Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 893-910

  McGuire, Joseph F ^a,b   Lewin, Adam B ^a,b   Storch, Eric A ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^c Rogers Behavioral Health Tampa Bay   (United States)

Author keywords

brain derived neurotrophic factor; cognitive behavioral therapy; cortisol; D cycloserine; exposure therapy; glucocorticoids; yohimbine

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CYCLOSERINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; YOHIMBINE;

ANXIETY DISORDER; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEAR; HUMAN; LEARNING; LIEBOWITZ SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; PHOBIA; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REMISSION; REVIEW; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIAL PHOBIA SCALE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY; ANIMAL; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

ANIMALS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CYCLOSERINE; HUMANS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOHIMBINE;

EID: 84904973877     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.934677     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders. Author Washington, DC: 2000
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing; Arlington, VA: 2013
3. Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Kessler RC. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National comorbidity survey replication. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15(1):53-63
4. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(6):593-602
5. Mowrer OH. On the dual nature of learning-A re-interpretation of ?conditioning' and ?problem-solving'. Harv Educ Rev 1947;17:102-48
6. Mowrer OH. Two-factor learning theory: Versions one and two. In: Learning theory and behavior. John Wiley & Sons Inc; Hoboken, NJ US: 1960. p. 63-91
7. Hofmann SG, Smits JA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(4):621-32
8. McGuire JF, Lewin AB, Horng B, et al. The nature, assessment, and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Postgrad Med 2012;124(1):152-65
9. Walkup JT, Albano AM, Piacentini J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med 2008;359(26):2753-66
10. Kendall PC, Hudson JL, Gosch E, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008;76(2):282-97
11. Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Chang S, et al. Controlled comparison of family cognitive behavioral therapy and psychoeducation/relaxation training for child obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50(11): 1149-61
12. Storch EA, Bussing R, Small BJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy alone or combined with sertraline in the treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2013;51(12):823-9
13. Smith P, Perrin S, Dalgleish T, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013;26(1):66-72
14. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007; 297(8):820-30
15. Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(1):151-61
16. Abramowitz JS. Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65(1):44-52
17. Hofmann SG, Suvak M. Treatment attrition during group therapy for social phobia. J Anxiety Disord 2006;20(7): 961-72
18. Murphy TK, Segarra A, Storch EA, Goodman WK. SSRI adverse events: How to monitor and manage. Int Rev Psychiatry 2008;20(2):203-8
19. Fitzgerald PJ, Seemann JR, Maren S. Can fear extinction be enhanced? A review of pharmacological and behavioral findings. Brain Res Bull 2013;105C:46-60
20. Hofmann SG, Wu JQ, Boettcher H. D-Cycloserine as an augmentation strategy for cognitive behavioral therapy of anxiety disorders. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 2013; 3(1):11
21. de Kleine RA, Rothbaum BO, van Minnen A. Pharmacological enhancement of exposure-based treatment in PTSD: A qualitative review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013;4
22. Davis M. NMDA receptors and fear extinction: Implications for cognitive behavioral therapy. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011;13(4):463-74
23. Walker DL, Davis M. Involvement of NMDA receptors within the amygdala in short-versus long-term memory for fear conditioning as assessed with fear-potentiated startle. Behav Neurosci 2000;114(6):1019-33
24. Ledgerwood L, Richardson R, Cranney J. D-Cycloserine and the Facilitation of Extinction of Conditioned Fear: Consequences for Reinstatement. Behav Neurosci 2004;118(3):505-13
25. Rothbaum BO. Critical parameters for D-cycloserine enhancement of cognitive-behaviorial therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(3):293-6
26. Myers KM, Ressler KJ, Davis M. Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition. Learn Mem 2006;13(2):216-23
27. Norberg MM, Krystal JH, Tolin DF. A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63(12): 1118-26
28. Bontempo MA, Panza MKE, Bloch MH. Meta-Analysis: D-cycloserine Augmentation of Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73(4):533
29. Kalisch R, Holt B, Petrovic P, et al. The NMDA agonist D-cycloserine facilitates fear memory consolidation in humans. Cereb Cortex 2009;19(1):187-96
30. Schiller D, Monfils M-H, Raio CM, et al. Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms. Nature 2010;463(7277):49-53
31. Schiller D, Kanen JW, LeDoux JE, et al. Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110(50):20040-5
32. Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61(11): 1136-44
33. Tart CD, Handelsman PR, DeBoer LB, et al. Augmentation of exposure therapy with post-session administration of D-cycloserine. J Psychiatric Res 2013;47(2): 168-74
34. Guastella AJ, Dadds MR, Lovibond PF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of D-cycloserine on exposure therapy for spider fear. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(6): 466-71
35. Gutner CA, Weinberger J, Hofmann SG. The Effect of D-cycloserine on subliminal cue exposure in spider fearful individuals. Cogn Behav Ther 2012;41(4):335-44
36. Nave AM, Tolin DF, Stevens MC. Exposure therapy, D-Cycloserine, and functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with snake phobia: A randomized pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73(9): 1179-86
37. Otto MW, Tolin DF, Simon NM, et al. Efficacy of d-cycloserine for enhancing response to cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67(4): 365-70
38. Siegmund A, Golfels F, Finck C, et al. D-Cycloserine does not improve but might slightly speed up the outcome of in-vivo exposure therapy in patients with severe agoraphobia and panic disorder in a randomized double blind clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45(8):1042-7
39. Hofmann SG, Meuret AE, Smits JA, et al. Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63(3):298-304
40. Guastella AJ, Richardson R, Lovibond PF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63(6):544-9
41. Hofmann SG, Smits JA, Rosenfield D, et al. D-cycloserine as an augmentation strategy with cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170(7):751-8
42. Rodebaugh TL, Levinson CA, Lenze EJ. A high-throughput clinical assay for testing drug facilitation of exposure therapy. Depress Anxiety 2013;30(7):631-7
43. Kushner MG, Kim SW, Donahue C, et al. D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62(8):835-8
44. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Bengtson M, et al. D-cycloserine does not enhance exposure-response prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;22(4):230-7
45. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, et al. A preliminary study of D-cycloserine augmentation of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68(11): 1073-6
46. Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Tolin D, et al. Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(3): 335-41
47. Mataix-Cols D, Turner C, Monzani B, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy with post-session D-cycloserine augmentation for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Pilot randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2014;204(1):77-8
48. Farrell LJ, Waters AM, Boschen MJ, et al. Difficult-to-treat pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Feasibility and preliminary results of a randomized pilot trial of d-cycloserine-augmented behavior therapy. Depress Anxiety 2013;30(8):723-31
49. de Kleine RA, Hendriks G-J, Kusters WJ, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine to enhance exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2012;71(11):962-8
50. Litz BT, Salters-Pedneault K, Steenkamp MM, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46(9): 1184-90
51. Difede J, Cukor J, Wyka K, et al. D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;39(5): 1052-8
52. Scheeringa MS, Weems CF. Randomized placebo-controlled d-cycloserine with cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric posttraumatic stress. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2014;24(2):69-77
53. Smits JA, Rosenfield D, Otto MW, et al. D-Cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: Evidence from the treatment of height phobia. Biol Psychiatry 2013;73(11): 1054-8
54. Chasson GS, Buhlmann U, Tolin DF, et al. Need for speed: Evaluating slopes of OCD recovery in behavior therapy enhanced with d-cycloserine. Behav Res Ther 2010;48(7): 675-9
55. McGuire JF, Lewin AB, Geller DA, et al. Advances in the treatment of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Rationale and design for the evaluation of D-cycloserine with exposure and response prevention. Neuropsychiatry (London) 2012;2:4
56. McGuire JF, Crawford EA, Park JM, et al. Neuropsychological performance across symptom dimensions in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
57. Rufer M, Fricke S, Moritz S, et al. Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prediction of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113(5):440-6
58. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Larson MJ, et al. Symptom dimensions and cognitive-behavioural therapy outcome for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008;117(1):67-75
59. Rothbaum BO, Price M, Jovanovic T, et al. A randomized, double-blind evaluation of d-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171(6):640-8
60. Mueller D, Cahill SP. Noradrenergic modulation of extinction learning and exposure therapy. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208(1):1-11
61. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci 2011;125(6): 797-824
62. Singewald N, Salchner P, Sharp T. Induction of c-Fos expression in specific areas of the fear circuitry in rat forebrain by anxiogenic drugs. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(4):275-83
63. Holmes A, Quirk GJ. Pharmacological facilitation of fear extinction and the search for adjunct treatments for anxiety disorders-the case of yohimbine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010;31(1):2-7
64. McGaugh JL. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004;27:1-28
65. Kaplan GB, Moore KA. The use of cognitive enhancers in animal models of fear extinction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99(2):217-28
66. Tam SW, Worcel M, Wyllie M. Yohimbine: A clinical review. Pharmacol Ther 2001;91(3):215-43
67. Janak PH, Corbit LH. Deepened extinction following compound stimulus presentation: Noradrenergic modulation. Learn Mem 2011;18(1):1-10
68. Cain CK, Blouin AM, Barad M. Temporally massed CS presentations generate more fear extinction than spaced presentations. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2003;29(4):323-33
69. O'Carroll RE, Drysdale E, Cahill L, et al. Stimulation of the noradrenergic system enhances and blockade reduces memory for emotional material in man. Psychol Med 1999;29(5):1083-8
70. Southwick SM, Davis M, Horner B, et al. Relationship of enhanced norepinephrine activity during memory consolidation to enhanced long-term memory in humans. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(8):1420-2
71. Soeter M, Kindt M. Noradrenergic enhancement of associative fear memory in humans. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011;96(2): 263-71
72. Soeter M, Kindt M. Disrupting reconsolidation: Pharmacological and behavioral manipulations. Learn Mem 2011; 18(6):357-66
73. Powers MB, Smits JA, Otto MW, et al. Facilitation of fear extinction in phobic participants with a novel cognitive enhancer: A randomized placebo controlled trial of yohimbine augmentation. J Anxiety Disord 2009;23(3):350-6
74. Meyerbroeker K, Powers MB, van Stegeren A, Emmelkamp PM. Does yohimbine hydrochloride facilitate fear extinction in virtual reality treatment of fear of flying? A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2011;81(1): 29-37
75. Smits JA, Rosenfield D, Davis ML, et al. Yohimbine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2014;75(11):840-6
76. Wangelin BC, Powers MB, Smits JA, Tuerk PW. Enhancing exposure therapy for PTSD with yohimbine HCL: Protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled study implementing subjective and objective measures of treatment outcome. Contemp Clin Trials 2013;36(2):319-26
77. de Quervain DJF, Aerni A, Schelling G, Roozendaal B. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009;30(3):358-70
78. Buchanan TW, Lovallo WR. Enhanced memory for emotional material following stress-level cortisol treatment in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001;26(3): 307-17
79. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K. Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: Interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn Mem 2003;10(4):270-4
80. Flood JF. Memory facilitating and anti-amnesic effects of corticosteroids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978;8(1):81-7
81. Roozendaal B, Williams CL, McGaugh JL. Glucocorticoid receptor activation in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract facilitates memory consolidation: Involvement of the basolateral amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11(4):1317-23
82. de Quervain DJF, Roozendaal B, Nitsch RM, et al. Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans. Nat Neurosci 2000;3(4):313-14
83. Coluccia D, Wolf OT, Kollias S, et al. Glucocorticoid therapy-induced memory deficits: Acute versus chronic effects. J Neurosci 2008;28(13):3474-8
84. Aerni A, Traber R, Hock C, et al. Low-dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(8): 1488-90
85. Het S, Wolf OT. Mood changes in response to psychosocial stress in healthy young women: Effects of pretreatment with cortisol. Behav Neurosci 2007;121(1):11-20
86. de Quervain DJF, Aerni A, Roozendaal B. Preventive effect of b-adrenoceptor blockade on glucocorticoid-induced memory retrieval deficits. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(6):967-9
87. Soravia LM, Heinrichs M, Aerni A, et al. Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(14):5585-90
88. de Quervain DJ, Bentz D, Michael T, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance extinction-based psychotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(16):6621-5
89. Soravia LM, Heinrichs M, Winzeler L, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance in vivo exposure-based therapy of spider phobia. Depress Anxiety 2013;31(5):429-35
90. Reichardt LF. Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006;361(1473):1545-64
91. Minichiello L. TrkB signalling pathways in LTP and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10(12):850-60
92. Andero R, Ressler KJ. Fear extinction and BDNF: Translating animal models of PTSD to the clinic. Genes Brain Behav 2012; 11(5):503-12
93. Frielingsdorf H, Bath KG, Soliman F, et al. Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met endophenotypes: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1208:150-7
94. Ninan I, Bath KG, Dagar K, et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impairs NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2010;30(26):8866-70
95. Chen Z-Y, Jing D, Bath KG, et al. Genetic variant BDNF (Val66Met) polymorphism alters anxiety-related behavior. Science 2006; 314(5796):140-3
96. Soliman F, Glatt CE, Bath KG, et al. A genetic variant BDNF polymorphism alters extinction learning in both mouse and human. Science 2010;327(5967):863-6
97. Luykx JJ, Boks MP, Breetvelt EJ, et al. BDNF Val66Met homozygosity does not influence plasma BDNF levels in healthy human subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;43:185-7
98. Bath KG, Jing DQ, Dincheva I, et al. BDNF Val66Met impairs fluoxetine-induced enhancement of adult hippocampus plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012;37(5): 1297-304
99. Berger W, Mehra A, Lenoci M, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor predicts responses to escitalopram in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34(7):1279-84
100. Yu H, Wang Y, Pattwell S, et al. Variant BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects extinction of conditioned aversive memory. J Neurosci 2009;29(13):4056-64
101. Kobayashi K, Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with panic disorder: As a biological predictor of response to group cognitive behavioral therapy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005;29(5):658-63
102. Fullana M, Alonso P, Gratacos M, et al. Variation in the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and response to cognitive-behavior therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27(5):386-90
103. Felmingham KL, Dobson-Stone C, Schofield PR, et al. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism predicts response to exposure therapy in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013;73(11):1059-63
104. Morgan J, Caporino NE, De Nadai AS, et al. Preliminary predictors of within-session adherence to exposure and response prevention in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Youth Care Forum 2013;42(3):181-91
105. Simpson HB, Maher M, Page JR, et al. Development of a patient adherence scale for exposure and response prevention therapy. Behav Ther 2010;41(1):30-7
106. Park JM, Small BJ, Geller DA, et al. Does D-cycloserine augmentation of cbt improve therapeutic homework compliance for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder? J Child Family Stud 2013;23(5):863-71
107. Sallee FR, Sethuraman G, Sine L, Liu H. Yohimbine challenge in children with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(8):1236-42
108. Peterson AL, Roache JD, Raj J, Young-McCaughan S. The need for expanded monitoring of adverse events in behavioral health clinical trials. Contemp Clin Trials 2013;34(1):152-4
109. McGuire JF, Small BJ, Lewin AB, et al. Dysregulation in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209(3):589-95