To what extent do the findings of laboratory-based spatial attention research apply to the real-world setting of driving?

IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 524-530

  Ho, Cristy ^a   Gray, Rob ^b   Spence, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention; ecological validity; multisensory; real world; spatial; warning signals

Indexed keywords

RESEARCH;

ATTENTION; ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY; MULTISENSORY; REAL WORLD; SPATIAL; WARNING SIGNALS;

LABORATORIES;

EID: 84904740229     PISSN: 21682291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/THMS.2014.2316502     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. C. Spence, "Crossmodal spatial attention," Ann. New York Academy Sci., vol. 1191, pp. 182-200, 2010.
2. C. Spence and J. Driver, Eds., Crossmodal Space and Crossmodal Attention. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
3. R. D. Wright and L. M. Ward, Orienting of Attention. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008.
4. C. Ho and C. Spence, The Multisensory Driver: Implications for Ergonomic Car Interface Design. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2008.
5. A. F. Kramer, D. A. Wiegmann, and A. Kirlik, Eds., Attention: From Theory to Practice. New York, NY, USA: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006.
6. M. A. Just, T. A. Kellar, and J. Cynkar, "A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak," Brain Res., vol. 1205, pp. 70-80, 2008.
7. H. C. Beh and R. Hirst, "Performance on driving-related tasks during music," Ergonomics, vol. 42, pp. 1087-1098, 1999. (Pubitemid 29401740)
8. W. Brodsky, "The effects of music tempo on simulated driving performance and vehicular control," Transp. Res. Part F, vol. 4, pp. 219-241, 2002.
9. M. A. S. Boksem, T. F. Meijman, and M. M. Lorist, "Effects of mental fatigue on attention: An ERP study," Cognitive Brain Res., vol. 25, pp. 107-116, 2005. (Pubitemid 41278489)
10. T. Kaneko and P. P. Jovanis, "Multiday driving patterns and motor carrier accident risk:Adisaggregate analysis," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 24, pp. 437-456, 1992. (Pubitemid 23617560)
11. S. K. L. Lal and A. Craig, "A critical review of the psychophysiology of driver fatigue," Biol. Psychol., vol. 55, pp. 173-194, 2001. (Pubitemid 32181358)
12. P. Philip, P. Sagaspe, J. Taillard, C. Valtat, N. Moore, T. Åkerstedt, A. Charles, and B. Bioulac, "Fatigue, sleepiness, and performance in simulated versus real driving conditions," Sleep, vol. 28, pp. 1511-1516, 2005. (Pubitemid 41747078)
13. R. A. Baker, J. R. Ware, and R. R. Sipowicz, "Vigilance: A comparison in auditory, visual, and combined audio-visual tasks," Can. J. Psychol., vol. 16, pp. 192-198, 1962.
14. I. D. Brown, D. C. V. Simmonds, and A. H. Tickner, "Measurement of control skills, vigilance, and performance on a subsidiary task during 12 h of car driving," Ergonomics, vol. 10, pp. 665-673, 1967.
15. D. N. Buckner and J. J. McGrath, Eds., "A comparison of performances on single and dual sensory mode vigilance tasks," Human Factors Research Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. 8. Contract No. NONR-2649(00), 1961.
16. D. N. Buckner and J. J. McGrath, Vigilance: A Symposium. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
17. W. G. Davenport, "Vigilance for simultaneous auditory and cutaneous signals," Canadian J. Psychol., vol. 23, pp. 93-100, 1969.
18. W. G. Davenport, "Vigilance and arousal: Effects of different types of background stimulation," J. Psychol., vol. 82, pp. 339-346, 1972.
19. K.-O. Fagerström and H.-O. Lisper, "Effects of listening to car radio, experience, and personality of the driver on subsidiary reaction time and heart rate in a long-term driving," in Vigilance, R. R. Mackie, Ed. New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press, 1977, pp. 73-85.
20. C. W. Fontaine and N. D. Schwalm, "Effects of familiarity of music on vigilant performance," Perceptual Motor Skills, vol. 49, pp. 71-74, 1979.
21. G. R. Hawkes, T. W. Meighan, and E. A. Alluisi, "Vigilance in complex task situations," J. Psychol., vol. 58, pp. 223-236, 1964.
22. W. C. Osborne, R. W. Sheldon, and R. A. Baker, "Vigilance performance under conditions of redundant and nonredundant signal presentation," J. Appl. Psychol., vol. 47, pp. 130-134, 1963.
23. R. L. Smith and L. F. Lucaccini, "Vigilance research: Its application to industrial problems," Human Factors, vol. 11, pp. 149-156, 1969.
24. J. D. McKeown and S. Isherwood, "Mapping the urgency and pleasantness of speech, auditory icons, and abstract alarms to their referents within the vehicle," Human Factors, vol. 49, pp. 417-428, 2007.
25. L. R. Gottlob, M. Cheal, and D. R. Lyon, "Time course of location-cuing effects with a probability manipulation," J. General Psychol., vol. 126, pp. 261-270, 1999.
26. T. Alexopoulos, D. Muller, F. Ric, and C. Marendaz, "I, me, mine: Automatic attentional capture by self-related stimuli," Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., vol. 42, pp. 770-779, 2012.
27. E. Fox, "Attentional bias in anxiety: Selective or not? " Behav. Res. Therapy, vol. 31, pp. 487-493, 1993. (Pubitemid 23196893)
28. J. Shelley-Tremblay and A. Mack, "Metacontrast masking and attention," Psychol. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 508-515, 1999.
29. J. Oyer and J. Hardick, "Response of population to optimum warning signal," Office of Civil Defence, Washington, DC, USA, Rep. SHSLR163, 1963.
30. C. E. Parsons, K. S. Young, E. Parsons, A. Stein, and M. L. Kringelbach, "Listening to infant distress vocalizations enhances effortful motor performance," Acta Paediatrica, vol. 101, pp. e189-e191, 2012.
31. J. K. Ljungberg, F. B. R. Parmentier, R. W. Hughes, W. J. Macken, and D. M. Jones, "Listen out! Behavioural and subjective responses to verbal warnings," Appl. Cognitive Psychol., vol. 26, pp. 451-461, 2012.
32. C. Ho, V. Santangelo, and C. Spence, "Multisensory warning signals: When spatial correspondencematters," Exp. Brain Res., vol. 195, pp. 261-272, 2009.
33. C. L. Folk, R. W. Remington, and J. C. Johnston, "Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings," J. Exp. Psychol.: Human Perception Performance, vol. 18, pp. 1030-1044, 1992.
34. A. V. Belopolsky, D. Schreij, and J. Theeuwes, "What is top-down about contingent capture? " Attention, Perception, Psychophysics, vol. 72, pp. 326-341, 2010.
35. B. H. Deatherage, "Auditory and other sensory forms of information processing," in Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design, H. P. Van Cott and R. G. Kinkade, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1972, pp. 123-160.
36. C. L. Baldwin, C. Spence, J. P. Bliss, J. C. Brill, M. S. Wogalter, C. B. Mayhorn, and T. K. Ferris, "Multimodal cueing: The relative benefits of the auditory, visual, and tactile channels in complex environments," in Proc. 56th Human Factors Ergonomics Soc. Meeting, 2012, vol. 56, pp. 1431-1435.
37. A. Gallace, S. Zeeden, B. Röder, and C. Spence, "Lost in the move? Secondary task performance impairs the detection of tactile change on the body surface," Consciousness Cognition, vol. 19, pp. 215-229, 2010.
38. G. Juravle, H. Deubel, H. Z. Tan, and C. Spence, "Changes in tactile sensitivity over the time course of a goal-directed movement," Behav. Brain Res., vol. 208, pp. 391-401, 2010.
39. G. Juravle and C. Spence, "Juggling reveals a decisional component to tactile suppression," Exp. Brain Res., vol. 213, pp. 87-97, 2011.
40. S. G. Charlton, "Driving while conversing: Cell phones that distract and passengers who react," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 41, pp. 160-173, 2009.
41. C. S. Dula, B. A. Martin, R. T. Fox, and R. L. Leonard, "Differing types of cellular phone conversations and dangerous driving," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 43, pp. 187-193, 2011.
42. M. Sivak, "The information that drivers use: Is it indeed 90% visual? " Perception, vol. 25, pp. 1081-1090, 1996.
43. D. F. Preusser, S. A. Ferguson, and A. F. Williams, "The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 30, pp. 217-222, 1998. (Pubitemid 128387199)
44. A. E. Curry, J. H. Mirman, M. J. Kallan, F. K. Winston, and D. R. Durbin, "Peer passengers: How do they affect teen crashes? " J. Adolescent Health, vol. 50, pp. 588-594, 2012.
45. W. Brodsky and Z. Slor, "Background music as a risk factor for distraction among young-novice drivers," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 59, pp. 382-393, 2013.
46. R. Mohebbi, R. Gray, and H. Z. Tan, "Driver reaction time to tactile and auditory rear-end collision warnings while talking on a cell phone," Human Factors, vol. 51, pp. 102-110, 2009.
47. S. Rubio, E. Díaz, J. Martín, and J. M. Puente, "Evaluation of subjective mental workload: A comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods," Appl. Psychol., vol. 53, pp. 61-86, 2004. (Pubitemid 38169984)
48. C. Ho and C. Spence, "Using peripersonal warning signals to orient a driver's gaze," Human Factors, vol. 51, pp. 539-556, 2009.
49. N. Lavie and J. De Fockert, "The role of working memory in attentional capture," Psychonomic Bulletin Rev., vol. 12, pp. 669-674, 2005. (Pubitemid 43119956)
50. V. Santangelo, C. Ho, and C. Spence, "Capturing spatial attention with multisensory cues," Psychonomic Bulletin Rev., vol. 15, pp. 398-403, 2008.
51. A. Chica, S. Sanabria, J. Lupiáñez, and C. Spence, "Comparing intramodal and crossmodal cuing in the endogenous orienting of spatial attention," Exp. Brain Res., vol. 179, pp. 353-364, 2007. (Pubitemid 46716594)
52. P.-A. Oskarsson, L. Eriksson, and O. Carlander, "Enhanced perception and performance by multimodal threat cueing in simulated combat vehicle," Human Factors, vol. 54, pp. 122-137, 2012.
53. M. R. Endsley, "Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems," Human Factors, vol. 37, pp. 32-64, 1995.
54. L. J. Gugerty, "Situation awareness during driving: Explicit and implicit knowledge in dynamic spatial memory," J. Exp. Psychol.: Appl., vol. 3, pp. 42-66, 1997. (Pubitemid 127462882)
55. C. Lemercier, C. Pêcher, G. Berthié, B. Valéry, V. Vidal, P.-V. Paubel, M. Cour, A. Fort, C. Galéra, C. Gabaude, E. Lagarde, and B. Maury, "Inattention behind the wheel: How factual internal thoughts impact attentional control while driving," Safety Sci., vol. 62, pp. 279-285, 2014.
56. K. Hurts, L. S. Angell, and M. A. Perez, "The distracted driver: Mechanisms, models, and measurement," Rev. Human Factors Ergonomics, vol. 7, pp. 3-57, 2011.
57. A. Gallace, S. Soto-Faraco, P. Dalton, B. Kreukniet, and C. Spence, "Response requirements modulate tactile spatial congruency effects," Exp. Brain Res., vol. 191, pp. 171-186, 2008.
58. C. Ho and C. Spence, "Tactile cuing for effective responding: Homologous cue and effector locations? " to be published.
59. C. Spence, "Just howimportant is spatial coincidence to multisensory integration? Evaluating the spatial rule," Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 1296, pp. 31-49, 2013.
60. R. N. Carey, D. T. McDermott, and K. M. Sarma, "The impact of threat appeals on fear arousal and driver behavior: A meta-analysis of experimental research 1990-2011," PLoS One, vol. 8, p. e62821, 2013.
61. R. Fuller, "Towards a general theory of driver behaviour," Accident Anal. Prevention, vol. 37, pp. 461-472, 2005. (Pubitemid 40357103)
62. K. L. Shapiro, B. Egerman, and R. M. Klein, "Effects of arousal on human visual dominance," Perception Psychophysics, vol. 35, pp. 547-552, 1984. (Pubitemid 14031365)
63. S. Van Damme, G. Crombez, and C. Spence, "Is visual dominance modulated by the threat value of visual and auditory stimuli?," Exp. Brain Res., vol. 193, pp. 197-204, 2009.
64. C. Spence, C. Parise, and Y.-C. Chen, "The Colavita visual dominance effect," in Frontiers in the Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes, M. M. Murray and M. Wallace, Eds. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2011, pp. 523-550.
65. K. L. Shapiro and T. L. Johnson, "Effects of arousal on attention to central and peripheral visual stimuli," Acta Psychologica, vol. 66, pp. 157-172, 1987.
66. M. W. Eysenck, N. Derakshan, R. Santos, and M. G. Calvo, "Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory," Emotion, vol. 7, pp. 336-353, 2007. (Pubitemid 46800375)
67. N. P. Murray and C. M. Janelle, "Anxiety and performance: A visual search examination of the processing efficiency theory," J. Sport Exercise Psychol., vol. 25, pp. 171-187, 2003.
68. M. Wilson, N. C. Smith, M. Chattington, M. Ford, and D. E. Marple-Horvat, "The role of effort in moderating the anxiety-performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving," J. Sport Sci., vol. 24, pp. 1223-1233, 2006. (Pubitemid 44575123)
69. J. Henrich, S. J. Heine, and A. Norenzayan, "The weirdest people in the world? " Behavioral Brain Sci., vol. 33, pp. 61-135, 2010.
70. C. Spence and C. Ho, "Multisensory interface design for drivers: Past, present and future," Ergonomics, vol. 51, pp. 65-70, 2008.
71. D. J. DeLoss, R. S. Pierce, and G. J. Andersen, "Multisensory integration, aging, and the sound-induced flash illusion," Psychol. Aging, vol. 28, pp. 802-812, 2013.
72. P. J. Laurienti, J. H. Burdette, J. A. Maldjian, and M. T. Wallace, "Enhanced multisensory integration in older adults," Neurobiol. Aging, vol. 27, pp. 1155-1163, 2006. (Pubitemid 43850639)
73. C. Chabris and D. Simons, The Invisible Gorilla and Other Ways our Intuition Deceives Us. London, U.K.: Harper Collins, 2011.
74. R. Li, U. Polat, W. Makous, and D. Bavelier, "Enhancing the contrast sensitivity function through action video game training," Nature Neurosci., vol. 12, pp. 549-551, 2009.
75. J. Santos, N. Merat, S. Mouta, K. Brookhuis, and D. deWaard, "The interaction between driving and in-vehicle information systems: Comparison of results from laboratory, simulator and real-world studies," Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 8, pp. 135-146, 2005. (Pubitemid 40743935)
76. O. Shechtman, S. Classen, K. Awadzi, and W. Mann, "Comparison of driving errors between on-the-road and simulated driving assessment: A validation study," Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 10, pp. 379-385, 2009.
77. N. A. Kaptein, J. Theeuwes, and R. van der Horst, "Driving simulator validity: Some considerations," Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 1550, pp. 30-36, 1996.
78. C. Ho and C. Spence, "Assessing the effectiveness of various auditory cues in capturing a driver's visual attention," J. Exp. Psychol.: Appl., vol. 11, pp. 157-174, 2005. (Pubitemid 41560356)
79. C. Ho, H. Z. Tan, and C. Spence, "Using spatial vibrotactile cues to direct visual attention in driving scenes," Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 8, pp. 397-412, 2005. (Pubitemid 41531348)
80. C. Ho, N. Reed, and C. Spence, "Multisensory in-car warning signals for collision avoidance," Human Factors, vol. 49, pp. 1107-1114, 2007. (Pubitemid 350205846)
81. C. Spence, "Drive safely with neuroergonomics," Psychologist, vol. 25, pp. 664-667, 2012.
82. J. Dressel and P. Atchley, "Cellular phone use while driving: A methodological checklist for investigating dual-task costs," Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 11, pp. 347-361, 2008.
83. J. S. McCarley, M. J. Vais, H. Pringle, A. F. Kramer, D. E. Irwin, and D. L. Strayer, "Conversation disrupts change detection in complex traffic scenes," Human Factors, vol. 46, pp. 424-436, 2004. (Pubitemid 39506002)
84. D. L. Strayer and F. A. Drews, "Cell-Phone-Induced Driver Distraction," Current Directions Psychol. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 128-131, 2007.
85. G. M. Fitch, S. A. Soccolich, F. Guo, J. McClafferty, Y. Fang, R. L. Olson, M. A. Perez, R. J. Hanowski, J.M. Hankey, and T. A. Dingus, "The impact of hand-held and hands-free cell phone use on driving performance and safety-critical event risk," National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC, USA, Rep. DOT HS 811 757, 2013.
86. M. I. Posner, Chronometric Explorations of Mind. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Erlbaum, 1978.
87. B. E. Stein, The New Handbook of Multisensory Processing. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2012.
88. J. Driver, "A selective review of selective attention research from the past century," Brit. J. Psychol., vol. 92, pp. 53-78, 2001. (Pubitemid 33602718)
89. C. Spence and C. Ho, "Multisensory information processing," in APA Handbook of Human Systems Integration, D. Boehm-Davis, F. Durso, and J. Lee, Eds. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association, in press.
90. M. R. Banaji and R. G. Crowder, "The bankruptcy of everyday memory," Amer. Psychologist, vol. 44, pp. 1185-1193, 1989.