Pain in rheumatoid arthritis: A critical review

Reumatismo

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 18-27

  Sarzi Puttini, Piercarlo ^a   Salaffi, F ^b   Di Franco, M ^c   Bazzichi, L ^d   Cassisi, G ^e   Casale, R ^f   Cazzola, M ^g   Stisi, S ^h   Battellino, M ^a   Atzeni, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

^c SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^e Rheumatology Branch   (Italy)

^f IRCCS   (Italy)

^g UOC Rehabilitative Medicine AO 'Ospedale di Circolo'   (Italy)

^h AO rn 'G Rummo' Benevento ^*  (Italy)

Author keywords

Analgesics; Central sensitization; Pain; Rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; CODEINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PENTAZOCINE; PLACEBO; TILIDINE; TRAMADOL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT;

ANALGESIA; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; PAIN; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; TREATMENT PLANNING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION; COMPLICATION; FIBROMYALGIA; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NOCICEPTION; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANALGESICS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION; CHRONIC PAIN; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; EXERCISE THERAPY; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PAIN MANAGEMENT; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN PERCEPTION; PAIN THRESHOLD;

EID: 84902181615     PISSN: 00487449     EISSN: 22402683     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2014.760     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Walsh DA, McWilliams DF. Pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012; 16: 509-17.
2. Lee YC. Effect and treatment of chronic pain in inflammatory arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013; 15: 300.
3. Heiberg T, Kvien TK. Preferences for improved health examined in 1024 patients with rheumatoid arthritis: pain has highest priority. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 47: 391-7.
4. Taylor P, Manger B, Alvaro-Gracia J, Johnstone R, Gomez-Reino J, Eberhardt E, et al. Patient perceptions concerning pain management in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Int Med Res. 2010; 38: 1213-24.
5. Minnock P, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B. Women with established rheumatoid arthritis perceive pain as the predominant impairment of health status. Rheumatology. 2003; 42: 995-1000.
6. Kvien TK. Epidemiology and burden of illness of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004; 22: 1-12.
7. Khan NA, Spencer HJ, Abda E, Aggarwal A, Alten R, Ancuta C, et al. Determinants of discordance in patients' and physicians' rating of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Care Res. 2012; 64: 206-14.
8. Studenic P, Radner H, Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Discrepancies between patients and physicians in the perception of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 2814-23.
9. Courvoisier N, Dougados M, Cantagrel A, Goupille P, Meyer O, Sibilia J, et al. Prognostic factors of 10-year radiographic out-come in early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008; 10: R106.
10. Odegard S, Finset A, Mowinckel P, Kvien TK, Uhlig T. Pain and psychological health status over a 10-year period in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66: 1195-201.
11. Sokka T, Kankainen A, Hannonen P. Scores for functional disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are correlated at higher levels with pain scores than with radiographic scores. Arthritis Rheum. 2000; 43: 386-9.
12. Sarzi-Puttini P, Fiorini T, Panni B, Turiel M, Cazzola M, Atzeni F. Correlation of the score for subjective pain with physical disability, clinical, and radiographic scores in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002; 3: 18.
13. McWilliams DF, Zhang W, Mansell JS, Kiely PD, Young A, Walsh DA. Predictors of change in bodily pain in early rheumatoid arthritis: an inception cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64: 1505-13.
14. Schipper LG, Fransen J, den Broeder AA, Van Riel PL. Time to achieve remission determines time to be in remission. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010; 12: R97.
15. Finckh A, Choi HK, Wolfe F. Progression of radiographic joint damage in different eras: trends towards milder disease in rheumatoid arthritis are attributable to improved treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006; 65: 1192-7.
16. Soubrier M, Lukas C, Sibilia J, Fautrel B, Roux F, Gossec L, et al. Disease activity score-driven therapy vs routine care in patients with recent-onset active rheumatoid arthritis: data from the GUEPARD trial and ESPOIR cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70: 611-5.
17. Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P. Rheumatoid arthritis: why wait? Explaining delays in seeking therapy for early arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012; 8: 190-1.
18. Andersson ML, Svensson B, Bergman S. Chronic widespread pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the relation between pain and disease activity measures over the first 5 years. J Rheumatol. 2013; 40: 1977-85.
19. van der Bijl AE, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Ten Wolde S, Han KH, van Krugten MV, et al. Infliximab and methotrexate as induction therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56: 2129-34.
20. Wolfe F, Michaud K. Assessment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis: minimal clinically significant difference, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. J Rheumatol. 2007; 34: 1674-83.
21. Wiles NJ, Scott DG, Barrett EM, Merry P, Arie E, Gaffney K, et al. Benchmarking: the five year outcome of rheumatoid arthritis assessed using a pain score, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) in a community and a clinic based sample. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001; 60: 956-61.
22. Rupp I, Boshuizen HC, Roorda LD, Dinant HJ, Jacobi CE, van den Bos G. Course of patient-reported health outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches. J Rheumatol. 2006; 33: 228-33.
23. Roche PA, Klestov AC, Heim HM. Description of stable pain in rheumatoid arthritis: a 6 year study. J Rheumatol. 2003; 30: 1733-8.
24. Gerecz-Simon EM, Tunks ER, Heale JA, Kean WF, Buchanan WW. Measurement of pain threshold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and healthy controls. Clin Rheumatol. 1989; 8: 467-74.
25. Atzeni F, Cazzola M, Benucci M, Di Franco M, Salaffi F, Sarzi-Puttini P. Chronic widespread pain in the spectrum of rheumatological diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011; 25: 165-71.
26. Wolfe F. Fibromyalgianess. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61: 715-6.
27. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Hauser W, Katz RS, et al. Fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales for clinical and epidemiological studies: a modification of the ACR Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2011; 38: 1113-22.
28. Lee YC, Chibnik LB, Lu B, Wasan AD, Edwards RR, Fossel AH, et al. The relationship between disease activity, sleep, psychiatric distress, and pain sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009; 11: R160.
29. Konttinen YT, Tiainen VM, Gomez-Barrena E, Hukkanen M, Salo J. Innervation of the joint and role of neuropeptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1069: 149-54.
30. Schaible HG, Ebersberger A, Von Banchet GS. Mechanisms of pain in arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002; 966: 343-54.
31. Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK, Atkuri KR, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. Nerve growth factor: a key local regulator in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 3243-52.
32. Schaible HG, von Banchet GS, Boettger MK, Brauer R, Gajda M, Richter F, et al. The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the generation and maintenance of joint pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1193: 60-9.
33. Benemei S, Nicoletti P, Capone JG, Geppetti P. CGRP receptors in the control of pain and inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009; 9: 9-14.
34. Brenn D, Richter F, Schaible HG. Sensitization of unmyelinated sensory fibers of the joint nerve to mechanical stimuli by interleukin-6 in the rat: an inflammatory mechanism of joint pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56: 351-9.
35. Zhang L, Berta T, Xu ZZ, Liu T, Park JY, Ji RR. TNF-alpha contributes to spinal cord synaptic plasticity and inflammatory pain: distinct role of TNF receptor subtypes 1 and 2. Pain. 2011; 152: 419-27.
36. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Beyond neurons: evidence that immune and glial cells contribute to pathological pain states. Physiol Rev. 2002; 82: 981-1011.
37. Richter F, Natura G, Loser S, Schmidt K, Viisanen H, Schaible HG. Tumor necrosis factor causes persistent sensitization of joint nociceptors to mechanical stimuli in rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62: 3806-14.
38. Bekkelund SI, Mellgren SI, Proven A, Husby G. Quantified neurological examination with emphasis on motor and sensory functions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and controls. Br J Rheumatol. 1996; 35: 1116-21.
39. Leffler AS, Kosek E, Lerndal T, Nordmark B, Hansson P. Somatosensory perception and function of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pain. 2002; 6: 161-76.
40. Huskisson EC, Hart FD. Pain threshold and arthritis. Br Med J. 1972; 4: 193-5.
41. Covic T, Tyson G, Spencer D, Howe G. Depression in rheumatoid arthritis patients: demographic, clinical, and psychological predictors. J Psychosom Res. 2006; 60: 469-76.
42. Drewes AM, Svendsen L, Taagholt SJ, Bjerregard K, Nielsen KD, Hansen B. Sleep in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with healthy subjects and studies of sleep/wake interactions. Br J Rheumatol. 1998; 37: 71-81.
43. Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Carrillo C, Sadeghi N, Fitzgerald JD, Ranganath VK, et al. Sleep loss exacerbates fatigue, depression, and pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Sleep. 2012; 35: 537-43.
44. Nicassio PM, Ormseth SR, Kay M, Custodio M, Irwin MR, Olmstead R, et al. The contribution of pain and depression to selfreported sleep disturbance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain. 2012; 153: 107-12.
45. Khanna D, Ranganath VK, Fitzgerald J, Park GS, Altman RD, Elashoff D, et al. Increased radiographic damage scores at the onset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in older patients are associated with osteoarthritis of the hands, but not with more rapid progression of damage. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 2284-92.
46. Hagglund KJ, Haley WE, Reveille JD, Alarcon GS. Predicting individual differences in pain and functional impairment among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989; 32: 851-8.
47. Edwards RR, Cahalan C, Mensing G, Smith M, Haythornthwaite JA. Pain, catastrophizing, and depression in the rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011; 7: 216-24.
48. Hewlett S, Sanderson T, May J, Alten R 3rd, Bingham CO, Cross M, et al. "I'm hurting, I want to kill myself": rheumatoid arthritis flare is more than a high joint count-an international patient perspective on flare where medical help is sought. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012; 51: 69-76.
49. Rupp I, Boshuizen HC, Dinant HJ, Jacobi CE, van den Bos GA. Disability and healthrelated quality of life among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with radiographic joint damage, disease activity, pain, and depressive symptoms. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006; 35: 175-81.
50. Nicassio PM, Wallston KA. Longitudinal relationships among pain, sleep problems, and depression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992; 101: 514-20.
51. Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995; 38: 44-8.
52. van der Heijde DM, van't Hof MA, van Riel PL, van Leeuwen MA, van Rijswijk MH, van de Putte LB. Validity of single variables and composite indices for measuring disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992; 51: 177-81.
53. Leeb BF, Andel I, Sautner J, Nothnagl T, Rintelen B. The DAS28 in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004; 43: 1504-7.
54. Pollard LC, Kingsley GH, Choy EH, Scott DL. Fibromyalgic rheumatoid arthritis and disease assessment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010; 49: 924-8.
55. Dhir V, Lawrence A, Aggarwal A, Misra R. Fibromyalgia is common and adversely affects pain and fatigue perception in North Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009; 36: 2443-8.
56. Ranzolin A, Brenol JC, Bredemeier M, Guarienti J, Rizzatti M, Feldman D, et al. Association of concomitant fibromyalgia with worse disease activity score in 28 joints, health assessment questionnaire, and short form 36 scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61: 794-800.
57. Sokka T, Toloza S, Cutolo M, Kautiainen H, Makinen H, Gogus F, et al. Women, men, and rheumatoid arthritis: analyses of disease activity, disease characteristics, and treatments in the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009; 11: R7.
58. Kiely P, Walsh D, Williams R, Young A. Outcome in rheumatoid arthritis patients with continued conventional therapy for moderate disease activity-the early RA network (ERAN). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; 50: 926-31.
59. Whittle SL, Colebatch AN, Buchbinder R, Edwards CJ, Adams K, Englbrecht M, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for pain management by pharmacotherapy in inflammatory arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e initiative. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012; 51: 1416-25.
60. di Munno O, Sarchi C. Effectiveness of tolmetin in rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by means of a new method. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1982; 4: 203-6.
61. Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Lanata L, Bagnasco M. Efficacy of ketoprofen vs. ibuprofen and diclofenac: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013. [Epub ahead of print].
62. Landewe RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Westhovens R, van de Laar MA, Markusse HM, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum. 2002; 46: 347-56.
63. Nell VP, Machold KP, Eberl G, Stamm TA, Uffmann M, Smolen JS. Benefit of very early referral and very early therapy with diseasemodifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2004; 43: 906-14.
64. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, Emery P, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 964-75.
65. National Health Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Rheumatoid arthritis-the management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Clinical guidelines, CG79-Issued: February 2009. London: HMSO; 2009.
66. Wienecke T, Gotzsche PC. Paracetamol vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; 1: CD003789.
67. Seideman P, Melander A. Equianalgesic effects of paracetamol and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1988; 27: 117-22.
68. Marks JL, Colebatch AN, Buchbinder R, Edwards CJ. Pain management for rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular or renal comorbidity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (10): dCD008952
69. Seideman P. Additive effect of combined naproxen and paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1993; 32: 1077-82.
70. Lee EY, Lee EB, Park BJ, Lee CK, Yoo B, Lim MK, et al. Tramadol 37.5 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg combination tablets added to regular therapy for rheumatoid arthritis pain: a 1-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2006; 28: 2052-60.
71. Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R. Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 1: CD008922.
72. Whittle SL, Richards BL, Husni E, Buchbinder R. Opioid therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 11: CD003113.
73. Zuccaro SM, Vellucci R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Cherubino P, Labianca R, Fornasari D. Barriers to pain management: focus on opioid therapy. Clin Drug Investig. 2012; 32: 11-9.
74. Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C, et al. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 1: CD006605.
75. Atlas LY, Whittington RA, Lindquist MA, Wielgosz J, Sonty N, Wager TD. Dissociable influences of opiates and expectations on pain. J Neurosci. 2012; 32: 8053-64.
76. Bingel U, Wanigasekera V, Wiech K, Ni Mhuircheartaigh R, Lee MC, Ploner M, et al. The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil. Sci Transl Med. 2011; 3: 7-4.
77. Labianca R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zuccaro SM, Cherubino P, Vellucci R, Fornasari D. Adverse effects associated with non-opioid and opioid treatment in patients with chronic pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2012; 32: 53-63.
78. Crofford LJ. Adverse effects of chronic opioid therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain. Nat Rev. 2010; 6: 191-7.
79. Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R. Neuromodulators for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 1: CD008921.
80. Deal CL, Schnitzer TJ, Lipstein E, Seibold JR, Stevens RM, Levy MD, et al. Treatment of arthritis with topical capsaicin: a doubleblind trial. Clin Ther. 1991; 13: 383-95.
81. Ogawa S, Satoh J, Arakawa A, Yoshiyama T, Suzuki M. Pregabalin treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain: a review of safety data from randomized controlled trials conducted in Japan and in the west. Drug Saf. 2012; 35: 793-806.
82. Siler AC, Gardner H, Yanit K, Cushman T, McDonagh M. Systematic review of the comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs for fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2011; 12: 407-15.
83. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, Buch M, Burmester G, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014; 73: 492-509.
84. Emery P. Optimizing outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to anti-TNF treatment. Rheumatology. 2012; 51: v22-30.
85. Kirwan JR, Hallgren R, Mielants H, Wollheim F, Bjorck E, Persson T, et al. A randomized placebo controlled 12 week trial of budesonide and prednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004; 63: 688-95.
86. Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MA, West-hovens R, van Denderen JC, et al. Randomized comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate, and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1997; 350: 309-18.
87. Steiman AJ, Pope JE, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Li L, Barnabe C, Kalache F, et al. Non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) improve pain in inflammatory arthritis (IA): a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatol Int. 2013; 33: 1105-20.
88. Radner H, Ramiro S, Buchbinder R, Landewe RB, van der Heijde D, Aletaha D. Pain management for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and other spondylarthritis) and gastrointestinal or liver comorbidity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 1: CD008951.
89. Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R. Antidepressants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 11: CD008920.
90. Sarzi-Puttini P, Cazzola M, Boccassini L, Ciniselli G, Santandrea S, Caruso I, et al. A comparison of dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis and the association of pain with depression. J Int Med Res. 1988; 16: 331-7.
91. Caruso I, Sarzi-Puttini PC, Boccassini L, Santandrea S, Locati M, Volpato R, et al. Double-blind study of dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1987; 15: 154-9.
92. Ramiro S, Radner H, van der Heijde D, van Tubergen A, Buchbinder R, Aletaha D, et al. Combination therapy for pain management in inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (10): CD008886.
93. Keefe FJ, Affleck G, Lefebvre JC, Starr K, Caldwell DS, Tennen H. Pain coping strategies and coping efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis: a daily process analysis. Pain. 1997; 69: 35-42.
94. Keefe FJ, Caldwell DS, Martinez S, Nunley J, Beckham J, Williams DA. Analyzing pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Pain coping strategies in patients who have had knee replacement surgery. Pain. 1991; 46: 153-60.
95. Knittle K, Maes S, de Gucht V. Psychological interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: examining the role of self-regulation with a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care Res. 2010; 62: 1460-72.
96. Knittle KP, De Gucht V, Hurkmans EJ, Vlieland TP, Peeters AJ, Ronday HK, et al. Effect of self-efficacy and physical activity goal achievement on arthritis pain and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011; 63: 1613-9.
97. Sharpe L, Schrieber L. A blind randomized controlled trial of cognitive versus behavioral versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Psychother Psychosom. 2012; 81: 145-52.
98. John H, Hale ED, Treharne GJ, Kitas GD, Carroll D. A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural patient education intervention vs a traditional information leaflet to address the cardiovascular aspects of rheumatoid disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013; 52: 81-90.
99. Iversen MD, Brandestein JS. Do dynamic strengthening and aerobic capacity exercise reduce pain and improve functional outcomes and strength in people with established rheumatoid arthritis? Phys Ther. 2012; 92: 1251-7.
100. Baillet A, Vaillant M, Guinot M, Juvin R, Gaudin P. Efficacy of resistance exercises in rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012; 51: 519-27.
101. Liu SS, Buvanendran A, Rathmell JP, Sawhney M, Bae JJ, Moric M, et al. A cross-sectional survey on prevalence and risk factors for persistent postsurgical pain 1 year after total hip and knee replacement. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012; 37: 415-22.
102. Clarke H, Woodhouse LJ, Kennedy D, Stratford P, Katz J. Strategies aimed at preventing chronic post-surgical pain: comprehensive perioperative pain management after total joint replacement surgery. Physiother Can. 2011; 63: 289-304.
103. Calder JD, Ashwood N, Hollingdale JP. Survivorship analysis of the "Performance" total knee replacement-7-year follow-up. Int Orthop. 1999; 23: 100-3.
104. Cherubino P, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zuccaro SM, Labianca R. The management of chronic pain in important patient subgroups. Clin Drug Investig. 2012; 32: 35-44.
105. Sarzi-Puttini P, Vellucci R, Zuccaro SM, Cherubino P, Labianca R, Fornasari D. The appropriate treatment of chronic pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2012; 32: 21-33.
106. Smith HS, Smith AR, Seidner P. Painful rheumatoid arthritis. Pain Physician. 2011; 14: E427-58.