Vitamin K dependent proteins and the role of vitamin K2 in the modulation of vascular calcification: A review

Oman Medical Journal

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 172-177

  El Asmar, Margueritta S ^a   Naoum, Joseph J ^b   Arbid, Elias J ^b  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^b RIZK HOSPITAL   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Matrix glutamate Protein (MGP); Menaquinone; Vascular Calcification; Vitamin K; Vitamin K antagonists; Vitamin K2; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901639885     PISSN: 1999768X     EISSN: 20705204     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.44     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Edmonds ME. Medial arterial calcification and diabetes mellitus. Z Kardiol 2000;89(Suppl 2):101-104.
2. Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 Jul;24(7):1161-1170.
3. Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL. Vascular calcification: new insights into an old problem. J Pathol 1998 May;185(1):1-3.
4. Price PA, Chan WS, Jolson DM, Williamson MK. The elastic lamellae of devitalized arteries calcify when incubated in serum: evidence for a serum calcification factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 May;26(5):1079-1085.
5. Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, Giachelli CM. Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: key roles for calcium and phosphate. Circ Res 2011 Sep;109(6):697-711.
6. Johnson RC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Circ Res 2006 Nov;99(10):1044-1059.
7. Rennenberg RJ, Schurgers LJ, Kroon AA, Stehouwer CD. Arterial calcifications. J Cell Mol Med 2010 Sep;14(9):2203-2210.
8. Giachelli CM. Vascular calcification mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004 Dec;15(12):2959-2964.
9. Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 2008 Jun;117(22):2938-2948.
10. Dam H. The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick. Biochem J 1935 Jun;29(6):1273-1285.
11. Dam H, Schönheyder F. A deficiency disease in chicks resembling scurvy. Biochem J 1934;28(4):1355-1359.
12. Schønheyder F. The quantitative determination of vitamin K. I. Biochem J 1936 May;30(5):890-896.
13. Dam H, Schønheyder F. The occurrence and chemical nature of vitamin K. Biochem J 1936 May;30(5):897-901.
14. International Agengy for Research on Cancer (IARC). Vitamin K. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 76-Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents. Lyon, 2000; p.417-473.
15. Jacobsen BK, Dam H. Vitamin K in bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1960 May;40:208-213.
16. Shearer MJ, Allan V, Haroon Y, Barkhan P. Vitamin K metabolism and Vitamin K dependent proteins. Yale J Biol Med 1980;53:317-327.
17. Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ. Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4. Br J Nutr 1994 Sep;72(3):415-425.
18. Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, Fischer MA. Phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 distribution in rats: synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone-4 organ concentrations. J Nutr 1996 Feb;126(2):537-543.
19. Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM. Osteocalcin: a novel vascular metabolic and osteoinductive factor? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011 Oct;31(10):2169-2171.
20. Danziger J. Vitamin K-dependent proteins, warfarin, and vascular calcification. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 Sep;3(5):1504-1510.
21. Ferland G. Vitamin K. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, ZeiselSH, ed. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 10th ed. International Life Sciences Institute Press, 2012. p.230-247.
22. Masuoka M, Shiraishi H, Ohta S, Suzuki S, Arima K, Aoki S, et al. Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines. J Clin Invest 2012 Jul;122(7):2590-2600.
23. Kyutoku M, Taniyama Y, Katsuragi N, Shimizu H, Kunugiza Y, Iekushi K, et al. Role of periostin in cancer progression and metastasis: inhibition of breast cancer progression and metastasis by anti-periostin antibody in a murine model. Int J Mol Med 2011 Aug;28(2):181-186.
24. Jia G, Erickson RW, Choy DF, Mosesova S, Wu LC, Solberg OD, et al; Bronchoscopic Exploratory Research Study of Biomarkers in Corticosteroidrefractory Asthma (BOBCAT) Study Group. Periostin is a systemic biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Sep;130(3):647-654, e10.
25. Ueland T, Gullestad L, Dahl CP, Aukrust P, Aakhus S, Solberg OG, et al. Undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein is associated with indices of heart failure and mortality in symptomatic aortic stenosis. J Intern Med 2010 Nov;268(5):483-492.
26. Schlieper G, Westenfeld R, Krüger T, Cranenburg EC, Magdeleyns EJ, Brandenburg VM, et al. Circulating nonphosphorylated carboxylated matrix gla protein predicts survival in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 Feb;22(2):387-395.
27. Ueland T, Dahl CP, Gullestad L, Aakhus S, Broch K, Skårdal R, et al. Circulating levels of non-phosphorylated undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein are associated with disease severity in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011 Aug;121(3):119-127.
28. Vergnaud P, Garnero P, Meunier PJ, Bréart G, Kamihagi K, Delmas PD. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997 Mar;82(3):719-724.
29. Westenfeld R, Krueger T, Schlieper G, Cranenburg EC, Magdeleyns EJ, Heidenreich S, et al. Effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on functional vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2012 Feb;59(2):186-195.
30. Holden RM, Morton AR, Garland JS, Pavlov A, Day AG, Booth SL. Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 Apr;5(4):590-597.
31. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Metcalfe JC, Weissberg PL. High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994 Jun;93(6):2393-2402.
32. Thomsen SB, Rathcke CN, Zerahn B, Vestergaard H. Increased levels of the calcification marker matrix Gla Protein and the inflammatory markers YKL-40 and CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010;9:86.
33. Pop D, Sitar-Taut A, Gligor E, Bodizs G, Cebanu M, Buduru S, et al. The relationship between matrix GLA protein (MGP) and carotid stenosis. Rev Rom. De med De lab 2011;19:169-175.
34. Cranenburg EC, Vermeer C, Koos R, Boumans ML, Hackeng TM, Bouwman FG, et al. The circulating inactive form of matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification. J Vasc Res 2008;45(5):427-436.
35. Parker BD, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C, Schiller NB, Whooley MA, Ix JH. The association of uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein with mitral annular calcification differs by diabetes status: The Heart and Soul study. Atherosclerosis 2010 May;210(1):320-325.
36. Rennenberg RJ, de Leeuw PW, Kessels AG, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C, van Engelshoven JM, et al. Calcium scores and matrix Gla protein levels: association with vitamin K status. Eur J Clin Invest 2010 Apr;40(4):344-349.
37. Guntur AR, Rosen CJ. Bone as an endocrine organ. Endocr Pract 2012 Sep-Oct;18(5):758-762.
38. Bulló M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Fernández-Real JM, Salas-Salvadó J. Total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin predict changes in insulin sensitivity and β cell function in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2012 Jan;95(1):249-255.
39. Herrmann M, Klitscher D, Georg T, Frank J, Marzi I, Herrmann W. Different kinetics of bone markers in normal and delayed fracture healing of long bones. Clin Chem 2002 Dec;48(12):2263-2266.
40. Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyák K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood 2007 Apr;109(8):3279-3283.
41. Levy RJ, Zenker JA, Lian JB. Vitamin K-dependent calcium binding proteins in aortic valve calcification. J Clin Invest 1980 Feb;65(2):563-566.
42. Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, Loyer E, Behringer RR, et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997 Mar;386(6620):78-81.
43. Munroe PB, Olgunturk RO, Fryns JP, Van Maldergem L, Ziereisen F, Yuksel B, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the human matrix Gla protein cause Keutel syndrome. Nat Genet 1999 Jan;21(1):142-144.
44. Schafer C, Heiss A, Schwarz A, Westenfeld R, Ketteler M, Floege J, et al. The serum protein alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest 2003 Aug;112(3):357-366.
45. Wallin R, Cain D, Hutson SM, Sane DC, Loeser R. Modulation of the binding of matrix Gla protein (MGP) to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Thromb Haemost 2000 Dec;84(6):1039-1044.
46. Wallin R, Schurgers L, Wajih N. Effects of the blood coagulation vitamin K as an inhibitor of arterial calcification. Thromb Res 2008;122(3):411-417.
47. Proudfoot D, Shanahan CM. Molecular mechanisms mediating vascular calcification: role of matrix Gla protein. Nephrology (Carlton) 2006 Oct;11(5):455-461.
48. Price PA, Rice JS, Williamson MK. Conserved phosphorylation of serines in the Ser-X-Glu/Ser(P) sequences of the vitamin K-dependent matrix Gla protein from shark, lamb, rat, cow, and human. Protein Sci 1994 May;3(5):822-830.
49. Price PA, Chan WS, Jolson DM, Williamson MK. The elastic lamellae of devitalized arteries calcify when incubated in serum: evidence for a serum calcification factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 May;26(5):1079-1085.
50. Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK. Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamellae in rat arteries and heart valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998 Sep;18(9):1400-1407.
51. Zebboudj AF, Imura M, Boström K. Matrix GLA protein, a regulatory protein for bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 2002 Feb;277(6):4388-4394.
52. Boström K, Tsao D, Shen S, Wang Y, Demer LL. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. J Biol Chem 2001 Apr;276(17):14044-14052.
53. Proudfoot D, Skepper JN, Hegyi L, Bennett MR, Shanahan CM, Weissberg PL. Apoptosis regulates human vascular calcification in vitro: evidence for initiation of vascular calcification by apoptotic bodies. Circ Res 2000 Nov;87(11):1055-1062.
54. Ahrens M, Ankenbauer T, Schröder D, Hollnagel A, Mayer H, Gross G. Expression of human bone morphogenetic proteins-2 or-4 in murine mesenchymal progenitor C3H10T1/2 cells induces differentiation into distinct mesenchymal cell lineages. DNA Cell Biol 1993 Dec;12(10):871-880.
55. Nishimoto SK, Nishimoto M. Matrix Gla protein C-terminal region binds to vitronectin. Co-localization suggests binding occurs during tissue development. Matrix Biol 2005 Aug;24(5):353-361.
56. Isik FF, Gibran NS, Jang YC, Sandell L, Schwartz SM. Vitronectin decreases microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 1998 May;175(2):149-155.
57. Saito E, Wachi H, Sato F, Sugitani H, Seyama Y. Treatment with vitamin k(2) combined with bisphosphonates synergistically inhibits calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007 Dec;14(6):317-324.
58. Kawashima H, Nakajima Y, Matubara Y, Nakanowatari J, Fukuta T, Mizuno S, et al. Effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on atherosclerosis and blood coagulation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997 Oct;75(2):135-143.
59. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr 2004 Nov;134(11):3100-3105.
60. Beulens JW, Bots ML, Atsma F, Bartelink ML, Prokop M, Geleijnse JM, et al. High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification. Atherosclerosis 2009 Apr;203(2):489-493.
61. Beulens JW, Booth SL, van den Heuvel EG, Stoecklin E, Baka A, Vermeer C. The role of menaquinones (vitamin K) in human health. Br J Nutr 2013 Oct;110(8):1357-1368.
62. Alrasadi K, Alwaili K, Awan Z, Valenti D, Couture P, Genest J. Aortic calcifications in familial hypercholesterolemia: potential role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene. Am Heart J 2009 Jan;157(1):170-176.
63. Awan Z, Alrasadi K, Francis GA, Hegele RA, McPherson R, Frohlich J, et al. Vascular calcifications in homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008 Apr;28(4):777-785.
64. Awan Z, Denis M, Bailey D, Giaid A, Prat A, Goltzman D, et al. The LDLR deficient mouse as a model for aortic calcification and quantification by microcomputed tomography. Atherosclerosis 2011 Dec;219(2):455-462.
65. London GM, Guérin AP, Marchais SJ, Métivier F, Pannier B, Adda H. Arterial media calcification in end-stage renal disease: impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003 Sep;18(9):1731-1740.
66. Block GA. Prevalence and clinical consequences of elevated Ca x P product in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 2000 Oct;54(4):318-324.
67. Theuwissen E, Cranenburg EC, Knapen MH, Magdeleyns EJ, Teunissen KJ, Schurgers LJ, et al. Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extrahepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr 2012 Nov;108(9):1652-1657.
68. Olson JC, Edmundowicz D, Becker DJ, Kuller LH, Orchard TJ. Coronary calcium in adults with type 1 diabetes: a stronger correlate of clinical coronary artery disease in men than in women. Diabetes 2000 Sep;49(9):1571-1578.
69. Lehto S, Niskanen L, Suhonen M, Rönnemaa T, Laakso M. Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular complications in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 Aug;16(8):978-983.
70. Neubauer B. A quantitative study of peripheral arterial calcification and glucose tolerance in elderly diabetics and non-diabetics. Diabetologia 1971 Dec;7(6):409-413.
71. Conway B, Edmundowicz D, Matter N, Maynard J, Orchard T. Skin fluorescence correlates strongly with coronary artery calcification severity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010 May;12(5):339-345.
72. Basta G, Corciu AI, Vianello A, Del Turco S, Foffa I, Navarra T, et al. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-product levels are decreased in patients with calcific aortic valve stenosis. Atherosclerosis 2010 Jun;210(2):614-618.
73. Zhu D, Mackenzie NC, Farquharson C, Macrae VE. Mechanisms and clinical consequences of vascular calcification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012;3:95.
74. Erkkilä AT, Booth SL, Hu FB, Jacques PF, Lichtenstein AH. Phylloquinone intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases in men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007 Jan;17(1):58-62.
75. Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Differential lipoprotein transport pathways of K-vitamins in healthy subjects. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002 Feb;1570(1):27-32.
76. Rennenberg RJ, van Varik BJ, Schurgers LJ, Hamulyak K, Ten Cate H, Leiner T, et al. Chronic coumarin treatment is associated with increased extracoronary arterial calcification in humans. Blood 2010 Jun;115(24):5121-5123.
77. Lerner RG, Aronow WS, Sekhri A, Palaniswamy C, Ahn C, Singh T, et al. Warfarin use and the risk of valvular calcification. J Thromb Haemost 2009 Dec;7(12):2023-2027.
78. Weijs B, Blaauw Y, Rennenberg RJ, Schurgers LJ, Timmermans CC, Pison L, et al. Patients using vitamin K antagonists show increased levels of coronary calcification: an observational study in low-risk atrial fibrillation patients. Eur Heart J 2011 Oct;32(20):2555-2562.
79. Cranenburg EC, Koos R, Schurgers LJ, Magdeleyns EJ, Schoonbrood TH, Landewé RB, et al. Characterisation and potential diagnostic value of circulating matrix Gla protein (MGP) species. Thromb Haemost 2010 Oct;104(4):811-822.
80. Bushra R, Aslam N, Khan AY. Food-drug interactions. Oman Med J 2011 Mar;26(2):77-83.