Liver cirrhosis

The Lancet

Volumn 383, Issue 9930, 2014, Pages 1749-1761

  Tsochatzis, Emmanuel A ^a   Bosch, Jaime ^b   Burroughs, Andrew K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCITES; BLEEDING; BRAIN DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY INTERVENTION; HUMAN; INFECTION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MASS SCREENING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VARICOSIS; MORTALITY; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT PLANNING;

DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PORTAL; LIFE STYLE; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MASS SCREENING; PROGNOSIS;

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BOCEPREVIR; ENTECAVIR; TELAPREVIR; TENOFOVIR;

EID: 84900806395     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60121-5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (140)

1. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 2008; 371: 838-51.
2. Dooley J, Lok A, Burroughs A.K., Heathcote E., eds. Sherlock's diseases of the liver and biliary system, 12th edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
3. D'Amico G., Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 217-31.
4. Hytiroglou P, Snover DC, Alves V, et al Beyond "cirrhosis,": a proposal from the International Liver Pathology Study Group. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137: 5-9.
5. Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M., et al Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study. Lancet 2013; 381: 468-75.
6. Morgan TR, Ghany MG, Kim H.Y., et al, and the HALT-C Trial Group. Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2010; 52: 833-44.
7. Garcia-Tsao G., Friedman S, Iredale J., Pinzani M. Now there are many (stages) where before there was one: in search of a pathophysiological classification of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1445-49.
8. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K., et al Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2095-128.
9. Blachier M, Leleu H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Valla D.C., Roudot-Thoraval F. The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 593-608.
10. Hoyert DL, Xu J. Deaths: preliminary data for 2011. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2012; 61: 1-52.
11. Wanless IR, Wong F, Blendis L.M., Greig P., Heathcote EJ, Levy G. Hepatic and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: possible role in development of parenchymal extinction and portal hypertension. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1238-47.
12. Fernández M., Semela D, Bruix J., Colle I, Pinzani M, Bosch J. Angiogenesis in liver disease. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 604-20.
13. García-Pagán JC, Gracia-Sancho J, Bosch J. Functional aspects on the pathophysiology of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 458-61.
14. Cholongitas E, Quaglia A, Samonakis D., et al Transjugular liver biopsy: how good is it for accurate histological interpretation? Gut 2006; 55: 1789-94.
15. Castera L. Noninvasive methods to assess liver disease in patients with hepatitis B or C. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 1293-302, e4.
16. Arvaniti V, D'Amico G, Fede G, et al Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1246-56.e5.
17. Fede G, D'Amico G, Arvaniti V, et al Renal failure and cirrhosis: a systematic review of mortality and prognosis. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 810-18.
18. Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P., et al, and the CANONIC Study Investigators of the EASL-CLIF Consortium. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1426-37, e1-9.
19. Kim SU, Oh HJ, Wanless I.R., Lee S., Han KH, Park YN The Laennec staging system for histological sub-classification of cirrhosis is useful for stratification of prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 556-63.
20. Manousou P, Dhillon AP, Isgro G, et al Digital image analysis of liver collagen predicts clinical outcome of recurrent hepatitis C virus 1 year after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011; 17: 178-88.
21. Parkes J, Roderick P, Harris S., et al Enhanced liver fibrosis test can predict clinical outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2010; 59: 1245-51.
22. Vergniol J, Foucher J, Terrebonne E., et al Noninvasive tests for fibrosis and liver stiffness predict 5-year outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1970-79, e1-3.
23. Rein DB, Smith BD, Wittenborn J.S., et al The cost-effectiveness of birth-cohort screening for hepatitis C antibody in U.S. primary care settings. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156: 263-70.
24. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45: 846-54.
25. Sheron N, Moore M, Ansett S., Parsons C, Bateman A. Developing a 'traffic light' test with potential for rational early diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in the community. Br J Gen Pract 2012; 62: 616-24.
26. Roulot D, Costes JL, Buyck J.F., et al Transient elastography as a screening tool for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in a community-based population aged over 45 years. Gut 2011; 60: 977-84.
27. Tsochatzis EA, Gurusamy KS, Ntaoula S, Cholongitas E., Davidson BR, Burroughs AK Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 650-59.
28. Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E., Aubert A, Capron F, Chaput JC Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1997; 25: 108-11.
29. Tsochatzis E, Papatheodoridis GV, Manesis E.K., Kafiri G., Tiniakos DG, Archimandritis AJ Metabolic syndrome is associated with severe fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 80-89.
30. Berzigotti A, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J., et al, and the Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 54: 555-61.
31. Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Younossi ZM Components of metabolic syndrome are independent predictors of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease: a population-based study. Gut 2010; 59: 1410-15.
32. Nkontchou G, Bastard JP, Ziol M, et al Insulin resistance, serum leptin, and adiponectin levels and outcomes of viral hepatitis C cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 827-33.
33. El-Serag H.B., Tran T, Everhart JE Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 460-68.
34. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, El-Serag HB, Davila J.A., McGlynn KA Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology 2011; 54: 463-71.
35. Plank LD, Gane EJ, Peng S, et al Nocturnal nutritional supplementation improves total body protein status of patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized 12-month trial. Hepatology 2008; 48: 557-66.
36. Luca A, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, et al. Effects of ethanol consumption on hepatic hemodynamics in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1284-89.
37. European Association for the Study of Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 399-420.
38. Westin J, Lagging LM, Spak F, et al Moderate alcohol intake increases fibrosis progression in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9: 235-41.
39. Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2012; 379: 1245-55.
40. Ascha MS, Hanouneh IA, Lopez R, Tamimi T.A., Feldstein AF, Zein NN The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1972-78.
41. Moriarty K, Cassidy P, Dalton D., et al Alcohol-related disease: meeting the challenge of improved quality of care and better use of resources. http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/Topics/Browse/AHW/?parent= 6057&child=6382.2013 (accessed May 1, 2013).
42. Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK New therapeutic paradigm for patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1983-92.
43. Zein CO. Clearing the smoke in chronic liver diseases. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1487-90.
44. Hézode C., Roudot-Thoraval F, Nguyen S., et al Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005; 42: 63-71.
45. Leithead JA, Ferguson JW, Hayes PC Smoking-related morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 1159-64.
46. Freedman ND, Park Y, Abnet C.C., Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R. Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1891-904.
47. Torres DM, Harrison SA Is it time to write a prescription for coffee? Coffee and liver disease. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 670-72.
48. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1740-45.
49. De Gottardi A., Berzigotti A, Seijo S., et al Postprandial effects of dark chocolate on portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis: results of a phase 2, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 584-90.
50. Hernández-Guerra M., García-Pagán JC, Turnes J, et al. Ascorbic acid improves the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Hepatology 2006; 43: 485-91.
51. Lewis JH, Stine JG Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1132-56.
52. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 167-85.
53. Manolakopoulos S, Triantos C, Theodoropoulos J., et al Antiviral therapy reduces portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis due to HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and significant portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 468-74.
54. Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow W.C., et al, and the Cirrhosis Asian Lamivudine Multicentre Study Group. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1521-31.
55. Everson GT, Terrault NA, Lok A.S., et al, and the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study. A randomized controlled trial of pretransplant antiviral therapy to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2013; 57: 1752-62.
56. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon S.C., et al, and the PROVE1 Study Team. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1827-38.
57. Poordad F, McCone J Jr, Bacon BR, et al, and the SPRINT-2 Investigators. Boceprevir for untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1195-206.
58. Charlton MR, Pockros PJ, Harrison SA Impact of obesity on treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1177-86.
59. Cholongitas E, Theocharidou E, Goulis J., Tsochatzis E, Akriviadis E, Burroughs K. Review article: the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D in chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 634-46.
60. Rao GA, Pandya PK Statin therapy improves sustained virologic response among diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 144-52.
61. Freedman ND, Curto TM, Lindsay K.L., Wright EC, Sinha R, Everhart JE, and the HALT-C TRIAL GROUP. Coffee consumption is associated with response to peginterferon and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1961-69.
62. Papatheodoridis GV, Manolakopoulos S, Touloumi G., et al, and the HEPNET. Greece Cohort Study Group. Virological suppression does not prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis receiving oral antiviral(s) starting with lamivudine monotherapy: results of the nationwide HEPNET. Greece cohort study. Gut 2011; 60: 1109-16.
63. Burroughs AK, Thalheimer U. Hepatic venous pressure gradient in 2010: optimal measurement is key. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1894-96.
64. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J., et al, and the Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2254-61.
65. Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, et a.l., and the Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 481-88.
66. Ripoll C, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, et a.l., and the Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts development of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of severity of cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 923-28.
67. de Franchis R., and the Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 762-68.
68. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S., et al Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 266-72.
69. Garcia-Tsao G., Bosch J. Management of varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 823-32.
70. Gluud LL, Klingenberg S, Nikolova D., Gluud C. Banding ligation versus beta-blockers as primary prophylaxis in esophageal varices: systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2842-48.
71. Poynard T, Calès P, Pasta L., et al, and the Franco-Italian Multicenter Study Group. Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1532-38.
72. Bosch J, Masti R, Kravetz D., et al Effects of propranolol on azygos venous blood flow and hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1984; 4: 1200-05.
73. Andreu V, Perello A, Moitinho E., et al Total effective vascular compliance in patients with cirrhosis. Effects of propranolol. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 356-61.
74. Bosch J. Carvedilol for portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 2214-18.
75. Tripathi D, Ferguson JW, Kochar N, et al Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed. Hepatology 2009; 50: 825-33.
76. Abraldes JG, Tarantino I, Turnes J., Garcia-Pagan JC, Rodés J, Bosch J. Hemodynamic response to pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension and long-term prognosis of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 902-08.
77. Villanueva C, Aracil C, Colomo A., et al Acute hemodynamic response to beta-blockers and prediction of long-term outcome in primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 119-28.
78. La Mura V., Abraldes JG, Raffa S, et al Prognostic value of acute hemodynamic response to i.v. propranolol in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 279-87.
79. Tandon P, Saez R, Berzigotti A., Abraldes JG, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. A specialized, nurse-run titration clinic: a feasible option for optimizing beta-blockade in non-clinical trial patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1917-21.
80. Burroughs AK, Tsochatzis EA, Triantos C. Primary prevention of variceal haemorrhage: a pharmacological approach. J Hepatol 2010; 52: 946-48.
81. Abraldes JG, Albillos A, Bañares R, et al Simvastatin lowers portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1651-58.
82. El-Serag H.B., Johnson ML, Hachem C, Morgana RO Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1601-08.
83. Lewis JH, Mortensen ME, Zweig S, Fusco M.J., Medoff JR, Belder R, and the Pravastatin in Chronic Liver Disease Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of high-dose pravastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients with well-compensated chronic liver disease: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1453-63.
84. Bañares R., Albillos A, Rincón D, et al Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 609-15.
85. Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs AK Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal bleeding. Lancet 1999; 353: 139-42.
86. Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu T T, et al Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2004; 39: 746-53.
87. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A., et al Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 11-21.
88. García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al., and the Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2370-79.
89. Gonzalez R, Zamora J, Gomez-Camarero J, Molinero L.M., Bañares R, Albillos A. Meta-analysis: combination endoscopic and drug therapy to prevent variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 109-22.
90. Wiest R, Groszmann RJ The paradox of nitric oxide in cirrhosis and portal hypertension: too much, not enough. Hepatology 2002; 35: 478-91.
91. Runyon BA, and the AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49: 2087-107.
92. Hernández-Gea V., Aracil C, Colomo A., et al Development of ascites in compensated cirrhosis with severe portal hypertension treated with β-blockers. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 418-27.
93. Borzio M, Salerno F, Piantoni L., et al Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicentre prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33: 41-48.
94. Angeli P, Fasolato S, Mazza E., et al Combined versus sequential diuretic treatment of ascites in non-azotaemic patients with cirrhosis: results of an open randomised clinical trial. Gut 2010; 59: 98-104.
95. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 397-417.
96. Singh V, Dhungana SP, Singh B, et al Midodrine in patients with cirrhosis and refractory or recurrent ascites: a randomized pilot study. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 348-54.
97. Ginès P., Titó L, Arroyo V, et al. Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 1493-502.
98. Salerno F, Cammà C, Enea M, Rössle M, Wong F. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 825-34.
99. Bureau C, Métivier S, D'Amico M, et al Serum bilirubin and platelet count: a simple predictive model for survival in patients with refractory ascites treated by TIPS. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 901-07.
100. Tandon P, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors in the reduction of portal pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 273-82.
101. Vlachogiannakos J, Tang AK, Patch D, Burroughs AK Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists as therapy in chronic liver disease. Gut 2001; 49: 303-08.
102. Sersté T, Melot C, Francoz C, et al. Deleterious effects of beta-blockers on survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1017-22.
103. Senzolo M, Nadal E, Cholongitas E., Burroughs AK Is hydrophobia necessary for the hepatologist prescribing nonselective beta-blockers in cirrhosis? Hepatology 2011; 53: 2149-50.
104. Fernández J., Navasa M, Gómez J, et al Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 140-48.
105. Thalheimer U, Triantos CK, Samonakis D.N., Patch D., Burroughs AK Infection, coagulation, and variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gut 2005; 54: 556-63.
106. Albillos A, de la Hera A, González M, et al. Increased lipopolysaccharide binding protein in cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangement. Hepatology 2003; 37: 208-17.
107. Nischalke HD, Berger C, Aldenhoff K, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 promoter and intron 2 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 1010-16.
108. Bellot P, García-Pagán JC, Francés R, et al. Bacterial DNA translocation is associated with systemic circulatory abnormalities and intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2044-52.
109. Zapater P, Francés R, González-Navajas JM, et al. Serum and ascitic fluid bacterial DNA: a new independent prognostic factor in noninfected patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008; 48: 1924-31.
110. Tritto G, Bechlis Z, Stadlbauer V., et al Evidence of neutrophil functional defect despite inflammation in stable cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 574-81.
111. Coant N, Simon-Rudler M, Gustot T., et al Glycogen synthase kinase 3 involvement in the excessive proinflammatory response to LPS in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 784-93.
112. Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Burra P., et al β-blockers protect against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 2009; 29: 1189-93.
113. Reiberger T, Ferlitsch A, Payer B.A., et al, and the Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab. Non-selective betablocker therapy decreases intestinal permeability and serum levels of LBP and IL-6 in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 911-21.
114. Worlicek M, Knebel K, Linde H.J., et al Splanchnic sympathectomy prevents translocation and spreading of E coli but not S aureus in liver cirrhosis. Gut 2010; 59: 1127-34.
115. Rasaratnam B, Kaye D, Jennings G., Dudley F, Chin-Dusting J. The effect of selective intestinal decontamination on the hyperdynamic circulatory state in cirrhosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 186-93.
116. Fernández J., Navasa M, Planas R., et al Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 818-24.
117. Runyon BA, McHutchison JG, Antillon M.R., Akriviadis EA, Montano AA Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized controlled study of 100 patients. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1737-42.
118. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V., et al Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 403-09.
119. Sigal SH, Stanca CM, Fernandez J, Arroyo V., Navasa M. Restricted use of albumin for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gut 2007; 56: 597-99.
120. Guevara M, Terra C, Nazar A., et al Albumin for bacterial infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled study. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 759-65.
121. Bajaj JS, Zadvornova Y, Heuman D.M., et al Association of proton pump inhibitor therapy with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1130-34.
122. Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, et al Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: A national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 106-13.
123. Jepsen P, Ott P, Andersen P.K., Sørensen HT, Vilstrup H. Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1675-82.
124. Laleman W, Simon-Talero M, Maleux G., et al, and the EASL-CLIF- Consortium. Embolization of large spontaneous portosystemic shunts for refractory hepatic encephalopathy: a multicenter survey on safety and efficacy. Hepatology 2013; 57: 2448-57.
125. Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A., Sarin SK Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 885-91, 891.
126. Bai M, Yang Z, Qi X., Fan D, Han G. l-ornithine-l-aspartate for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 783-92.
127. Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1071-81.
128. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Wade J.B., et al Rifaximin improves driving simulator performance in a randomized trial of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 478-87, e1.
129. Bajaj JS, Pinkerton SD, Sanyal A.J., Heuman DM Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1164-71.
130. Soriano G, Román E, Córdoba J, et al Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with falls: a prospective study. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1922-30.
131. Davila JA, Henderson L, Kramer J.R., et al Utilization of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-infected veterans in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 85-93.
132. Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK Prolonging survival in patients with cirrhosis: old drugs with new indications. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1813-15, e1.
133. Lisman T, Caldwell SH, Burroughs A.K., et al, and the Coagulation in Liver Disease Study Group. Hemostasis and thrombosis in patients with liver disease: the ups and downs. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 362-71.
134. Tsochatzis EA, Senzolo M, Germani G., Gatt A, Burroughs AK Systematic review: portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 366-74.
135. Villa E, Cammà C, Marietta M, et al. Enoxaparin prevents portal vein thrombosis and liver decompensation in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012; 143: 1253-60, e1-4.
136. Bellot P, Welker MW, Soriano G, et al Automated low flow pump system for the treatment of refractory ascites: a multi-center safety and efficacy study. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 922-27.
137. Vlachogiannakos J, Saveriadis AS, Viazis N, et al Intestinal decontamination improves liver haemodynamics in patients with alcohol-related decompensated cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 992-99.
138. Kalambokis GN, Mouzaki A, Rodi M., et al Rifaximin improves systemic hemodynamics and renal function in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 815-18.
139. Nkontchou G, Cosson E, Aout M., et al Impact of metformin on the prognosis of cirrhosis induced by viral hepatitis C in diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 2601-08.
140. Chen HP, Shieh JJ, Chang C.C., et al Metformin decreases hepatocellular carcinoma risk in a dose-dependent manner: population-based and in vitro studies. Gut 2013; 62: 606-15.