Alterations of eye movement control in neurodegenerative movement disorders

Journal of Ophthalmology

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Gorges, Martin ^a   Pinkhardt, Elmar H ^a   Kassubek, Jan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902161437     PISSN: 2090004X     EISSN: 20900058     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/658243     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Goldberg M. E., Walker M. F., Hudspeth A. J., Schwartz J. H., Jessell T. M., Siegelbaum S. A., Kandel E. R., The control of gaze. Principles of Neural Science 2013 5th New York, NY, USA McGraw-Hill 894 916
2. Leigh R. J., Zee D. S., The Neurology of Eye Movements 2006 4th New York, NY, USA Oxford University Press
3. Anderson T. J., MacAskill M. R., Eye movements in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology 2013 9 2 74 85 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.273
4. MacAskill M. R., Graham C. F., Pitcher T. L., Myall D. J., Livingston L., van Stockum S., Dalrymple-Alford J. C., Anderson T. J., The influence of motor and cognitive impairment upon visually-guided saccades in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2012 50 14 3338 3347 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.025
5. Pinkhardt E. H., Kassubek J., Ocular motor abnormalities in Parkinsonian syndromes. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2011 17 4 223 230 2-s2.0-79955027290 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.08.004
6. Terao Y., Fukuda H., Yugeta A., Hikosaka O., Nomura Y., Segawa M., Hanajima R., Tsuji S., Ugawa Y., Initiation and inhibitory control of saccades with the progression of Parkinson's disease-changes in three major drives converging on the superior colliculus. Neuropsychologia 2011 49 7 1794 1806 2-s2.0-79956129488 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.002
7. Klöppel S., Draganski B., Golding C. V., Chu C., Nagy Z., Cook P. A., Hicks S. L., Kennard C., Alexander D. C., Parker G. J. M., Tabrizi S. J., Frackowiak R. S. J., White matter connections reflect changes in voluntary-guided saccades in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease. Brain 2008 131, part 1 196 204 2-s2.0-37549063292 10.1093/brain/awm275
8. Neggers S. F., Diepen R. M., Zandbelt B. B., Vink M., Mandl R. C., Gutteling T. P., A functional and structural investigation of the human fronto-basal volitional saccade network. PLoS ONE 2012 7 1, article e29517 2-s2.0-84855315677 10.1371/journal.pone.0029517
9. Gorges M., Müller H. P., Lule D., Ludolph A. C., Pinkhardt E. H., Kassubek J., Functional connectivity within the default mode network is associated with saccadic accuracy in Parkinson's disease: a resting-state FMRI and videooculographic study. Brain Connectivity 2013 3 3 265 272 10.1089/brain.2013.0146
10. Raichle M. E., Two views of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2010 14 4 180 190 2-s2.0-77949916969 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.008
11. Anderson C. H., Essen D. C., Olshausen B. A., Itti L., Rees G., Tsotsos J., Directed visual attention and the dynamic control of information flow. Encyclopedia of Visual Attention 2004 Elsevier/Academic Press
12. Donaghy C., Thurtell M. J., Pioro E. P., Gibson J. M., Leigh R. J., Eye movements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its mimics: a review with illustrative cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2011 82 1 110 116 2-s2.0-78650445324 10.1136/jnnp.2010.212407
13. Garbutt S., Matlin A., Hellmuth J., Schenk A. K., Johnson J. K., Rosen H., Dean D., Kramer J., Neuhaus J., Miller B. L., Lisberger S. G., Boxer A. L., Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2008 131, part 5 1268 1281 2-s2.0-44949262144 10.1093/brain/awn047
14. Kapoula Z., Yang Q., Otero-Millan J., Xiao S., Macknik S. L., Lang A., Verny M., Martinez-Conde S., Distinctive features of microsaccades in Alzheimer's disease and in mild cognitive impairment. Age 2014 36 2 535 543
15. Walls G. L., The evolutionary history of eye movements. Vision Research 1962 2 1-4 69 80 2-s2.0-0002267319
16. Fukushima K., Fukushima J., Warabi T., Barnes G. R., Cognitive processes involved in smooth pursuit eye movements: behavioral evidence, neural substrate and clinical correlation. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 2013 7, article 4 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00004
17. Becker W., The neurobiology of saccadic eye movements. Metrics. Reviews of Oculomotor Research 1989 3 13 67 2-s2.0-0024893630
18. Martinez-Conde S., Otero-Millan J., Macknik S. L., The impact of microsaccades on vision: towards a unified theory of saccadic function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2013 14 2 83 96 10.1038/nrn3405
19. Abadi R. V., Gowen E., Characteristics of saccadic intrusions. Vision Research 2004 44 23 2675 2690 2-s2.0-4143148726 10.1016/j.visres.2004.05.009 (Pubitemid 39092497)
20. Martinez-Conde S., Macknik S. L., Hubel D. H., The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2004 5 3 229 240 2-s2.0-1342310615 (Pubitemid 38252479)
21. Martinez-Conde S., Macknik S. L., Troncoso X. G., Dyar T. A., Microsaccades counteract visual fading during fixation. Neuron 2006 49 2 297 305 2-s2.0-30644465542 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.033 (Pubitemid 43089645)
22. Otero-Millan J., Troncoso X. G., Macknik S. L., Serrano-Pedraza I., Martinez-Conde S., Saccades and microsaccades during visual fixation, exploration, and search: foundations for a common saccadic generator. Journal of Vision 2008 8 14, article 21 1 18 2-s2.0-57349174237 10.1167/8.14.21
23. Martinez-Conde S., Macknik S. L., Troncoso X. G., Hubel D. H., Microsaccades: a neurophysiological analysis. Trends in Neurosciences 2009 32 9 463 475 2-s2.0-69949094325 10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.006
24. McCamy M. B., Najafian Jazi A., Otero-Millan J., Macknik S. L., Martinez-Conde S., The effects of fixation target size and luminance on microsaccades and square-wave jerks. PeerJ 2013 1, article e9 10.7717/peerj.9
25. Otero-Millan J., Schneider R., Leigh R. J., Macknik S. L., Martinez-Conde S., Saccades during attempted fixation in parkinsonian disorders and recessive ataxia: from microsaccades to square-wave jerks. PLoS ONE 2013 8 3, article e58535
26. Kowler E., Martins A. J., Eye movements of preschool children. Science 1982 215 4535 997 999 2-s2.0-0020051481 (Pubitemid 12154215)
27. Rosini F., Federighi P., Pretegiani E., Piu P., Leigh R. J., Serra A., Federico A., Rufa A., Ocular-motor profile and effects of memantine in a familial form of adult cerebellar ataxia with slow saccades and square wave saccadic intrusions. PLoS ONE 2013 8 7, article e69522
28. Chen A. L., Riley D. E., King S. A., Joshi A. C., Serra A., Liao K., Cohen M. L., Otero-Millan J., Martinez-Conde S., Strupp M., Leigh R. J., The disturbance of gaze in progressive supranuclear palsy: implications for pathogenesis. Frontiers in Neurolog 2010 1, article 147 10.3389/fneur.2010.00147
29. Kassubek J., Diagnostic procedures during the course of Parkinson's disease. Basal Ganglia 2014 10.1016/j.baga.2014.02.001
30. Zee D. S., Ophthalmoscopy in examination of patients with vestibular disorders. Annals of Neurology 1978 3 4 373 374 2-s2.0-0017953451
31. Serra A., Leigh R. J., Diagnostic value of nystagmus: spontaneous and induced ocular oscillations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2002 73 6 615 618 2-s2.0-0036903003 10.1136/jnnp.73.6.615 (Pubitemid 35448843)
32. Eggert T., Eye movement recordings: methods. Developments in Ophthalmology 2007 40 15 34 2-s2.0-34249751197 10.1159/000100347
33. Schneider E., Villgrattner T., Vockeroth J., Bartl K., Kohlbecher S., Bardins S., Ulbrich H., Brandt T., EyeSeeCam: an eye movement-driven head camera for the examination of natural visual exploration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009 1164 461 467 2-s2.0-66149148928 10.1111/j.1749-6632. 2009.03858.x
34. Kimmig H., Haussmann K., Mergner T., Lucking C. H., What is pathological with gaze shift fragmentation in Parkinson's disease? Journal of Neurology 2002 249 6 683 692 2-s2.0-18444384785 10.1007/s00415-002-0691-7 (Pubitemid 34651749)
35. Pinkhardt E. H., Jürgens R., Lule D., Heimrath J., Ludolph A. C., Becker W., Kassubek J., Eye movement impairments in Parkinson's disease: possible role of extradopaminergic mechanisms. BMC Neurology 2012 12, article 5 2-s2.0-84857472117 10.1186/1471-2377-12-5
36. Helmchen C., Pohlmann J., Trillenberg P., Lencer R., Graf J., Sprenger A., Role of anticipation and prediction in smooth pursuit eye movement control in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 2012 27 8 1012 1018 10.1002/mds.25042
37. Pinkhardt E. H., Kassubek J., Sussmuth S., Ludolph A. C., Becker W., Jürgens R., Comparison of smooth pursuit eye movement deficits in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology 2009 256 9 1438 1446 2-s2.0-69549084588 10.1007/s00415-009-5131-5
38. van den Heuvel M. P., Hulshoff Pol H. E., Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2010 20 8 519 534 2-s2.0-77953961776 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008
39. Chaudhuri K. R., Odin P., Antonini A., Martinez-Martin P., Parkinson's disease: the non-motor issues. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2011 17 10 717 723 2-s2.0-80455176827 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.018
40. Park A., Stacy M., Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology 2009 256 supplement 3 293 298
41. Braak H., del Tredici K., Neuroanatomy and Pathology of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease 2009 201 Berlin, Germany Springer Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology
42. Braak H., del Tredici K., Rub U., de Vos R. A., Steur E. N. J., Braak E., Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2003 24 2 197 211 2-s2.0-0037333666 10.1016/S0197-4580(02) 00065-9 (Pubitemid 36007810)
43. Braak H., Müller C. M., Rub U., Ackermann H., Bratzke H., de Vos R. A., del Tredici K., Pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease-where does it end? Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplement 2006 70 89 97 2-s2.0-33750377224 (Pubitemid 44622184)
44. Braak H., Rub U., Jansen Steur E. N., del Tredici K., de Vos R. A., Cognitive status correlates with neuropathologic stage in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005 64 8 1404 1410 2-s2.0-17644426053 (Pubitemid 40570509)
45. Machner B., Klein C., Sprenger A., Baumbach P., Pramstaller P. P., Helmchen C., Heide W., Eye movement disorders are different in Parkin-linked and idiopathic early-onset PD. Neurology 2010 75 2 125 128 2-s2.0-77954741568 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e7ca6d
46. Pinkhardt E. H., Issa H., Gorges M., Jürgens R., Lule D., Heimrath J., Müller H. P., Ludolph A. C., Becker W., Kassubek J., Do eye movement impairments in patients with small vessel cerebrovascular disease depend on lesion load or on cognitive deficits? A video-oculographic and MRI study. Journal of Neurology 2014 261 4 791 803 10.1007/s00415-014-7275-1
47. Munoz D. P., Everling S., Look away: the anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2004 5 3 218 228 2-s2.0-1342268175 (Pubitemid 38252478)
48. Hikosaka O., Wurtz R. H., The basal ganglia. Reviews of Oculomotor Research 1989 3 257 281 2-s2.0-0024869013
49. Sauleau P., Pollak P., Krack P., Courjon J.-H., Vighetto A., Benabid A.-L., Pélisson D., Tilikete C., Subthalamic stimulation improves orienting gaze movements in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neurophysiology 2008 119 8 1857 1863 2-s2.0-45849099788 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.04.013
50. Kheradmand A., Zee D. S., Cerebellum and ocular motor control. Frontiers in Neurology 2011 2, article 53 10.3389/fneur.2011.00053
51. van Stockum S., MacAskill M. R., Myall D., Anderson T. J., A perceptual discrimination task results in greater facilitation of voluntary saccades in Parkinson's disease patients. European Journal of Neuroscience 2013 37 1 163 172 10.1111/ejn.12033
52. Ptak R., Muri R. M., The parietal cortex and saccade planning: lessons from human lesion studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2013 7, article 254 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00254
53. Purcell B. A., Weigand P. K., Schall J. D., Supplementary eye field during visual search: salience, cognitive control, and performance monitoring. The Journal of Neuroscience 2012 32 30 10273 10285 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6386-11. 2012
54. Bosch S. E., Neggers S. F., van der Stigchel S., The role of the frontal eye fields in oculomotor competition: image-guided TMS enhances contralateral target selection. Cerebral Cortex 2013 23 4 824 832 10.1093/cercor/bhs075
55. Yerram S., Glazman S., Bodis-Wollner I., Cortical control of saccades in Parkinson disease and essential tremor. Journal of Neural Transmission 2013 120 1 145 156 10.1007/s00702-012-0870-3
56. Gaymard B., Rivaud S., Cassarini J. F., Dubard T., Rancurel G., Agid Y., Pierrot-Deseilligny C., Effects of anterior cingulate cortex lesions on ocular saccades in humans. Experimental Brain Research 1998 120 2 173 183 2-s2.0-0031967015 10.1007/s002210050391 (Pubitemid 28206253)
57. Mosimann U. P., Muri R. M., Burn D. J., Felblinger J., O'Brien J. T., McKeith I. G., Saccadic eye movement changes in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2005 128, part 6 1267 1276 2-s2.0-20444477894 10.1093/brain/awh484 (Pubitemid 40826181)
58. Okun M. S., Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2013 368 5 483 484
59. Nilsson M. H., Patel M., Rehncrona S., Magnusson M., Fransson P. A., Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves smooth pursuit and saccade performance in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2013 10, article 33 10.1186/1743-0003-10-33
60. Yugeta A., Terao Y., Fukuda H., Hikosaka O., Yokochi F., Okiyama R., Taniguchi M., Takahashi H., Hamada I., Hanajima R., Ugawa Y., Effects of STN stimulation on the initiation and inhibition of saccade in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010 74 9 743 748 2-s2.0-77649249577 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d31e0b
61. Fahn S., Elton R. L., UPDRS Development Committee, The unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease 1987 Florham Park, NJ, USA Macmillian Healthcare Information 153-163, 293 304
62. Hacker C. D., Perlmutter J. S., Criswell S. R., Ances B. M., Snyder A. Z., Resting state functional connectivity of the striatum in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2012 135, part 12 3699 3711
63. Dubbelink K. T. O., Stoffers D., Deijen J. B., Twisk J. W., Stam C. J., Berendse H. W., Cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease is associated with slowing of resting-state brain activity: a longitudinal study. Neurobiology of Aging 2013 34 2 408 418 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.029
64. Tessitore A., Esposito F., Vitale C., Santangelo G., Amboni M., Russo A., Corbo D., Cirillo G., Barone P., Tedeschi G., Default-mode network connectivity in cognitively unimpaired patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2012 79 23 2226 2232 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827689d6
65. Pinkhardt E. H., Jürgens R., Becker W., Valdarno F., Ludolph A. C., Kassubek J., Differential diagnostic value of eye movement recording in PSP-parkinsonism, Richardson's syndrome, and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology 2008 255 12 1916 1925 2-s2.0-67149086999 10.1007/s00415-009-0027-y
66. Shaikh A. G., Xu-Wilson M., Grill S., Zee D. S., 'Staircase" square-wave jerks in early Parkinson's disease. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2011 95 5 705 709 2-s2.0-79954990643 10.1136/bjo.2010.179630
67. Blekher T., Weaver M., Rupp J., Nichols W. C., Hui S. L., Gray J., Yee R. D., Wojcieszek J., Foroud T., Multiple step pattern as a biomarker in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2009 15 7 506 510 2-s2.0-67650712202 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.01.002
68. Ubhi K., Low P., Masliah E., Multiple system atrophy: a clinical and neuropathological perspective. Trends in Neurosciences 2011 34 11 581 590 2-s2.0-82455205801 10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.003
69. Hasegawa T., Baba T., Kobayashi M., Konno M., Sugeno N., Kikuchi A., Itoyama Y., Takeda A., Role of TPPP/p25 on α -synuclein-mediated oligodendroglial degeneration and the protective effect of SIRT2 inhibition in a cellular model of multiple system atrophy. Neurochemistry International 2010 57 8 857 866 2-s2.0-78649634791 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.09.002
70. Anderson T., Luxon L., Quinn N., Daniel S., Marsden C. D., Bronstein A., Oculomotor function in multiple system atrophy: clinical and laboratory features in 30 patients. Movement Disorders 2008 23 7 977 984 2-s2.0-49249115030 10.1002/mds.21999
71. Ludolph A. C., Kassubek J., Landwehrmeyer B. G., Mandelkow E., Mandelkow E.-M., Burn D. J., Caparros-Lefebvre D., Frey K. A., de Yebenes J. G., Gasser T., Heutink P., Hoglinger G., Jamrozik Z., Jellinger K. A., Kazantsev A., Kretzschmar H., Lang A. E., Litvan I., Lucas J. J., McGeer P. L., Melquist S., Oertel W., Otto M., Paviour D., Reum T., Saint-Raymond A., Steele J. C., Tolnay M., Tumani H., Van Swieten J. C., Vanier M. T., Vonsattel J.-P., Wagner S., Wszolek Z. K., Tauopathies with parkinsonism: clinical spectrum, neuropathologic basis, biological markers, and treatment options. European Journal of Neurology 2009 16 3 297 309 2-s2.0-60049091402 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02513.x
72. Armstrong I. T., Judson M., Munoz D. P., Johansson R. S., Flanagan J. R., Waiting for a hand: saccadic reaction time increases in proportion to hand reaction time when reaching under a visuomotor reversal. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2013 7, article 319 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00319.
73. Williams D. R., de Silva R., Paviour D. C., Pittman A., Watt H. C., Kilford L., Holton J. L., Revesz T., Lees A. J., Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain 2005 128, part 6 6 1247 1258 (Pubitemid 40826179)
74. Williams D. R., Litvan I., Parkinsonian syndromes. Continuum 2013 19 5, Movement Disorders 1189 1212 10.1212/01.CON.0000436152.24038.e0
75. Dickson D. W., Rademakers R., Hutton M. L., Progressive supranuclear palsy: pathology and genetics. Brain Pathology 2007 17 1 74 82 2-s2.0-33847193186 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00054.x
76. Marx S., Respondek G., Stamelou M., Dowiasch S., Stoll J., Bremmer F., Oertel W. H., Hoglinger G. U., Einhauser W., Validation of mobile eye-tracking as novel and efficient means for differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson's disease. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2012 6, article 88 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00088
77. Otero-Millan J., Macknik S. L., Serra A., Leigh R. J., Martinez-Conde S., Triggering mechanisms in microsaccade and saccade generation: a novel proposal. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2011 1233 1 107 116 2-s2.0-80053218557 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06177.x
78. Hardwick A., Rucker J. C., Cohen M. L., Friedland R. P., Gustaw-Rothenberg K., Riley D. E., Leigh R. J., Evolution of oculomotor and clinical findings in autopsy-proven richardson syndrome. Neurology 2009 73 24 2122 2124 2-s2.0-73349135932 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c67ba2
79. Brown R. G., Lacomblez L., Landwehrmeyer B. G., Bak T., Uttner I., Dubois B., Agid Y., Ludolph A., Bensimon G., Payan C., Leigh N. P., Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 2010 133 8 2382 2393 2-s2.0-77957037904 10.1093/brain/awq158
80. Walker F. O., Huntington's disease. The Lancet 2007 369 9557 218 228 2-s2.0-33846225133 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1 (Pubitemid 46107685)
81. Hicks S. L., Robert M. P., Golding C. V., Tabrizi S. J., Kennard C., Oculomotor deficits indicate the progression of Huntington's disease. Progress in Brain Research 2008 171 555 558 2-s2.0-49349101320 10.1016/S0079-6123(08) 00678-X
82. Becker W., Jurgens R., Kassubek J., Ecker D., Kramer B., Landwehrmeyer B., Eye-head coordination in moderately affected Huntington's disease patients: do head movements facilitate gaze shifts? Experimental Brain Research 2009 192 1 97 112 2-s2.0-55849103175 10.1007/s00221-008-1559-6
83. Turner T. H., Goldstein J., Hamilton J. M., Jacobson M., Pirogovsky E., Peavy G., Corey-Bloom J., Behavioral measures of saccade latency and inhibition in manifest and premanifest Huntington's disease. Journal of Motor Behavior 2011 43 4 295 302 2-s2.0-79960776937 10.1080/00222895.2011.580390
84. Fielding J., Georgiou-Karistianis N., Bradshaw J., Millist L., Churchyard A., Chiu E., White O., Impaired modulation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in Huntington's disease. Movement Disorders 2004 19 1 68 75 2-s2.0-2342443584 10.1002/mds.10658 (Pubitemid 38559623)
85. Blekher T., Johnson S. A., Marshall J., White K., Hui S., Weaver M., Gray J., Yee R., Stout J. C., Beristain X., Wojcieszek J., Foroud T., Saccades in presymptomatic and early stages of Huntington disease. Neurology 2006 67 3 394 399 2-s2.0-33747037796 10.1212/01.wnl.0000227890.87398.c1 (Pubitemid 44214959)
86. Fielding J., Georgiou-Karistianis N., White O., The role of the basal ganglia in the control of automatic visuospatial attention. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2006 12 5 657 667 2-s2.0-33749069662 10.1017/S1355617706060784 (Pubitemid 44462864)
87. Patel S. S., Jankovic J., Hood A. J., Jeter C. B., Sereno A. B., Reflexive and volitional saccades: biomarkers of Huntington disease severity and progression. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2012 313 1-2 35 41 2-s2.0-84855616033 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.035
88. Kassubek J., Pinkhardt E. H., Gálvez-Jiménez N., Tuite P., Neuro-ophthalmological alterations in patients with movement disorders. Uncommon Causes of Movement Disorders 2011 1st Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 306 315
89. Golding C. V., Danchaivijitr C., Hodgson T. L., Tabrizi S. J., Kennard C., Identification of an oculomotor biomarker of preclinical Huntington disease. Neurology 2006 67 3 485 487 2-s2.0-33747048667 10.1212/01.wnl.0000218215.43328. 88 (Pubitemid 44214975)
90. Dürr A., Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias: polyglutamine expansions and beyond. The Lancet Neurology 2010 9 9 885 894 2-s2.0-77955636420 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70183-6
91. Velazquez-Perez L., Seifried C., Abele M., Wirjatijasa F., Rodriguez-Labrada R., Santos-Falcon N., Sanchez-Cruz G., Almaguer-Mederos L., Tejeda R., Canales-Ochoa N., Fetter M., Ziemann U., Klockgether T., Medrano-Montero J., Rodriguez-Diaz J., Laffita-Mesa J. M., Auburger G., Saccade velocity is reduced in presymptomatic spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Clinical Neurophysiology 2009 120 3 632 635 2-s2.0-62949188229 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.12. 040
92. Jamadar S. D., Fielding J., Egan G. F., Quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI and PET studies reveals consistent activation in fronto-striatal-parietal regions and cerebellum during antisaccades and prosaccades. Frontiers in Psychology 2013 4, article 749 1 15 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00749