Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Volumn 33, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1921-1929

  Ahrens, Lutz ^a   Bundschuh, Mirco ^a,b  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^b University of Koblenz Landau   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aquatic environment; Effects; Fate; Multiple stressors; Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); Species interaction; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; CARBOXYLATION; DEGRADATION; ECOSYSTEMS; METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS; MIXTURES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; TOXICITY;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; EFFECTS; FATE; MULTIPLE STRESSORS; PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATES; SPECIES INTERACTIONS;

CHAINS;

ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ALBUMIN; ALCOHOL DERIVATIVE; ALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; FLUORINE DERIVATIVE; INDUSTRIAL TOXIC SUBSTANCE; N:2 FLUOROTELOMER ALCOHOL DERIVATIVE; N:2 FLUOROTELOMER CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; N:2 FLUOROTELOMER SATURATED ALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; N:2 FLUOROTELOMER UNSATURATED ALDEHYDE DERIVATIVE; N:2 FLUOROTELOMER UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ORGANIC MATTER; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PERFLUOROALKYL CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PERFLUOROALKYL PHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCE; PERFLUOROALKYL SULFONAMIDOACETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PERFLUOROALKYL SULFONAMIDOETHANOL DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; POLYFLUOROALKYL PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTER DERIVATIVE; POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCE; RUNOFF; SULFONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; X:2 FLUOROTELOMER SULFONIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

AQUATIC COMMUNITY; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BIOACCUMULATION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; EMISSION; LITERATURE REVIEW; NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION; ORGANIC COMPOUND; POLLUTION EFFECT; SEWAGE TREATMENT;

ACUTE TOXICITY; ADVERSE OUTCOME; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BINDING AFFINITY; BIOACCUMULATION; BIODEGRADATION; BIOSOLID; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOOD WEB; GENE EXPRESSION; GREEN ALGA; HYDROPHOBICITY; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; INVERTEBRATE; LEAF LITTER; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTOBACTERIUM PHOSPHOREUM; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER POLLUTION; ZEBRA FISH;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; EFFECTS; FATE; MULTIPLE STRESSORS; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE (PFOS); POLYFLUOROALKYL AND PERFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFASS); SPECIES INTERACTION; TOXICITY;

ALKANESULFONIC ACIDS; ANIMALS; CAPRYLATES; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FLUOROCARBONS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84906312920     PISSN: 07307268     EISSN: 15528618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/etc.2663     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Muir DCG. 2003. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22:196-204.
2. Giesy JP, Kannan K. 2001. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35:1339-1342.
3. Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Horii Y, Petrick G, Gamo T. 2005. A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans. Mar Pollut Bull 51:658-668.
4. Shoeib M, Harner T, Vlahos P. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in the Arctic atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 40:7577-7583.
5. Houde M, Martin JW, Letcher RJ, Solomon KR, Muir DCG. 2006. Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environ Sci Technol 40:3463-3473.
6. Ahrens L. 2011. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: A review of their occurrence and fate. J Environ Monit 13:20-31.
7. Paul AG, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. 2009. A first global production, emission, and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Environ Sci Technol 43:386-392.
8. Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, De Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, Van Leeuwen SPJ. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag 7:513-541.
9. Renner R. 2006. The long and the short of perfluorinated replacements. Environ Sci Technol 40:12-13.
10. Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH. 2006. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol 40:32-44.
11. Giesy JP, Naile JE, Khim JS, Jones KC, Newsted JL. 2010. Aquatic toxicology of perfluorinated chemicals. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 202:1-52.
12. Ding G, Peijnenburg WJGM. 2013. Physicochemical properties and aquatic toxicity of poly- and perfluorinated compounds. Crit Rev Env Sci Tech 43:598-678.
13. Wang T, Lin Z, Yin D, Tian D, Zhang Y, Kong D. 2011. Hydrophobicity-dependent QSARs to predict the toxicity of perfluorinated carboxylic acids and their mixtures. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 32:259-265.
14. Rayne S, Forest K. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids: A critical review of physicochemical properties, levels and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and treatment methods. J Environ Sci Health A 44:1145-1199.
15. European Union. 2006. Directive 2006/122/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 amending for the 30th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on amrketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (perfluorooctane sulfonates). Off J Eur Union L372:32-34.
16. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. PFOA Stewardship Program. EPA HQ/OPPT/2006/0621. Washington, DC.
17. Zhang L, Liu J, Hu J, Liu C, Guo W, Wang Q, Wang H. 2012. The inventory of sources, environmental releases and risk assessment for perfluorooctane sulfonate in China. Environ Pollut 165:193-198.
18. Möller A, Ahrens L, Surm R, Westerveld J, Van Der Wielen F, Ebinghaus R, De Voogt P. 2010. Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine watershed. Environ Pollut 158:3243-3250.
19. Butt CM, Muir DCG, Mabury SA. 2014. Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environ Toxicol Chem 33:243-267.
20. Schultz MM, Higgins CP, Huset CA, Luthy RG, Barofsky DF, Field JA. 2006. Fluorochemical mass flows in a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Environ Sci Technol 40:7350-7357.
21. Huset CA, Chiaia AC, Barfosky DF, Jonkers N, Kohler H-PE, Ort C, Giger W, Field JA. 2008. Occurrence and mass flows of fluorochemicals in the Glatt Valley watershed, Switzerland. Environ Sci Technol 42:6369-6377.
22. Ahrens L, Felizeter S, Sturm R, Xie Z, Ebinghaus R. 2009. Polyfluorinated compounds in waste water treatment plant effluents and surface waters along the River Elbe, Germany. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1326-1333.
23. Busch J, Ahrens L, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. 2010. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates. Environ Pollut 158:1467-1471.
24. Hollender J, Zimmermann SG, Koepke S, Krauss M, McArdell CS, Ort C, Singer H, Von Gunten U, Siegrist H. 2009. Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environ Sci Technol 43:7862-7869.
25. Ochoa-Herrera V, Sierra-Alvarez R. 2008. Removal of perfluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated carbon, zeolite and sludge. Chemosphere 72:1588-1593.
26. Steinle-Darling E, Reinhard M. 2008. Nanofiltration for trace organic contaminant removal: Structure, solution, and membrane fouling effects on the rejection of perfluorochemicals. Environ Sci Technol 42:5292-5297.
27. Moody CA, Martin JW, Kwan WC, Muir DCG, Mabury SA. 2002. Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of fire-fighting foam into Etobicoke Creek. Environ Sci Technol 36:545-551.
28. Eschauzier C, Haftka J, Stuyfzand PJ, De Voogt P. 2010. Perfluorinated compounds in infiltrated River Rhine water and infiltrated rainwater in coastal dunes. Environ Sci Technol 44:7450-7455.
29. Vierke L, Möller A, Klitzke S. 2014. Transport of perfluoroalkyl acids in a water-saturated sediment column investigated under near-natural conditions. Environ Pollut 186:7-13.
30. Davis KL, Aucoin MD, Larsen BS, Kaiser MA, Hartten AS. 2007. Transport of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in environmental media near a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility. Chemosphere 67:2011-2019.
31. Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Harner T, Lee SC, Guo R, Reiner EJ. 2011. Wastewater treatment plant and landfills as sources of polyfluoroalkyl compounds to the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 45:8098-8105.
32. Shoeib M, Harner T. M., Webster G, Lee SC, 2011. Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol 45:7999-8005.
33. Jahnke A, Ahrens L, Ebinghaus R, Temme C. 2007. Urban versus remote air concentrations of fluorotelomer alcohols and other polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 41:745-752.
34. Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Del Vento S, Codling G, Halsall C. 2011. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere. Environ Chem 8:399-406.
35. Young CJ, Mabury SA. 2010. Atmospheric perfluorinated acid precursors: Chemistry, occurrence, and impacts. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 208:1-109.
36. Sepulvado JG, Blaine AC, Hundal LS, Higgins CP. 2011. Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids. Environ Sci Technol 45:8106-8112.
37. Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Moon HB, Kwok KY, Lam PKS, Horii Y, Petrick G, Kannan K. 2013. Does wet precipitation represent local and regional atmospheric transportation by perfluorinated alkyl substances? Environ Int 55:25-32.
38. Zhao L, Zhou M, Zhang T, Sun H. 2013. Polyfluorinated and perfluorinated chemicals in precipitation and runoff from cities across eastern and central China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 64:198-207.
39. Martin JW, Ellis DA, Mabury SA, Hurley MD, Wallington TJ. 2006. Atmospheric chemistry of perfluoroalkanesulfonamides: Kinetic and product studies of the OH radical and Cl atom initiated oxidation of n-ethyl perfluorobutanesulfonamide. Environ Sci Technol 40:864-872.
40. Rand AA, Rooney JP, Butt CM, Meyer JN, Mabury SA. 2014. Cellular toxicity associated with exposure to perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and their metabolic precursors. Chem Res Toxicol 27:42-50.
41. Phillips MM, Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Sibley PK. 2010. Chronic toxicity of fluorotelomer acids to Daphnia magna and Chironomus dilutus. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1123-1131.
42. Phillips MM, Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Sibley PK. 2007. Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids. Environ Sci Technol 41:7159-7163.
43. Hoke RA, Bouchelle LD, Ferrell BD, Buck RC. 2012. Comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary PNEC development for eight fluorinated acids. Chemosphere 87:725-733.
44. Ahrens L, Barber JL, Xie Z, Ebinghaus R. 2009. Longitudinal and latitudinal distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the surface water of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 43:3122-3127.
45. McMurdo CJ, Ellis DA, Webster E, Butler J, Christensen RD, Reid LK. 2008. Aerosol enrichment of the surfactant PFO and mediation of the water-air transport of gaseous PFOA. Environ Sci Technol 42:3969-3974.
46. Wania F. 2007. A global mass balance analysis of the source of perfluorocarboxylic acids in the Arctic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 41:4529-4535.
47. Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Petrick G, Wei S, Gamo T, Lam PKS, Kannan K. 2008. Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters. Chemosphere 70:1247-1255.
48. Inoue Y, Hashizume N, Yakata N, Murakami H, Suzuki Y, Kikushima E, Otsuka M. 2012. Unique physicochemical properties of perfluorinated compounds and their bioconcentration in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 62:672-680.
49. Ahrens L, Taniyasu S, Yeung LWY, Yamashita N, Lam PKS, Ebinghaus R. 2010. Distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Chemosphere 79:266-272.
50. Luebker DJ, Hansen KJ, Bass NM, Butenhoff JL, Seacat AM. 2002. Interactions of flurochemicals with rat liver fatty acid-binding protein. Toxicology 176:175-185.
51. Ahrens L, Siebert U, Ebinghaus R. 2009. Total body burden and tissue distribution of polyfluorinated compounds in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German Bight. Mar Pollut Bull 58:520-525.
52. Shi Y, Wang J, Pan Y, Cai Y. 2012. Tissue distribution of perfluorinated compounds in farmed freshwater fish and human exposure by consumption. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:717-723.
53. Kwadijk CJAF, Korytar P, Koelmans AA. 2010. Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic systems in The Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol 44:3746-3751.
54. Labadie P, Chevreuil M. 2011. Partitioning behaviour of perfluorinated alkyl contaminants between water, sediment and fish in the Orge River (nearby Paris, France). Environ Pollut 159:391-397.
55. Benskin JP, Holt A, Martin JW. 2009. Isomer-specific biotransformation rates of a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-precursor by cytochrome P450 isozymes and human liver microsomes. Environ Sci Technol 43:8566-8572.
56. Sharpe RL, Benskin JP, Laarman AH, MacLeod SL, Martin JW, Wong CS, Goss GG. 2010. Perfluorooctane sulfonate toxicity, isomer-specific accumulation, and maternal transfer in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1957-1966.
57. Lee JJ, Schultz IR. 2010. Sex differences in the uptake and disposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in fathead minnows after oral dosing. Environ Sci Technol 44:491-496.
58. Gebbink WA, Letcher RJ, Hebert CE, Chip Weseloh DV. 2011. Twenty years of temporal change in perfluoroalkyl sulfonate and carboxylate contaminants in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J Environ Monit 13:3365-3372.
59. Loi EIH, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Lam PKS, Kannan K, Yamashita N. 2011. Trophic magnification of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in a subtropical food web. Environ Sci Technol 45:5506-5513.
60. Tomy GT, Budakowski WR, Halldorson T, Helm PA, Stern GA, Friesen K, Pepper K, Tittlemier SA, Fisk AT. 2004. Fluorinated organic compounds in an Eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 38:6475-6481.
61. Haukas M, Berger U, Hop H, Gulliksen B, Gabrielsen GW. 2007. Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in selected species from the Barents Sea food web. Environ Pollut 148:360-371.
62. Sturm R, Ahrens L. 2010. Trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in marine biota and in humans. Environ Chem 7:457-484.
63. Kratzer J, Ahrens L, Roos A, Bäcklin BM, Ebinghaus R. 2011. Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in liver tissue of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Baltic Sea, 1974-2008. Chemosphere 84:1592-1600.
64. Gewurtz SB, Backus SM, De Silva AO, Ahrens L, Armellin A, Evans M, Fraser S, Gledhill M, Guerra P, Harner T, Helm PA, Hung H, Khera N, Kim MG, King M, Lee SC, Letcher RJ, Martin P, Marvin C, McGoldrick DJ, Myers AL, Pelletier M, Pomeroy J, Reiner EJ, Rondeau M, Sauve MC, Sekela M, Shoeib M, Smith DW, Smyth SA, Struger J, Spry D, Syrgiannis J, Waltho J. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Canadian environment: Multi-media assessment of current status and trends. Environ Int 59:183-200.
65. Thompson J, Roach A, Eaglesham G, Bartkow ME, Edge K, Mueller JF. 2011. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in water, sediment and wildlife from Sydney Harbour and surroundings. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2869-2875.
66. Yang L, Tian S, Zhu L, Liu Z, Zhang Y. 2012. Bioaccumulation and distribution of perfloroalkyl acids in seafood products from Bohai Bay, China. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1972-1979.
67. Quinete N, Wu Q, Zhang T, Yun SH, Moreira I, Kannan K. 2009. Specific profiles of perfluorinated compounds in surface and drinking waters and accumulation in mussels, fish, and dolphins from southeastern Brazil. Chemosphere 77:863-869.
68. Martin JW, Smithwick MM, Braune BM, Hoekstra PF, Muir DCG, Mabury SA. 2004. Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 38:373-380.
69. O'Connell SG, Arendt M, Segars A, Kimmel T, Braun-McNeill J, Avens L, Schroeder B, Ngai L, Kucklick JR, Keller JM. 2010. Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) along the east coast of the United States. Environ Sci Technol 44:5202-5209.
70. Keller JM, Ngai L, McNeill JB, Wood LD, Stewart KR, O'Connell SG, Kucklick JR. 2012. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: Comparisons in concentration and potential health risks. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1223-1230.
71. Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Pastva SD, Jude DJ, Giesy JP. 2005. Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain. Environ Contam Toxicol 48:559-566.
72. Bossi R, Riget FF, Dietz R, Sonne C, Fauser P, Dam M, Vorkamp K. 2005. Preliminary screening of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish, birds and marine mammals from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Environ Pollut 136:323-329.
73. Kannan K, Choi J-W, Iseki N, Senthilkumar K, Kim DH, Masunaga S, Giesy JP. 2002. Concentrations of perfluorinated acids in livers of birds from Japan and Korea. Chemosphere 49:225-231.
74. Ahrens L, Siebert U, Ebinghaus R. 2009. Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German Bight, 1999-2008. Chemosphere 76:151-158.
75. Yeung LWY, Miyake Y, Wang Y, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Lam PKS. 2009. Total fluorine, extractable organic fluorine, perfluorooctane sulfonate and other related fluorochemicals in liver of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from South China. Environ Pollut 157:17-23.
76. Johansson JH, Berger U, Vestergren R, Cousins IT, Bignert A, Glynn A, Darnerud PO. 2014. Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items. Environ Pollut 188:102-108.
77. Drottar KR, Krueger HO. 2000. PFOS: A semi-static life-cycle toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Wildlife International Project 454A-109. EPA Docket A R226-0099. Washington, DC.
78. Drottar KR, Krueger HO. 2000. PFOS: A flow through life-cycle toxicity test with the saltwater mysid (Mysidopsis bahia). Wildlife International Project 454A-107. EPA Docket A R226-0101. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
79. Ji K, Kim Y, Oh S, Ahn B, Jo H, Choi K. 2008. Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid on freshwater macroinvertebrates (Daphnia magna and moina macrocopa) and fish (Oryzias latipes). Environ Toxicol Chem 27:2159-2168.
80. MacDonald MM, Warne AL, Stock NL, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Sibley PK. 2004. Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid to Chironomus tentans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2116-2123.
81. Loewe S, Muischnek H. 1926. Über Kombinationswirkungen-Mitteilung: Hilfsmittel der Fragestellung. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 114:313-326.
82. Bliss CI. 1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Ann Appl Biol 26:585-615.
83. Ding G, Zhang J, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang M, Xiong D, Sun Y. 2013. Combined effects of PFOS and PFOA on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 64:668-675.
84. Liu CS, Deng J, Yu LQ, Ramesh M, Zhou BS. 2010. Endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment in zebrafish by exposure to 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. Aquat Toxicol 96:70-76.
85. Liu CS, Du YB, Zhou BS. 2007. Evaluation of estrogenic activities and mechanism of action of perfluorinated chemicals determined by vitellogenin induction in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes. Aquat Toxicol 85:267-277.
86. Liu CS, Yu LQ, Deng J, Lam PKS, Wu RSS, Zhou BS. 2009. Waterborne exposure to fluorotelomer alcohol 6:2 FTOH alters plasma sex hormone and gene transcription in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 93:131-137.
87. Wei Y, Shi X, Zhang H, Wang J, Zhou B, Dai J. 2009. Combined effects of polyfluorinated and perfluorinated compounds on primary cultured hepatocytes from rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) using toxicogenomic analysis. Aquat Toxicol 95:27-36.
88. Rodea-Palomares I, Leganés F, Rosal R, Fernández-Piñas F. 2012. Toxicological interactions of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with selected pollutants. J Hazard Mater 201-202:209-218.
89. Kim S, Ji K, Lee S, Lee J, Kim J, Kho Y, Choi K. 2011. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure increases cadmium toxicity in early life stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:870-877.
90. Boltes K, Rosal R, García-Calvo E. 2012. Toxicity of mixtures of perfluorooctane sulphonic acid with chlorinated chemicals and lipid regulators. Chemosphere 86:24-29.
91. Jernbro S, Rocha PS, Keiter S, Skutlarek D, Färber H, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Hollert H, Engwall M. 2007. Perfluorooctane sulfonate increases the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in the micronucleus assay with V79 cells. Further proof of alterations in cell membrane properties caused by PFOS. Environ Sci Pollut R 14:85-87.
92. Liu W, Zhang YB, Quan X, Jin YH, Chen S. 2009. Effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate on toxicity and cell uptake of other compounds with different hydrophobicity in green alga. Chemosphere 75:405-409.
93. Keiter S, Baumann L, Färber H, Holbech H, Skutlarek D, Engwall M, Braunbeck T. 2012. Long-term effects of a binary mixture of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 118-119:116-129.
94. Loos R, Gawlik BM, Locoro G, Rimaviciute E, Contini S, Bidoglio G. 2009. EU-wide survey of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. Environ Pollut 157:561-568.
95. D'eon J, Crozier PW, Furdui VI, Reiner EJ, Libelo EL, Mabury SA. 2009. Perfluorinated phosphonic acids in Canadian surface waters and wastewater treatment plant effluent: Discovery of a new class of perfluorinated acids. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2101-2107.
96. Latala A, Nedzi M, Stepnowski P. 2009. Acute toxicity assessment of perfluorinated carboxylic acids towards the Baltic microalgae. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28:167-171.
97. Colombo I, Wolf WD, Thompson RS, Farrar DG, Hoke RA, L'Haridon J. 2008. Acute and chronic aquatic toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) to freshwater organisms. Ecotox Environ Saf 71:749-756.
98. Sanderson H, Boudreau TM, Mabury SA, Cheong W-J, Solomon KR. 2002. Ecological impact and environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate on the zooplankton community in indoor microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1490-1496.
99. Sanderson H, Boudreau TM, Mabury SA, Solomon KR. 2004. Effects of perfuorooctane sulfonate and perfuorooctanoic acid on the zooplanktonic community. Ecotox Environ Saf 58:68-76.
100. DeMott WR, Van Donk E. 2013. Strong interactions between stoichiometric constraints and algal defenses: Evidence from population dynamics of Daphnia and algae in phosphorus-limited microcosms. Oecologia 171:175-186.
101. Jager T, Zimmer EI. 2012. Simplified Dynamic Energy Budget model for analysing ecotoxicity data. Ecol Model 225:74-81.
102. Vannote RL, Minshall GW, Cummins KW, Sedell JR, Cushing CE. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:130-137.
103. Bärlocher F. 1985. The role of fungi in the nutrition of stream invertebrates. Bot J Linn Soc 91:83-94.
104. Reistad T, Fonnum F, Mariussen E. 2013. Perfluoroalkylated compounds induce cell death and formation of reactive oxygen species in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Toxicol Lett 218:56-60.
105. Schneider T, Gerrits B, Gassmann R, Schmid E, Gessner MO, Richter A, Battin T, Eberl L, Riedel K. 2010. Proteome analysis of fungal and bacterial involvement in leaf litter decomposition. Proteomics 10:1819-1830.
106. Gulis V, Suberkropp K. 2003. Interactions between stream fungi and bacteria associated with decomposing leaf litter at different levels of nutrient availability. Aquat Microb Ecol 30:149-157.
107. Hahn T, Schulz R. 2007. Indirect effects of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A laboratory study on detritivore food selection behavior. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 13:535-542.
108. Bundschuh M, Hahn T, Gessner MO, Schulz R. 2009. Antibiotics as a chemical stressor affecting an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:197-203.
109. Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M, Feckler A, Englert D, Schulz R. 2011. Ecotoxicological impact of the fungicide tebuconazole on an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:2718-2724.
110. Bundschuh M, Zubrod JP, Klemm P, Elsaesser D, Stang C, Schulz R. 2013. Effects of peak exposure scenarios on Gammarus fossarum using field relevant pesticide mixtures. Ecotox Environ Saf 95:137-143.
111. Schulz R, Dabrowski JM. 2001. Combined effects of predatory fish and sublethal pesticide contamination on the behavior and mortality of mayfly nymphs. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2537-2543.
112. Englert D, Bundschuh M, Schulz R. 2012. Thiacloprid affects trophic interaction between gammarids and mayflies. Environ Pollut 167:41-46.