Assessing the effectiveness of various auditory cues in capturing a driver's visual attention

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 157-174

  Ho, Cristy ^a   Spence, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Auditory; Driving; Spatial attention; Visual; Warning signal

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; CAR DRIVING; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FEMALE; HEARING; HUMAN; MALE; VISION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; CUES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 27644565111     PISSN: 1076898X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1076-898X.11.3.157     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Allport, A., & Hsieh, S. (2001). Task-switching: Using RSVP methods to study an experimenter-cued shift of set. In K. Shapiro (Ed.), The limits of attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing (pp. 36-64). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
2. Begault, D. R. (1993). Head-up auditory displays for traffic collision avoidance system advisories: A preliminary investigation. Human Factors, 35, 707-717.
3. Belz, S. M., Robinson, G. S., & Casali, J. G. (1999). A new class of auditory warning signals for complex systems: Auditory icons. Human Factors, 41, 608-618.
4. Binkofski, F., Buccino, G., Dohle, C., Seitz, R. J., & Freund, J. (1999). Mirror agnosia and mirror ataxia constitute different parietal lobe disorders. Annals of Neurology, 46, 51-61.
5. Bliss, J. P. (2003). An investigation of alarm related incidents in aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 13, 249-268.
6. Bliss, J. P., & Acton, S. A. (2003). Alarm mistrust in automobiles: How collision alarm reliability affects driving. Applied Ergonomics, 34, 499-509.
7. Brookhuis, K. A., de Vries, G., & de Waard, D. (1991). The effects of mobile telephoning on driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23, 309-316.
8. Catchpole, K. R., McKeown, J. D., & Withington, D. J. (1999a). Alerting, informing and localisable auditory warnings. In D. Harris (Ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics, Vol. 4: Job design, product design and human-computer interaction (pp. 447-454). Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
9. Catchpole, K. R., McKeown, J. D., & Withington, D. J. (1999b). Localisable auditory warnings: Integral 'where' and 'what' components. In D. Harris (Ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics, Vol. 4: Job design, product design and human-computer interaction (pp. 439-446). Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
10. Catchpole, K. R., McKeown, J. D., & Withington, D. J. (2004). Localizable auditory warning pulses. Ergonomics, 47, 748-771.
11. Chan, J. S., Merrifield, K., & Spence, C. (2005). Auditory spatial attention assessed in a flanker interference task. Acta Acustica, 91, 554-563.
12. Collet, C., Petit, C., Priez, A., & Dittmar, A. (2005). Stroop color-word test, arousal, electrodermal activity, and performance in a critical driving situation. Biological Psychology, 69, 195-203.
13. Doyle, M. C., & Snowden, R. J. (2001). Identification of visual stimuli is improved by accompanying auditory stimuli: The role of eye movements and sound location. Perception, 30, 795-810.
14. Driver, J., & Spence, C. (2004). Crossmodal spatial attention: Evidence from human performance. In C. Spence & J. Driver (Eds.), Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention (pp. 179-220). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
15. Duncan, J. (1980). The demonstration of capacity limitation. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 75-96.
16. Duncan, J., Martens, S., & Ward, R. (1997). Restricted attentional capacity within but not between sensory modalities. Nature, 387, 808-810.
17. Edworthy, J., & Hellier, E. (in press). Complex nonverbal auditory signals and speech warnings. In M. Wogalter (Ed.), Handbook of warnings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Edworthy, J., Loxley, S., & Dennis, I. (1991). Improving auditory warning design: Relationship between warning sound parameters and perceived urgency. Human Factors, 33, 205-231.
19. Farnè, A., & Làdavas, E. (2002). Auditory peripersonal space in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1030-1043.
20. Gaver, W. W. (1993a). How do we hear in the world?: Explorations in ecological acoustics. Ecological Psychology, 5, 285-313.
21. Gaver, W. W. (1993b). What in the world do we hear?: An ecological approach to auditory event perception. Ecological Psychology, 5, 1-29.
22. Geissler, L. R. (1915). Sound localization under determined expectation. American Journal of Psychology, 26, 268-285.
23. Graham, R. (1999). Use of auditory icons as emergency warnings: Evaluation within a vehicle collision avoidance application. Ergonomics, 42, 1233-1248.
24. Green, P. (2000). Crashes induced by driver information systems and what can be done to reduce them. SEA Convergence 2000 Conference Proceedings, 27-36.
25. Gregory, R. (1998). Mirrors in mind. London: Penguin Books.
26. Haigney, D., & Westerman, S. J. (2001). Mobile (cellular) phone use and driving: A critical review of research methodology. Ergonomics, 44, 132-143.
27. Higashiyama, A., & Shimono, K. (2004). Mirror vision: Perceived size and perceived distance of virtual images. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 679-691.
28. Higashiyama, A., Yokoyama, Y., & Shimono, K. (2001). Perceived distance of targets in convex mirrors. Japanese Psychological Research, 43, 13-24.
29. Ho, C., & Spence, C. (in press). Verbal interface design: Do verbal directional cues automatically orient visual spatial attention? Computers in Human Behavior.
30. Ho, C., Tan, H. Z., & Spence, C. (2005). Using spatial vibrotactile cues to direct visual attention in driving scenes. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8, doi:10.1016/j.trf.2005.05.002.
31. Hommel, B., Pratt, J., Colzato, L., & Godijn, R. (2001). Symbolic control of visual attention. Psychological Science, 12, 360-365.
32. Horowitz, A. D., & Dingus, T. A. (1992). Warning signal design: A key human factors issue in an in-vehicle front-to-rear-end collision warning system. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 36th Annual Meeting, 1011-1013.
33. Hublet, C., Morals, J., & Bertelson, P. (1976). Spatial constraints on focused attention: Beyond the right-side advantage. Perception, 5, 3-8.
34. Hublet, C., Morais, J., & Bertelson, P. (1977). Spatial effects in speech perception in the absence of spatial competition. Perception, 6, 461-466.
35. Hunt, A. R., & Kingstone, A. (2003). Covert and oven voluntary attention: Linked or independent? Cognitive Brain Research, 18, 102-105.
36. Isherwood, S., McKeown, J. D., & Hockey, G. R. J. (2004). A positive correlation between rated unpleasantness and perceived urgency of auditory icons. Unpublished manuscript.
37. Kames, A. J. (1978). A study of the effects of mobile telephone use and control unit design on driving performance. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-24, 282-287.
38. Kemeny, A., & Panerai, F. (2003). Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 31-37.
39. Kieras, D. E., & Meyer, D. E. (1997). An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 12, 391-438.
40. Kitagawa, N., Zampini, M., & Spence, C. (2005). Audiotactile interactions in near and far space. Experimental Brain Research, doi:10.1007/S00221-005-2393-8.
41. Klein, R. M., & Dick, B. (2002). Temporal dynamics of reflexive attention shifts: A dual-stream rapid serial visual presentation exploration. Psychological Science, 13, 176-179.
42. Klein, R. M., & Shore, D. I. (2000). Relations among modes of visual orienting. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 195-208). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Langton, S. R. H., Watt, R. J., & Bruce, V. (2000). Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 50-59.
44. Lansdown, T. C. (2002). Individual differences during driver secondary task performance: Verbal protocol and visual allocation findings. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34, 655-662.
45. Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused?: Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 75-82.
46. Müller, H. J., & Findlay, J. M. (1987). Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cuing of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 383-399.
47. Maravita, A., Spence, C., Sergent, C., & Driver, J. (2002). Seeing your own touched hands in a mirror modulates cross-modal interactions. Psychological Science, 13, 350-355.
48. McLane, R. C., & Wierwille, W. W. (1975). The influence of motion and audio cues on driver performance in an automobile simulator. Human Factors, 17, 488-501.
49. Mondor, T. A., & Amirault, K. J. (1998). Effect of same- and different-modality spatial cues on auditory and visual target identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 745-755.
50. Oh, E. L., & Lutfi, R. A. (1999). Informational masking by everyday sounds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 3521-3528.
51. Oviatt, S. (1999). Ten myths of multimodal interaction. Communications of the ACM, 42, 74-81.
52. Oviatt, S. (2002). Multimodal interfaces. In J. A. Jacko & A. Sears (Eds.), The human-computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications (pp. 286-304). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
53. Oviatt, S., DeAngeli, A., & Kuhn, K. (1997). Integration and synchronization of input modes during multimodal human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: CHI '97 (pp. 415-422). New York: ACM Press.
54. Oyer, J., & Hardick, J. (1963). Response of population to optimum warning signal (Rep. No. SHSLR163). Washington, D.C.: Office of Civil Defence.
55. Parasuraman, R., Hancock, P. A., & Olofinboba, O. (1997). Alarm effectiveness in driver-centred collision-warning systems. Ergonomics, 40, 390-399.
56. Parasuraman, R., & Riley, V. (1997). Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors, 39, 230-253.
57. Perrott, D. R., Cisneros, J., McKinley, R. L., & D'Angelo, W. R. (1996). Aurally aided visual search under virtual and free-field listening conditions. Human Factors, 38, 702-715.
58. Perrott, D. R., Saberi, K., Brown, K., & Strybel, T. Z. (1990). Auditory psychomotor coordination and visual search performance. Perception & Psychophysics, 48, 214-226.
59. Perrott, D. R., Sadralodabai, T., Saberi, K., & Strybel, T. Z. (1991). Aurally aided visual search in the central visual field: Effects of visual load and visual enhancement of the target. Human Factors, 33, 389-400.
60. Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Proctor, R. W., Tan, H. Z., Vu, K.-P. L., Gray, R., & Spence, C. (2005). Implications of compatibility and cuing effects for multimodal interfaces. Proceedings of the HCI International 2005, 11.
62. Ramachandran, V. S., Altschuler, E. L., & Hillyer, S. (1997). Mirror agnosia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 264, 645-647.
63. Reed, M. P., & Green, P. A. (1999). Comparison of driving performance on-road and in a low-cost simulator using a concurrent telephone dialling task. Ergonomics, 42, 1015-1037.
64. Rees, G., & Lavie, N. (2001). What can functional imaging reveal about the role of attention in visual awareness? Neuropsychologia, 39, 1343-1353.
65. Selcon, S. J., Taylor, R. M., & McKenna, F. P. (1995). Integrating multiple information sources: Using redundancy in the design of warnings. Ergonomics, 38, 2362-2370.
66. Shapiro, K. (Ed.). (2001). The limits of attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
67. Shinn-Cunningham, B., & Ihlefeld, A. (2004). Selective and divided attention: Extracting information from simultaneous sound sources. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Conference on Auditory Displays.
68. Simpson, C. A., & Marchionda-Frost, K. (1984). Synthesized speech rate and pitch effects on intelligibility of warning messages for pilots. Human Factors, 26, 509-517.
69. Simpson, C. A., McCauley, M. E., Roland, E. F., Ruth, J. C., & Williges, B. H. (1987). Speech controls and displays. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors (pp. 1490-1525). New York: Wiley.
70. Sinnett, S., Costa, A., & Soto-Faraco, S. (in press). Inattentional blindness across sensory modalities. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: A Human Experimental Psychology.
71. Sorkin, R. D. (1988). Why are people turning off our alarms? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84, 1107-1108.
72. Soto-Faraco, S., Morein-Zamir, S., & Kingstone, A. (2005). On audiovisual spatial synergy: The fragility of an effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 444-457.
73. Soto-Faraco, S., & Spence, C. (2002). Modality-specific auditory and visual temporal processing deficits. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A, 23-40.
74. Spence, C. (2001). Crossmodal attentional capture: A controversy resolved? In C. Folk & B. Gibson (Eds.), Attraction, distraction and action: Multiple perspectives on attentional capture (pp. 231-262). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
75. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (1994). Covert spatial orienting in audition: Exogenous and endogenous mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 555-574.
76. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (1997a). Audiovisual links in exogenous covert spatial orienting. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 1-22.
77. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (1997b). Cross-modal links in attention between audition, vision, and touch: Implications for interface design. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1, 351-373.
78. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (1999). A new approach to the design of multimodal warning signals. In D. Harris (Ed.), Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics, Vol. 4: Job design, product design and human-computer interaction (pp. 455-461). Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
79. Spence, C., & Driver, J. (Eds.). (2004). Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
80. Spence, C., McDonald, J., & Driver, J. (2004). Exogenous spatial-cuing studies of human crossmodal attention and multisensory integration. In C. Spence & J. Driver (Eds.), Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention (pp. 277-320). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
81. Spence, C., Nicholls, M. E. R., & Driver, J. (2001). The cost of expecting events in the wrong sensory modality. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 330-336.
82. Spence, C., Ranson, J., & Driver, J. (2000). Cross-modal selective attention: On the difficulty of ignoring sounds at the locus of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 410-424.
83. Spence, C., & Read, L. (2003). Speech shadowing while driving: On the difficulty of splitting attention between eye and ear. Psychological Science, 14, 251-256.
84. Spence, C., Shore, D. I., & Klein, R. M. (2001). Multisensory prior entry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 799-832.
85. Stevens, S. S., & Newman, E. B. (1936). The localization of actual sources of sound. American Journal of Psychology, 48, 297-306.
86. Strayer, D. L., & Johnston, W. A. (2001). Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular telephone. Psychological Science, 12, 462-466.
87. Streeter, L. A., Vitello, D., & Wonsiewicz, S. A. (1985). How to tell people where to go: Comparing navigational aids. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 22, 549-562.
88. Von Fieandt, K. (1966). Perception of the self directly and as a mirror image. In K. von Fieandt (Ed.), The world of perception (pp. 322-335). Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
89. Wallace, J. S., & Fisher, D. L. (1998). Sound localization information theory analysis. Human Factors, 40, 50-68.
90. Wickens, C. D. (1980). The structure of attentional resources. In R. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 239-257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Wickens, C. D. (1984). Engineering psychology and human performance. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
92. Wickens, C. D. (1991). Processing resources and attention. In D. L. Damos (Ed.), Multiple-task performance (pp. 3-24). London: Taylor & Francis.
93. van Winsum, W., & Brouwer, W. (1997). Time headway in car following and operational performance during unexpected braking. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 1247-1257.
94. van Winsum, W., & Heino, A. (1996). Choice of time-headway in car following and the role of time-to-collision information in braking. Ergonomics, 39, 579-592.
95. Zeigler, B. L., Graham, F. K., & Hackley, S. A. (2001). Cross-modal warning effects on reflexive and voluntary reactions. Psychophysiology, 38, 903-911.