisocial batterer from other antisocial offenders. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 1-8.
214. Tengström, A. (2001). Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychology, 55, 243-249.
215. Tengström, A., Hodgins, S., Müller-Isberner, R., Jöckel, D., Freese, R., Özokyay, K., & Sommer, J. (2006). Predicting violent and antisocial behavior in hospital using the HCR-20: The effect of diagnoses on predictive accuracy. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 5, 39-53.
216. Tengström, A., Grann, M., Långström, N., & Kullgren, G. (2000). Psychopathy (PCL-R) as a predictor of violent recidivism among criminal offenders with schizophrenia. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 45-58.
217. Thornton, D. & Blud, L. (2007). The influence of psychopathic traits on response to treatment. In H. Hervé & J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The Psychopath: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 505-539). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
218. Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2012). Generalizing the nomological network of psychopathy across populations differing on race and conviction status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 263-269.
219. Verona, E., Sprague, J., & Sadeh, N. (2012). Inhibitory control and negative emotional processing in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 498-510. doi:10.1037/a0025308
220. Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2006). Psychopathy in women: Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 415-436). New York: Guilford Press.
221. Viding, E., Frick, P. J., & Plomin, R. (2007). Aetiology of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190 (Suppl. 49), s33-s38.
222. Viding, E., Larsson, H., & Jones, A. P. (2008). Review: Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 2519-2527 [special issue].
223. Vitacco, M. J., Gonsalves, V., Tomony, J., Smith, B. E. R., & Lishner, D. A. (2012). Can standardized measures of risk predict inpatient violence? Combining static and dynamic variables to improve accuracy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 589-606.
224. Vitacco, M. J., Neumann, C. S., & Jackson, R. L. (2005). Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 466-476.
225. Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., Neumann, C. S., Harrison, K. S., & Vincent, G. (2005). A Comparison of factor models on the PCL-R with mentally disordered offenders: The development of a four-factor model. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 526-545.
226. Vitale, J. E., Smith, S. S., Brinkley, C. A., & Newman, J. P. (2002). The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a sample of female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 202-231.
227. Wahlund, K., & Kristiansson, M. (2009). Aggression, psychopathy and brain imaging: Review and future recommendations. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 266-271.
228. Wallinius, M., Nilsson, T., Hofvander, B., Anckarsäter, H., & Stålenheim, G. (2012). Facets of psychopathy among mentally disordered offenders: Clinical comorbidity patterns and prediction of violent and criminal behavior. Psychiatry Research. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.005.
229. Walsh, Z., Allen, L. C., & Kosson, D. S. (2007). Beyond social deviance: Substance use disorders and the dimensions of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 273-288.
230. Walsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2007). Psychopathy and violent crime: A prospective study of the influence of socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 209-229.
231. Walsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2008). Psychopathy and violence: The importance of factor level interactions. Psychological Assessment, 20, 114-120.
232. Walsh, Z., Swogger, M. T., & Kosson, D.S. (2004). Psychopathy, IQ, and violence in European American and African American county jail inmates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 1165-1169.
233. Walsh, Z., Swogger, M. T., O'Connor, B. P., Chatav Schonbrun, Y., Shea, M. T., & Stuart, G. L. (2010). Subtypes of partner violence perpetrators among male and female psychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 563-574.
234. Walsh, T., & Walsh, Z. (2006). The evidentiary introduction of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised assessed psychopathy in U.S. courts: Extent and appropriateness. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 493-507.
235. Walters, G. D. (2003). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist factor scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541-558.
236. Walters, G. D., & Heilbrun, K. (2010). Violence risk assessment and facet 4 of the Psychopathy Checklist: Predicting institutional and community aggression in two forensic samples. Assessment, 17, 259-268.
237. Walters, G. D., Knight, R. A., Grann, M., & Dahle, K. (2008). Incremental validity of the Psychopathy Checklist facet scores: Predicting release outcome in six samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 396-405.
238. Warren, J. I., Burnette, M., South, C. S., Chauhan, P., Bale, R., Friend, R., & Van Patten, I. (2003). Psychopathy in women: Structural modeling and co-morbidity. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26, 223-242.
239. Webster, C., Douglas, K., Eaves, D. & Hart, S. (1997). HCR-20 assessing risk for violence: Version II. Burnaby, BC: Mental Health, Law & Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
240. Weiler, B. L., & Widom, C. S. (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6, 253-271.
241. Widiger, T. A., & Mullins-Sweatt, S. (2005). Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. In J. Oldham, A. Skodol, & D. Bender (Eds.), Textbook of personality disorders (pp. 35-53). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
242. Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 205-219.
243. Wilson, R. J., Looman, J., Abracen, J., & Pake, D. R. Jr. (2012). Comparing sexual offenders at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) and the Florida Civil Commitment Center. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. doi: 10.1177/0306624X11434918.
244. Wong, S. C. P., Gordon, A., & Gu, D. (2007). Assessment and treatment of violence-prone forensic clients: An integrated approach. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, s66-s74.
245. Wong, S. C. P., & Hare, R. D. (2005). Guidelines for a psychopathy treatment program. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
246. Woodworth, M., & Porter, S. (2002). In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 436-445.
247. Zolondek, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., & Fowler, K. A. (2006). The interpersonal measure of psychopathy: Construct and incremental validity in male prisoners. Assessment, 13, 470-482.
248. Zuckerman, M. (2003). Are there racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality? A critique of Lynn's (2002) racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1463-1469.
249. Zukauskiene, R., Laurinavicius, A., & Césniene, I. (2010). Testing factorial structure and validity of the PCL:SV in Lithuanian prison population. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 363-372.