Antisocial and psychopathic personality disorders in forensic intellectual disability populations: What do we know so far?

Psychology, Crime and Law

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 133-149

  Morrissey, Catrin ^a,b   Hollin, Clive ^c  

^a NOTTINGHAMSHIRE HEALTHCARE NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antisocial personality disorder; Intellectual disability; Iq; Learning disability; Psychopathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 78751613765     PISSN: 1068316X     EISSN: 14772744     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10683160903392442     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Abramowitz, C.S., Kosson, D.S., & Seidenberg, M. (2004). The relationship between childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems and adult psychopathy in male inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1031-1047.
2. Alexander, R., & Cooray, S. (2003). Diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 44 (Suppl.), 528-531.
3. Alexander, R.T., Crouch, K., Halstead, S., & Pichaud, J. (2006). Long-term outcome from a medium secure service for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 305-315.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
5. Blackburn, R., & Renwick, S.J. (1996). Rating scales for measuring the interpersonal circle in forensic psychiatric patients. Psychological Assessment, 8, 76-84.
6. Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Renwick, S., & Donnelly, J. (2003). Personality disorders, psychopathy and other mental disorders: Comorbidity among patients at English and Scottish high security hospitals. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14, 111-137.
7. Blackburn, R., Logan, C., Renwick, S., & Donnelly, J. (2005). Higher order dimensions of personality disorder: Hierarchical structure and relationships with the five factor model, the interpersonal circle and psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 597-623.
8. Blair, J. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 698-718.
9. Blair, J., Mitchell, D., & Blair, K. (2005). The psychopath: Emotion and the brain. Oxford: Blackwell.
10. Blair, J., Sellars, C., Strickland, I., Clark, F., Williams, A., Smith, M., & Jones, L. (1996). Theory of mind in the psychopath. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 15-25.
11. Brinkley, C.A., Newman, J., Widiger, T.A., & Lynam, D.R. (2004). Two approaches to parsing the heterogeneity of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 69-94.
12. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. St Louis, MO: Mosby.
13. Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St Louis, MO: Mosby.
14. Cooke, D.J., & Michie, C. (1997). An item response theory analysis of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist. Psychological Assessment, 9, 3-13.
15. Cooke, D.J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188.
16. Cooke, D.J., Michie, C., Hart, S.D., & Clark, D. (2005). Searching for the pan-cultural core of psychopathic personality disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 283-295.
17. Cooke, D.J., Michie, C. & Skeem, J. (2007). Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: An exploration of methodological confusion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, s3-s7.
18. Cooke, D.J., Hart, S.D., Logan, C. & Michie, C. (2008, July). Towards a clinically relevant measure of psychopathy: Some initial findings on the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Disorder (CAPP). Paper presented at the 18th European Association of Psychology and Law Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
19. Dolan, M. (2002). What neuroimaging tells us about psychopathic disorders. Hospital Medicine, 63, 337-340.
20. Dolan, B., & Fullam, R. (2005). Theory of mind and mentalising ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1-13.
21. D'Silva, K., Duggan, C., & McCarthy, L. (2004). Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 163-177.
22. D'Silva, K., & Hogue, T.E. (2003). DSM-IV personality disorder assessment procedure. Unpublished manuscript.
23. Embretson, S., & Reise, S.P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
24. Emerson, E. (2003). The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51-58.
25. Farrington, D.P. (2004). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 929-964.
26. Farrington, D.P. (2006). Family background and psychopathy. In C.J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 229-250). New York: Guilford Press.
27. Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23,000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359, 545-550.
28. Finlay, W.M.L., & Lyons, E. (2001). Methodological issues in interviewing and using selfreport questionnaires with people with mental retardation. Psychological Assessment, 3, 319-335.
29. Fletcher, R., Loschen, E., Stavrakaki, C., & First, M. (Eds). (2007). Diagnostic Manual - Intellectual Disability (DM-ID): A textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press.
30. Flynn, A., Matthews, H., & Hollis, S. (2002). Validity of the diagnosis of personality disorder in adults with learning disability and severe behavioural problems: Preliminary study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 543-546.
31. Forth, A.E., Hart, S.D., & Hare, R.D. (1990). Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 342-344.
32. Forth, A.E., Kosson, D., & Hare, R.D. (2003). Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV). Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
33. Gray, N., Fitzgerald, S., Taylor, J., MacCulloch, M.J., & Snowden, R.J. (2007). Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-SV, and the HCR-20. Psychological Assessment, 19, 474-479.
34. Hare, R.D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
35. Hare, R.D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (2nd ed). Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems.
36. Hare, R.D., & Neumann, C.S. (2005). Structural models of psychopathy. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7, 57-64.
37. Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Quinsey, V.L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a risk prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 315-335.
38. Hart, S.D., & Hemphill, J.R. (2002). Psychopathic personality disorder: Assessment and management. In E. Blaauw, & L. Sheridan (Eds), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 15-37). The Hague: Elsevier.
39. Hart, S.D., Cox, D.N., & Hare, R.D. (1995). The Hare PCL: SV. Toronto, Ontario: Multi- Health Systems.
40. Hastings, R.P., Beck, A., Daley, D., & Hill, C. (2005). Symptoms of ADHD and their correlates in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 456-468.
41. Hatton, C., & Emerson, E. (2004). The relationship between life events and psychopathology amongst children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 109-117.
42. Hemphill, J.F., Hare, R.D., & Wong, S. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 139-170.
43. Hill, J. (2003). Early identification of individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(Suppl. 44), 11-14.
44. Hiscoke, U.L., Langstrom, N., Ottosson, H., & Grann, M. (2003). Self-reported personality traits and disorders (DSM-IV) and risk of criminal recidivism: A prospective study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 293-305.
45. Holland, T., Clare, I.C.H., & Mukhopadhyay, T. (2002). Prevalence of criminal offending by men and women with intellectual disability and characteristics of offenders: Implications for research and service development. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(Suppl. 1), 6-20.
46. Ingamells, B. & Lascelles, M. (2004, April). A pilot study of adapted DBT for patients with personality disorder in a high secure setting. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference for the Care And Treatment of People with Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, Preston, UK.
47. Johanssen, P., Kerr, M., & Andershed, H. (2005). Linking adult psychopathy with childhood hyperactivity-impulsivity attention problems and conduct problems through retrospective self reports. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 94-101.
48. Karpman, B. (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: The symptomatic and the idiopathic. Journal of Criminology and Psychopathology, 3, 112-137.
49. Karpman, B. (1948). The myth of the psychopathic personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 104, 523-534.
50. Lykken, D.T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
51. Lindsay, W.R. (2007). Personality disorders. In N. Bouras & G. Holt (Eds), Psychiatric and behavioral disorders in developmental disabilities (2nd ed.) (pp. 143-153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Lindsay, W.R., Hogue, T., Taylor, J.L., Mooney, P., Steptoe, L., Johnston, S.O. et al. (2006). Two studies of the prevalence and validity of personality disorder in three forensic intellectual disability samples. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 17, 485-506.
53. Lindsay, W.R., Steptoe, L., Hogue, T.E., Taylor, J.L., Mooney, P., Hunt, F. et al. (2007). Internal consistency and factor structure of personality disorders in a forensic intellectual disability sample. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32, 134-142.
54. Lyall, I., Holland, A.J., & Collins, S. (1995). Offending by adults with learning disabilities: Identifying need in one health district. Mental Handicap Research, 8, 99-109.
55. Marshall, L., & Cooke, D.J. (1999). The childhood experiences of psychopaths. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 211-225.
56. Matson, J.L. (1988). Psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults. Orland Park, IL: International Diagnostic Systems.
57. McAlpine, C., Singh, N.N., Kendall, K.A., & Ellis, C. (1991). Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by persons with mental retardation: A matched comparison study. Behavior Modification, 16, 543-558.
58. McBrien, J., & Murphy, G. (2006). Police and carers' views on reporting alleged offenders by people with intellectual disabilities. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12, 127-144.
59. Mellor, K., & Dagnan, D. (2005). Exploring the concept of alexithymia in the lives of people with learning disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability, 9, 229-233.
60. Millon, T., Simonsen, E., Birket-Smith, M., & Davis, R.D. (Eds). (1998). Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior. New York: Guilford Press.
61. Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Jaffeee, S.R., Kim-Cohen, J., Koenen, K.C., Odgers, C.L. et al. (2008). Research Review: DSM-V conduct disorder: Research needs for an evidence base. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 3-33.
62. Moreland, J., Hendy, S., & Brown, F. (2008). The validity of a personality disorder diagnosis for people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 219-226.
63. Morrissey, C. (2003). The use of the PCL-R in forensic populations with learning disability. British Journal of Forensic Practice, 5, 20-24.
64. Morrissey, C. (2004, 2007). Evidence based guidelines for assessment of psychopathy in offenders with intellectual disabilities. Availableathttp://institutemh.org.uk/uploads/upload5249.
65. Morrissey, C. (2006). Assessment of psychopathy in offenders with intellectual disabilities. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, UK.
66. Morrissey, C., Hogue, T., Mooney, P., Lindsay, W.R., Steptoe, L., Taylor, J. et al. (2005). Applicability, reliability, and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in offenders with intellectual disabilities: Some initial findings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 4, 207-220.
67. Morrissey, C., Hogue, T., Mooney, P., Allen, C., Johnston, S., Hollin, C. et al. (2007a). The predictive validity of the PCL-R in offenders with intellectual disability in a high secure hospital setting: Institutional aggression. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 18, 1-15.
68. Morrissey, C., Mooney, P., Hogue, T., Lindsay, W.R., & Taylor, J. (2007b). Predictive validity of psychopathy in offenders with intellectual disability in high security: Treatment progress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 32, 125-134.
69. Morrissey, C., Cooke, D., Michie, C., Hollin, C., Hogue, T., Lindsay, W.R., et al. (in press). Structural, item and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist Revised in offenders with and without intellectual disabilities. Assessment.
70. National Institute for Mental Health in England (2003). Personality disorder: no longer diagnosis of exclusion. London: Department of Health.
71. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2009). Antisocial Personality Disorder: Treatment, management and prevention: full guideline. London: Department of Health.
72. Novaco, R.W., & Taylor, J.L. (2004). Assessment of anger and aggression in male offenders with developmental disabilities. Psychological Assessment, 16, 42-50.
73. Patrick, C.J. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.
74. Pilgrim, J., & Mann, A. (1990). Use of the ICD-10 version of the Standardized Assessment of Personality to determine the prevalence of personality disorder in psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Medicine, 20, 985-992.
75. Prout, H.T., & Strohmer, D.C. (1991). The Emotional Problem Scales. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
76. Quinsey, V.L., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Cormier, C. (1998). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
77. Reid, A.H., Lindsay, W.R., Law, J., & Sturmey, P. (2004). The relationship of offending behaviour and personality disorder in people with developmental disabilities. In W.R. Lindsay, J. Taylor, & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Offenders with developmental disabilities (pp. 151-164). Chichester: Wiley.
78. Robins, L.N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult outcome. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611-622.
79. Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2001). Diagnostic criteria for learning disability (DC LD). London: Gaskell.
80. Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behaviour by young people. New York: Cambridge University Press.
81. Salekin, R., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K.W. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203-215.
82. Salekin, R.T. (2002). Psychopathy and therapeutic pessimism: Clinical lore or clinical reality? Clinical Psychopathy Review, 22, 79-112.
83. Salekin, R.T., Neumann, C.S., Leistico, A.R., & Zalot, A.A. (2004). Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: An investigation of Cleckley's hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 731-742.
84. Shine, J.H., & Hobson, J.A. (1997). Construct validation of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist- Revised on a UK prison population. The British Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 8, 546-564.
85. Skeem, J., & Cooke, D.J. (in press). Is criminal behaviour a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment.
86. Skilling, T.A., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Quinsey, V.L. (2002). Identifying persistently antisocial offenders using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and DSM Antisocial Personality Disorder Criteria. Psychological Assessment, 14, 27-38.
87. Söderström, H., Sjodin, A.K., Carlstedt, A., & Forsman, A. (2004). Adult psychopathic personality with childhood-onset hyperactivity and conduct disorder: A central problem constellation in forensic psychiatry. Psychiatry Research, 121, 271-280.
88. Sovner, R., & Hurley, A.D. (1983). Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness? Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 61-67.
89. Torr, J. (2003). Personality disorder in intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 517-521.
90. Ullrich, S., & Marneros, A. (2007). Underlying dimensions of ICD-10 personality disorders: Risk factors, childhood antecedents, and adverse outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 18, 44-58.
91. Viding, E., Blair, R.J.R., Moffitt, R.E., & Plomin, R. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7 year olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592-597.
92. Vitacco, M.J., Neumann, C.S., & Jackson, R.L. (2005). Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 466-476.
93. Vitacco, M.J., Neumann, C.S., & Wodushek, T. (2008). Differential relationships between the dimensions of psychopathy and intelligence: Replication with adult jail inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 48-55.
94. Vizard, E., French, L., Hickey, N., & Bladon, E. (2004). Severe personality disorder emerging in childhood: A proposal for a new developmental disorder. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 14, 17-28.
95. Walters, G.D. (2003). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist factor scores: A meta analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541-558.
96. Webster, C.D., Douglas, K.S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S.D. (1997). The HCR-20 scheme (version 2): The assessment of risk for violence. Burnaby, BC: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
97. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
98. Zigler, E., & Bennett-Gates, D. (1999). Personality development in individuals with mental retardation. Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press.