Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease

Journal of Parkinson's Disease

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 211-221

  Schrempf, Wiebke ^a   Brandt, Moritz D ^a   Storch, Alexander ^a,b   Reichmann, Heinz ^a  

^a DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b GERMAN CENTER FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES DZNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

insomnia; non motor symptoms; Parkinson's disease; REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD); restless legs syndrome (RLS); sleep

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GABAPENTIN; LEVODOPA; MODAFINIL; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; OPIATE; PREGABALIN; SELEGILINE; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT;

ACTIMETRY; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY; EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; INAPPROPRIATE SLEEP COMPOSITE SCORE; INSOMNIA; MEDICAL HISTORY; MEDICAL OUTCOMES STUDY SLEEP SCALE; NEUROPROTECTION; PARASOMNIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PITTSBURGH SLEEP QUALITY INDEX; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP QUALITY; STANFORD SLEEPINESS SCALE; BRAIN; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SLEEP DISORDERS;

ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; BRAIN; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 84901839162     PISSN: 18777171     EISSN: 1877718X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-130301     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Lang AE, & Lozano AM (1998) Parkinson's disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med, 339, 1044-1053.
2. McDonald WM, Richard IH, & DeLong MR (2003) Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry, 54, 363-375.
3. Lang AE,&LozanoAM(1998) Parkinson's disease. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med, 339, 1130-1143.
4. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, & Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging, 24, 197-211.
5. Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Santamaria J, Serradell M, Marti MJ,Valldeoriola F,&Tolosa E (2006) Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: A descriptive study. Lancet Neurol, 5, 572-577.
6. Muller A, Reichmann H, Livermore A,&Hummel T (2002) Olfactory function in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD): Results from cross-sectional studies in IPD patients and long-term follow-up of de-novo IPD patients. J Neural Transm, 109, 805-811.
7. Schenck CH, Boeve BF, & MahowaldMW(2013) Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med, 14, 744-748.
8. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Ettinger MG, & Mahowald MW (1986) Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: A new category of parasomnia. Sleep, 9, 293-308.
9. Iranzo A, Serradell M, Vilaseca I, Valldeoriola F, Salamero M, Molina C, Santamaria J, & Tolosa E (2013) Longitudinal assessment of olfactory function in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder.Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 19, 600-604.
10. Oerlemans WG, & de Weerd AW (2002) The prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. A self-reported, community-based survey. Sleep Med, 3, 147-149.
11. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, & Karlsen K (1998) A communitybased study of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 13, 895-899.
12. Scaravilli T, Gasparoli E, Rinaldi F, Polesello G, & Bracco F (2003) Health-related quality of life and sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci, 24, 209-210.
13. Schulte EC, &Winkelmann J (2011) When Parkinson's disease patients go to sleep: Specific sleep disturbances related to Parkinson's disease. J Neurol, 258, S328-S335.
14. Larsen JP, & Tandberg E (2001) Sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease: Epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs, 15, 267-275.
15. Shochat T, Loredo J, & Ancoli-Israel S (2001) Sleep Disorders in the Elderly. Curr Treat Options Neurol, 3, 19-36.
16. Johns MW (1991) A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep, 14, 540-545.
17. Hogl B, Arnulf I, Comella C, Ferreira J, Iranzo A, Tilley B, Trenkwalder C, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stebbins GT, Schrag A, & Goetz CG (2010) Scales to assess sleep impairment in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations. Mov Disord, 25, 2704-2716.
18. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, & Kupfer DJ (1989) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 28, 193-213.
19. Hays RD, & Stewart AL (1992) Measuring functioning and well-being: The Medical Outcomes Study approach In A.L. Stewart & J.E. Ware (eds.), (pp. 235-259), Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
20. Boeve BF, Molano JR, Ferman TJ, Lin SC, Bieniek K, Tippmann-Peikert M, Boot B, St Louis EK, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, & Silber MH (2013) Validation of the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire to screen for REM sleep behavior disorder in a community-based sample. J Clin Sleep Med, 9, 475-480.
21. Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schafer S, Moller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, & Oertel WH (2007) The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire-a new diagnostic instrument. Mov Disord, 22, 2386-2393.
22. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, BrownRG,KollerW, Barone P, MacPhee G, Kelly L, Rabey M, MacMahon D, Thomas S, OndoW, Rye D, Forbes A, Tluk S, Dhawan V, Bowron A, Williams AJ, & Olanow CW (2006) International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson's disease: The NMSQuest study. Mov Disord, 21, 916-923.
23. Trenkwalder C,Kohnen R, Hogl B, MettaV, Sixel-Doring F, Frauscher B, Hulsmann J, Martinez-Martin P, & Chaudhuri KR (2011) Parkinson's disease sleep scale-validation of the revised version PDSS-2. Mov Disord, 26, 644-652.
24. Regen F, Dorn H, & Danker-Hopfe H (2013) Association between pupillary unrest index and waking electroencephalogram activity in sleep-deprived healthy adults. Sleep Med, 14, 902-912.
25. Postuma RB, Arnulf I, Hogl B, Iranzo A, Miyamoto T, Dauvilliers Y, Oertel W, Ju YE, Puligheddu M, Jennum P, Pelletier A, Wolfson C, Leu-Semenescu S, Frauscher B, Miyamoto M, Cochen De Cock V, Unger MM, Stiasny-Kolster K, Fantini ML, & Montplaisir JY (2012) A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A multicenter validation study. Mov Disord, 27, 913-916.
26. Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, & Hogl B (2013) Defining muscle activities for assessment of rapid eyemovement sleep behavior disorder: From a qualitative to a quantitative diagnostic level. Sleep Med, 14, 729-733.
27. Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, Zamarian L, Auer F, Mitterling T, Gabelia D, Brandauer E, Delazer M, Poewe W, & Hogl B (2012) Validation of the Innsbruck REM sleep behavior disorder inventory. Mov Disord, 27, 1673-1678.
28. Frauscher B, Iranzo A, Gaig C, Gschliesser V, Guaita M, Raffelseder V, Ehrmann L, Sola N, Salamero M, Tolosa E, Poewe W, Santamaria J, & Hogl B (2012) Normative EMG values during REM sleep for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep, 35, 835-847.
29. Kumar S, Bhatia M, & Behari M (2002) Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 17, 775-781.
30. Pahwa R, Stacy MA, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Stocchi F, Hersh BP, Elmer LW, Truong DD, & Earl NL (2007) Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release: Randomized, controlled study in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology, 68, 1108-1115.
31. Poewe WH, Rascol O, Quinn N, Tolosa E, Oertel WH, Martignoni E, Rupp M, & Boroojerdi B (2007) Efficacy of pramipexole and transdermal rotigotine in advanced Parkinson's disease: A double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol, 6, 513-520.
32. DhawanV, Healy DG, Pal S,&ChaudhuriKR(2006) Sleeprelated problems of Parkinson's disease. Age Ageing, 35, 220-228.
33. Lees AJ, Blackburn NA, & Campbell VL (1988) The nighttime problems of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol, 11, 512-519.
34. Trenkwalder C (1998) Sleep dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurosci, 5, 107-114.
35. Cantor CR, & Stern MB (2002) Dopamine agonists and sleep in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 58, S71-S78.
36. Askenasy JJ, & Yahr MD (1985) Reversal of sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease by antiparkinsonian therapy: A preliminary study. Neurology, 35, 527-532.
37. Bagetta G, De Sarro G, Priolo E,&Nistico G (1988) Ventral tegmental area: Site through which dopamine D2-receptor agonists evoke behavioural and electrocortical sleep in rats. Br J Pharmacol, 95, 860-866.
38. Bagetta G, Priolo E, & Nistico G (1988) Dopamine D-2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate behavioural and electrocortical sleep of dopaminergic drugs in rats. Pharmacol Res Commun, 20, 1091-1092.
39. Remick RA, Froese C, & Keller FD (1989) Common side effects associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 13, 497-504.
40. Elmer L, Schwid S, Eberly S, Goetz C, Fahn S, Kieburtz K, Oakes D, Blindauer K, Salzman P, Oren S, Prisco UL, Stern M, & Shoulson I (2006) Rasagiline-associated motor improvement in PD occurs without worsening of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. J Neurol Sci, 248, 78-83.
41. van Hilten B, Hoff JI, Middelkoop HA, van der Velde EA, Kerkhof GA, Wauquier A, Kamphuisen HA, & Roos RA (1994) Sleep disruption in Parkinson's disease. Assessment by continuous activity monitoring. Arch Neurol, 51, 922-928.
42. Lee MA, Prentice WM, Hildreth AJ, & Walker RW (2007) Measuring symptom load in Idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 13, 284-289.
43. Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, MacPhee G, Brown RG, Naidu Y, Clayton L, Abe K, Tsuboi Y, MacMahon D, Barone P, RabeyM, Bonuccelli U, Forbes A, Breen K, Tluk S, Olanow CW, Thomas S, Rye D, Hand A,Williams AJ, OndoW, & Chaudhuri KR (2007) Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord, 22, 1623-1629.
44. Kurtis MM, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, & Martinez-Martin P (2013) Relationship between sleep disorders and other nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 19, 1152-1155.
45. Hogl BE, Gomez-Arevalo G, Garcia S, Scipioni O, Rubio M, Blanco M, & Gershanik OS (1998) A clinical, pharmacologic, and polysomnographic study of sleep benefit in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 50, 1332-1339.
46. Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, Pollmacher T, Yassouridis A, & Trenkwalder C (2000) Sleep and periodic leg movement patterns in drug-free patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Sleep, 23, 361-367.
47. Zweig RM, Jankel WR, Hedreen JC, Mayeux R, & Price DL (1989) The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol, 26, 41-46.
48. Rye DB, & Jankovic J (2002) Emerging views of dopamine in modulating sleep/wake state from an unlikely source: PD. Neurology, 58, 341-346.
49. Ongini E, Caporali MG, & Massotti M (1985) Stimulation of dopamine D-1 receptors by SKF 38393 induces EEG desynchronization and behavioral arousal. Life Sci, 37, 2327-2333.
50. Vaughan CP, Juncos JL, Trotti LM, Johnson TM, 2nd, Bliwise DL (2013) Nocturia and overnight polysomnography in Parkinson disease. Neurourol Urodyn.
51. Chaudhuri KR, & Odin P (2010) The challenge of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res, 184, 325-341.
52. Reid KJ, & Zee PC (2004) Circadian rhythm disorders. Semin Neurol, 24, 315-325.
53. Ghorayeb I, Loundou A, Auquier P, Dauvilliers Y, Bioulac B, & Tison F (2007) A nationwide survey of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease in France. Mov Disord, 22, 1567-1572.
54. Ondo WG, Dat Vuong K, Khan H, Atassi F, Kwak C, & Jankovic J (2001) Daytime sleepiness and other sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 57, 1392-1396.
55. Tracik F,&EbersbachG(2001) Sudden daytime sleep onset in Parkinson's disease: Polysomnographic recordings. Mov Disord, 16, 500-506.
56. Poryazova R, Benninger D, Waldvogel D, & Bassetti CL (2010) Excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: Characteristics and determinants. Eur Neurol, 63, 129-135.
57. O'Suilleabhain PE,&Dewey RB Jr (2002) Contributions of dopaminergic drugs and disease severity to daytime sleepiness in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol, 59, 986-989.
58. Diederich NJ, Vaillant M, Mancuso G, Lyen P, & Tiete J (2005) Progressive sleep 'destructuring' in Parkinson's disease. A polysomnographic study in 46 patients. Sleep Med, 6, 313-318.
59. Gjerstad MD, Aarsland D,&Larsen JP (2002) Development of daytime somnolence over time in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 58, 1544-1546.
60. Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, Gordon MF, & Fahn S (1999) Falling asleep at the wheel: Motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology, 52, 1908-1910.
61. Hauser RA, Gauger L, Anderson WM, & Zesiewicz TA (2000) Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord, 15, 658-663.
62. Ferreira JJ, Galitzky M, Montastruc JL, & Rascol O (2000) Sleep attacks and Parkinson's disease treatment. Lancet, 355, 1333-1334.
63. Razmy A, Lang AE, & Shapiro CM (2004) Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol, 61, 97-102.
64. Ulivelli M, Rossi S, Lombardi C, Bartalini S, Rocchi R, Giannini F, Passero S, Battistini N, & Lugaresi E (2002) Polysomnographic characterization of pergolide-induced sleep attacks in idiopathic PD. Neurology, 58, 462-465.
65. Garcia-Borreguero D, Schwarz C, Larrosa O, de la Llave Y, & Garcia de Yebenes J (2003) L-DOPA-induced excessive daytime sleepiness in PD: A placebo-controlled case with MSLT assessment. Neurology, 61, 1008-1010.
66. Monti JM, Hawkins M, Jantos H, D'Angelo L, & Fernandez M (1988) Biphasic effects of dopamine D-2 receptor agonists on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 95, 395-400.
67. Brodsky MA, Godbold J, Roth T, & Olanow CW (2003) Sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A controlled study. Mov Disord, 18, 668-672.
68. QuWM,Xu XH,YanMM,Wang YQ, UradeY,&HuangZL (2010) Essential role of dopamine D2 receptor in the maintenance of wakefulness, but not in homeostatic regulation of sleep, in mice. J Neurosci, 30, 4382-4389.
69. Isaac SO, & Berridge CW (2003) Wake-promoting actions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor stimulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 307, 386-394.
70. Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, Ramanathan L, Gulyani S, Aldrich M, Cornford M, & Siegel JM (2000) Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron, 27, 469-474.
71. Thannickal TC, Lai YY, & Siegel JM (2007) Hypocretin (orexin) cell loss in Parkinson's disease. Brain, 130, 1586-1595.
72. Wienecke M, Werth E, Poryazova R, Baumann-Vogel H, Bassetti CL,Weller M,Waldvogel D, Storch A,&Baumann CR (2012) Progressive dopamine and hypocretin deficiencies in Parkinson's disease: Is there an impact on sleep and wakefulness? J Sleep Res, 21, 710-717.
73. Adler CH, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Lind M,&Tiede J (2003) Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 18, 287-293.
74. Hauser RA, Wahba MN, Zesiewicz TA, & McDowell Anderson W (2000) Modafinil treatment of pramipexoleassociated somnolence. Mov Disord, 15, 1269-1271.
75. Hogl B, Saletu M, Brandauer E, Glatzl S, Frauscher B, Seppi K, Ulmer H, Wenning G, & Poewe W (2002) Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial. Sleep, 25, 905-909.
76. Fuxe K, Janson AM, Rosen L, Finnman UB, Tanganelli S, Morari M, Goldstein M, & Agnati LF (1992) Evidence for a protective action of the vigilance promoting drug modafinil on the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the black mouse: An immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis. Exp Brain Res, 88, 117-130.
77. Ueki A, Rosen L, Andbjer B, Finnman UB, Altamimi U, Janson AM, Goldstein M, Agnati LF, & Fuxe K (1993) The vigilance-promoting drug modafinil counteracts the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and of dopamine stores in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the male rat after a partial transection of the dopamine pathway. Exp Brain Res, 93, 259-270.
78. Lee JE, Shin HW, Kim KS, & Sohn YH (2009) Factors contributing to the development of restless legs syndrome in patients with Parkinson disease.Mov Disord, 24, 579-582.
79. Moller JC, Unger M, Stiasny-Kolster K, & Oertel WH (2010) Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-related disorders or different entities? J Neurol Sci, 289, 135-137.
80. Allen RP, Picchietti D, HeningWA, Trenkwalder C,Walters AS, Montplaisi J (2003) Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med, 4, 101-119.
81. International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (2012) Revised IRLSSG Diagnostic Criteria for RLS., http://irlssg.org/diagnostic-criteria/, accessed on April, 20, 2014.
82. Gjerstad MD, Tysnes OB, & Larsen JP (2011) Increased risk of leg motor restlessness but not RLS in early Parkinson disease. Neurology, 77, 1941-1946.
83. Braga-Neto P, da Silva-Junior FP, Sueli Monte F, de Bruin PF, & de Bruin VM (2004) Snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci, 217, 41-45.
84. Ondo WG, Vuong KD, & Jankovic J (2002) Exploring the relationship between Parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol, 59, 421-424.
85. Tan EK, Lum SY, & Wong MC (2002) Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci, 196, 33-36.
86. Bhalsing K, Suresh K, Muthane UB,&Pal PK (2013) Prevalence and profile of Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: A casecontrol study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 19, 426-430.
87. Krishnan PR, Bhatia M, & Behari M (2003) Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: A case-controlled study. Mov Disord, 18, 181-185.
88. Loo HV, & Tan EK (2008) Case-control study of restless legs syndrome and quality of sleep in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci, 266, 145-149.
89. Nomura T, Inoue Y, Miyake M, Yasui K, & Nakashima K (2006) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 21, 380-384.
90. Allen RP, Chen C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Polo O, DuBrava S, Miceli J, Knapp L,&Winkelman JW (2014) Comparison of pregabalin with pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med, 370, 621-631.
91. Trenkwalder C, Benes H, Grote L, Garcia-Borreguero D, Hogl B, Hopp M, Bosse B, Oksche A, Reimer K, Winkelmann J, Allen RP, & Kohnen R (2013) Prolonged release oxycodone-naloxone for treatment of severe restless legs syndrome after failure of previous treatment: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol, 12, 1141-1150.
92. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014) International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd ed. Darien, IL.
93. Rye DB (1997) Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and alteredREMsleep. Sleep, 20, 757-788.
94. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, Ferman TJ, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, Benarroch EE, Ahlskog JE, Smith GE, Caselli RC, Tippman-Peikert M, Olson EJ, Lin SC,Young T, Wszolek Z, Schenck CH, MahowaldMW, Castillo PR, Del Tredici K,& Braak H (2007) Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain, 130, 2770-2788.
95. Scherfler C, Frauscher B, SchockeM, Iranzo A, Gschliesser V, Seppi K, Santamaria J, Tolosa E, Hogl B, & Poewe W (2011) White and gray matter abnormalities in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A diffusiontensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry study. Ann Neurol, 69, 400-407.
96. Gagnon JF, Bedard MA, Fantini ML, Petit D, Panisset M, Rompre S, Carrier J, & Montplaisir J (2002) REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 59, 585-589.
97. Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E, Molinuevo JL, Valldeoriola F, Serradell M, Sanchez-Valle R, Vilaseca I, Lomena F, Vilas D, Llado A, Gaig C,&Santamaria J (2013) Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: An observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 12, 443-453.
98. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Fantini ML, Massicotte-Marquez J, & Montplaisir J (2009) Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 72, 1296-1300.
99. Schenck CH,&MahowaldMW(2002)REMsleep behavior disorder: Clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP. Sleep, 25, 120-138.
100. Tan A, Salgado M, & Fahn S (1996) Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder preceding Parkinson's disease with therapeutic response to levodopa. Mov Disord, 11, 214-216.
101. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, & Montplaisir JY (2009) Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder in the transition to degenerative disease. Mov Disord, 24, 2225-2232.
102. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, & Montplaisir JY (2009) Markers of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 132, 3298-3307.
103. Postuma RB, Lang AE, Massicotte-Marquez J, & Montplaisir J (2006) Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 66, 845-851.
104. Stiasny-Kolster K, DoerrY, Moller JC, Hoffken H, BehrTM, Oertel WH, & Mayer G (2005) Combination of 'idiopathic' REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. Brain, 128, 126-137.
105. Sorensen GL, Mehlsen J, Jennum P (2013) Reduced sympathetic activity in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease. Auton Neurosci.
106. Kotagal V, Albin RL, Muller ML, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, FreyKA,&Bohnen NI (2012) Symptoms of rapid eyemovement sleep behavior disorder are associated with cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol, 71, 560-568.
107. Eisensehr I, Linke R, Noachtar S, Schwarz J, Gildehaus FJ, & Tatsch K (2000) Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Comparison with Parkinson's disease and controls. Brain, 123(Pt 6), 1155-1160.
108. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Charland K,&Montplaisir J (2008)REMsleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with specific motor features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 1117-1121.
109. Boeve BF, Silber MH, & Ferman TJ (2003) Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurologic disorders: Results in 14 patients. Sleep Med, 4, 281-284.
110. Takeuchi N, Uchimura N, Hashizume Y, Mukai M, Etoh Y, Yamamoto K, Kotorii T, Ohshima H, Ohshima M, & Maeda H (2001) Melatonin therapy for REM sleep behavior disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 55, 267-269.
111. Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Filipini D, & Montplaisir J (2003) The effects of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 61, 1418-1420.