Punished: Policing the lives of black and latino boys

Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-217

  Rios, Victor M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900645125     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (209)

1. Ageton, Suzanne, and Elliot Delbert. 1974. "The Effect of Legal Processing on Delinquent Orientation." Social Problems 22:87-100.
2. Ainsworth-Darnell, James W., and Douglas B. Downey. 1998. "Assessing the Oppositional Culture Explanation for Racial/Ethnic Differences in School Performance." American Sociological Review 63:536-553.
3. Alexander, Michelle. 2009. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press.
4. Anderson, Elijah. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.
6. Apel, Dora. 2004. Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
7. Asad, Talal, ed. 1973. Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. London: Ithaca.
8. Bagwell, Beth. 1982. Oakland: The Story of a City. Novato, CA: Presidio.
9. Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.
10. Beckett, Katherine. 1997. Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Behar, Ruth. 1996. The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart, Boston: Beacon.
12. Bennett, William J., John J. DiIulio, Jr., and John P. Walters. 1996. Body Count: Moral Poverty and How to Win America's War against Crime and Drugs. New York:Simon and Schuster.
13. Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Doubleday.
14. Blomberg, Thomas G., and Stanley Cohen. 2003. Introduction to Punishment and Social Control. Hawthorne, NY: Walter de Gruyter.
15. Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2006. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and Racial Inequality in Contemporary America. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
16. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1972. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York:Cambridge University Press.
18. Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
19. Braithwaite, John. 1997. "On Speaking Softly and Carrying Sticks: Neglected Dimensions of Republican Separation of Powers." University of Toronto Law Journal 47:1-57.
20. Brunson, R. K., and J. Miller. 2006. "Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States." British Journal of Criminology 46:613-640.
21. Burawoy, Michael, Alice Burton, Ann Arnett Ferguson, and Kathryn J. Fox. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley:University of California Press.
22. Carter, Prudence. 2003. "'Black' Cultural Capital, Status Positioning, and Schooling Conflicts for Low-Income African American Youth." Social Problems 50 (1): 136-155.
23. Carter, Prudence. 2005. Keepin' It Real: School Success beyond Black and White. New York:Oxford University Press.
24. Castells, Manuel. 1997. The Power of Identity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
25. Charmaz, Kathy. 2002. "Qualitative Interviewing and Grounded Theory Analysis." In Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method, ed. J. Gubrium and J. A. Holstein, 675-693. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Nikki Jones, eds. 2010. Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence. Albany: SUNY Press.
27. Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Randall G. Shelden. 2004. Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. First edition published in 1992.
28. Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. 2002. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. Cambridge, MA: South End.
29. Coleman. Kate. 1986. "The Roots of Ed Meese: Reagan's Polemical Attorney General Has Prompted a Major Constitutional Debate, Surprising Those Who Knew Him in His Pragmatic Early Days, in the Quiet Hills of Oakland and during the Turbulent 60's." Los Angeles Times Magazine, May 4.
30. Collins, Jane L., and Victoria Mayer. 2010. Both Hands Tied: Welfare Reform and the Race to the Bottom of the Low-Wage Labor Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Collins, Patricia Hill. 1990. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
32. Covington, Jeannette. 1995. "Racial Classification in Criminology: The Reproduction of Racialized Crime." Sociological Forum 10:547-568.
33. Dance, Jannelle. 2005. Tough Fronts: The Impact of Street Culture on Schooling. New York: Routledge.
34. Davis, Angela, and Avery Gordon. 1998. "Globalism and the Prison Industrial Complex:An Interview with Angela Davis." Race and Class 40 (2-3): 145-158.
35. Davis, Nanette J. 1999. Youth Crisis: Growing Up in the High-Risk Society. Westport, CT: Praeger.
36. Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic. 2001. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: NYU Press.
37. Denzin, Norman K. 1989. Interpretive Biography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Devine, John F. 1996. Maximum Security: The Culture of Violence in Inner-City Schools. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39. Diaz-Cotto, Juanita. 2006. Chicana Lives and Criminal Justice: Voices from El Barrio. Austin: University of Texas Press.
40. DiIulio, John J., Jr. 1996. "The Cycle of Poverty Produces 'Super-Predators.'" Star-Ledger, June 23, 1.
41. Dodge, Kenneth. 1983. "Behavioral Antecedents of Peer Social Status." Child Development 54:1386-1399.
42. Donzelot, Jacques. 1979. The Policing of Families. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York:Pantheon.
43. Duncombe, Stephen. 2002. The Cultural Resistance Reader. New York: Verso.
44. Duneier, Mitchell. 1992. Slim's Table: Race, Respectability, and Masculinity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Duneier, Mitchell. 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
46. Durkheim, Emile. 1912. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Trans. Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
47. Durkheim, Emile. 1982. The Rules of the Sociological Method. Ed. Steven Lukes. Trans. W. D. Halls. New York: Macmillan.
48. Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Objects. New York: Columbia University Press.
49. Fanon, Frantz. 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove.
50. Feld, Barry C. 1993. Justice for Children: The Right to Counsel and the Juvenile Court. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
51. Ferguson, Ann Arnett. 2000. Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
52. Fine, Michelle, and Lois Weiss. 1998. The Unknown City: Lives of Poor and Working-Class Young Adults. Boston: Beacon.
53. Fischer, Claude S. 1976. The Urban Experience. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
54. Flores-Gonzalez, Nilda. 2002. School Kids/Street Kids: Identity Development in Latino Students. New York: Teacher's College Press.
55. Fordham, Signithia, and John Ogbu. 1986. "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the 'Burden of "Acting White."'" Urban Review 18:176-206.
56. Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon.
57. Fryer, Roland. 2006. "'Acting White': The Social Price Paid by the Best and Brightest Minority Students." Education Next, Winter.
58. Gans, Herbert J. 1962. The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans. New York: Free Press.
59. Garland, David. 1993. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Garland, David. 2001a. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Garland, David. 2001b. "The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment." Punishment and Society 3 (1): 5-7.
62. Geertz, Clifford. 1988. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
63. Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley: University of California Press.
64. Giroux, Henry A. 2003. Democracy beyond the Culture of Fear. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
65. Giroux, Henry A. 2009. Youth in a Suspect Society: Democracy or Disposability? New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
66. Goffman, Alice. 2009. "On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto." American Sociological Review 74 (2): 339-357.
67. Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual. New York: Pantheon.
68. Goffman, Erving. 1989. "On Fieldwork." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 18 (2): 123-132.
69. Gordon, Avery. 1998. Ghostly Matters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
70. Gramsci, Antonio. 1996. Prison Notebooks. New York: Columbia University Press.
71. Greven, Philip. 1992. Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse. New York: Vintage.
72. Hagan, John. 1991. "Destiny and Drift: Subcultural Preferences, Status Attainments and the Risks and Rewards of Youth." American Sociological Review 56:567-582.
73. Hagan, John, and Bill McCarthy. 1997. Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homeless. New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Hagan, John, Carla Shedd, and Monique Payne. 2005. "Race, Ethnicity and Youth Perception of Criminal Injustice." American Sociological Review 70:381-407.
75. Hagedorn, John. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
76. Hall, Stuart. 1985. "Signification, Representation, and Ideology: Althusser and the Post-structuralist Debates." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (2): 91-114.
77. Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, and John N. Clarke. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. New York: Holmes and Meier.
78. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2001. Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
79. Harris, Angela P. 2000. "Gender, Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice." Stanford Law Review 52 (4): 777-807.
80. Harris, Harry. 2010. "Official from Governor's Office Called Gang Problem in Oakland 'Dire.'" Oakland Tribune, August 24.
81. Hartmann, Douglass. 2010. Review of Black Men Can't Shoot, by Scott Brooks. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39 (2): 145-146.
82. Hays, Sharon. 2004. Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
83. Hepburn, J. R. 1977. "The Impact of Police Intervention upon Juvenile Delinquents." Criminology 15:235-262.
84. Hirschfield, Paul. 2008a. "The Declining Significance of Delinquent Labels in Disadvantaged Urban Communities." Sociological Forum 23 (3).
85. Hirschfield, Paul. 2008b. "Preparing for Prison? The Criminalization of School Discipline in the USA." Theoretical Criminology 12:79-101.
86. Horowitz, Ruth. 1983. Honor and the American Dream: Culture and Identity in a Chicano Community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
87. Hughes, Langston. 1995. "Montage of a Dream Deferred" (1951). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, ed. Arnold Rampersad. New York: Random House.
88. Irwin, John. 2003. Preface to Convict Criminology, ed. Jeffrey Ian Ross and Stephen C. Richards. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
89. Jones, Carolyn. 2008. "Oakland Police Brass Say Arrests Not Answer." San Francisco Chronicle, April 23.
90. Jones, Carolyn, Matthew B. Stannard, Jill Tucker, and Rachel Gordon. 2008. "Protesting Teens Shut 3 BART Stations." San Francisco Chronicle, November 1.
91. Jones, Nikki. 2009. Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
92. Jones, Nikki. Forthcoming. Beyond Desistance, Toward Freedom: Notes from the Field. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
93. Kelley, Robin D. G. 1994. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics and the Black Working Class. New York: Simon and Schuster.
94. Kelley, Robin D. G. 1997. Yo' Mama's Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon.
95. Kimmel, Michael S. 2006. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York:Oxford University Press.
96. Kimmel, Michael S., and Matthew Mahler. 2003. "Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence." American Behavioral Scientist 46 (10): 1439-1458.
97. Kozol, Jonathan. 1991. Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. New York:Crown.
98. Krisberg, Barry. 2004. Juvenile Justice: Redeeming Our Children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
99. Kupchik, Aaron. 2006. Judging Juveniles: Prosecuting Adolescents in Adult and Juvenile Court. New York: NYU Press.
100. Kupchik, Aaron. 2010. Homeroom Security: School Discipline in an Age of Fear. New York:NYU Press.
101. Lamont, Michelle, and Mario Small. 2008. "How Culture Matters for the Understanding of Poverty: Enriching our Understanding." In The Colors of Poverty, ed. Ann Chih Lin and David R. Harris. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
102. Lebel, Thomas P. 2008. "Perceptions of and Responses to Stigma." Sociology Compass 2 (2): 409-432.
103. Liebow, Elliot. 1967. Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Lanham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield.
104. Limón, José E. 1994. Dancing with the Devil: Society and Cultural Poetics in Mexican-American South Texas. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
105. Lind, Edgar Allan, and Tom R. Tyler. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum.
106. Lipsitz, George. 2006. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
107. London, Jack. 1907. The Iron Heel. New York: Regent.
108. Lynch, Mona. 1998. "Waste Managers? The New Penology, Crime Fighting, and Parole Agent Identity." Law and Society Review 32:839.
109. MacLeod, Jay. 1995. Ain't No Makin' It: Aspirations and Attainment in a Low-Income Neighborhood. Boulder, CO: Westview.
110. Mannheim, Karl. 1936. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
111. Martinez, Elizabeth Sutherland. 1998. De Colores Means All of Us: Latina Views for a Multi-Colored Century. Cambridge, MA: South End.
112. Martinez, C., and Victor Rios. In press. "Examining the Relationship between African American and Latino Street Gangs: Conflict, Cooperation and Avoidance in Two Multi-racial Urban Neighborhoods." In Black and Latino Relations, ed. Edward Telles et al. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
113. Martinson, Robert. 1974. "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform." Public Interest 35:22-54.
114. Marx, Karl. 1963. Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers. Originally published 1852.
115. Matsueda, Ross. 1992. "Reflected Appraisal, Parental Labeling, and Delinquency: Specifying a Symbolic Interactionist Theory." American Journal of Sociology 97:1577-1611.
116. Mauer, Marc. 1999. Race to Incarcerate. New York: New Press.
117. Mauer, Marc, and Meda Chesney-Lind. 2002. Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment. New York: New Press.
118. McWhorter, John. 2000. Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America. New York:HarperPerennial.
119. Messerschmidt, James. 1993. Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
120. Messerschmidt, James. 2000. Nine Lives: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Violence. Boulder, CO: Westview.
121. Meyerhoff, Barbara, and Jay Ruby. 1982. "Introduction: Reflexivity and Its Relatives." In A Crack in the Mirror: Reflexive Perspectives in Anthropology, ed. Jay Ruby, 1-38. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
122. Miller, Jody. 2008. Getting Played: African American Girls, Urban Inequality and Gendered Violence. New York: NYU Press.
123. Mills, Charles Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
124. Mirande, Alfredo. 1987. Gringo Justice. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
125. Morgan, Kathleen O'Leary, and Scott Morgan, eds. 2007. City Crime Rankings:Crime in Metropolitan Areas. 14th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
126. Murch, Donna. 2007. "The Campus and the Street: Race, Migration, and the Origins of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA." Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society 9 (4): 333-345.
127. Naples, Nancy A. 2003. Feminism and Method: Ethnography, Discourse Analysis, and Activist Research. New York: Routledge.
128. National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD). 2009. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Oakland, CA. Retrieved November 7, 2000, from http://nccd-crc.issuelab.org/research/5/program/Reports/filter/date.
129. Nightingale, Carl Husemoller. 1993. On the Edge: A History of Poor Black Children and Their American Dreams. New York: Basic Books.
130. Oakland Community and Economic Development Agency. 2010. Market Profile:Labor Force. Retrieved January 3, 2010, from http://www.business2oakland.com/main/laborforce.htm.
131. Obama, Barack. 2004. DNC Speech. Transcribed in "Illinois Senate Candidate Barack Obama: FDCH E-Media," Washington Post, July 27.
132. Oliver, Pamela. 2008. "Repression and Crime Control: Why Social Movement Scholars Should Pay Attention to Mass Incarceration as a Form of Repression." Mobilization 13 (1): 1-24.
133. Ong, Aihwa. 2003. Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, and the New America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
134. Padilla. Felix. 1992. The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
135. Pager, Devah. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
136. Parenti, Christian. 2000. Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis. London: Verso.
137. Patillo-McCoy, Mary. 1999. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
138. Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
139. Payne, Yasser A. 2006. "A Gangster and a Gentleman: How Street Life-Oriented U.S.-Born African Men Negotiate Issues of Survival in Relation to Their Masculinity." Men and Masculinity 8 (3): 288-297.
140. Payne, Yasser A. 2008. "'Street Life' as a Site of Resiliency: How Street Life-Oriented Black Men Frame Opportunity in the United States." Journal of Black Psychology 34 (1):3-31.
141. Pierce, Chester M. 1970. "Offensive Mechanisms: The Vehicle for Microaggressions." In The Black 70s, ed. F. B. Barbour, 265-282. Boston: Porter Sargent.
142. Pinderhughes, Howard. Forthcoming. Dealing with Danger: How Inner-City Youth Deal with the Violence That Surrounds Them. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
143. Prokos, Anastasia, and Irene Padavic. 2002. "'There Oughtta Be a Law against Bitches': Masculinity Lessons in Police Academy Training." Gender, Work and Organization 9 (4): 439-459.
144. Pyke, Karen D. 1996. "Class-Based Masculinities: The Interdependence of Gender, Class, and Interpersonal Power." Gender and Society 10 (5): 527-549.
145. Quinney, Richard. 1977. Class, State and Crime. New York: Longman.
146. Rhomberg, Chris. 2007. No There There: Race, Class, and Political Community in Oakland. Berkeley: University of California Press.
147. Rios, Victor M. 2005. "From Knucklehead to Revolutionary: Urban Youth Culture and Social Transformation." Journal of Urban Youth Culture 3 (1).
148. Rios, Victor M. 2006. "The Hyper-criminalization of Black and Latino Youth in the Era of Mass Incarceration." Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society 8 (2).
149. Rios, Victor M., and K. Navarro. 2010. "Gang Enhancements and Gang Experts: The Case for Non-police Gang Experts in the Courtroom." Critical Criminology: An International Journal 18 (1).
150. Rios, Victor M., and Cesar Rodriguez. 2011. "Incarcerable Subjects: Working-Class Black and Latino Male Youth in Two California Cities." In The Trouble with Young Men: Predicaments in Coming of Age, ed. Noel Dyck and Vered Amit. Oxford, UK: Berghan.
151. Robinson, William I. 2004. A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
152. Rodriguez, Dylan. 2006. Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
153. Rose, Mike. 1989. Lives on the Boundary. New York: Penguin.
154. Rosenfeld, Seth. 2002. "Reagan, Hoover and the UC Red Scare: The Governor's Race." San Francisco Chronicle, June 9. Retrieved January 1, 2009, from http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF3.DTL.
155. Rusche, George, and Otto Kirscheimer. 1939. Punishment and Social Structure. New York: Russell and Russell.
156. Sabol, William J., and Heather Couture. 2008. "Bureau of Justice Statistics: Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, NCJ221944.
157. Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
158. Sánchez-Jankowski, Martín. 1991. Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
159. Sánchez-Jankowski, Martín. 2008. Cracks in the Pavement: Social Change and Resilience in Poor Neighborhoods. Berkeley: University of California Press.
160. Scheff. Thomas. 2006. "Aggression, Hypermasculine Emotions and Relations: The Silence/Violence Pattern." Irish Journal of Sociology 15 (1): 24-37.
161. Scott, James. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
162. Self, Robert O. 2003. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
163. Semple, Robert B., Jr. 1968. "Nixon Works on His Strategy and Image." New York Times, August 18, E2.
164. Shaw, Clifford Robe. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy's Own Story. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
165. Silko, Leslie Marmon. 1977. Ceremony. New York: Penguin.
166. Simmel, Georg. 1950. The Sociology of Georg Simmel. Comp. and trans. Kurt Wolff. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
167. Simon, Jonathan. 2007. Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.
168. Small, Mario Luis. 2008. "Lost in Translation: How Not to Make Qualitative Research More Scientific." In Workshop on Interdisciplinary Standards for Systematic Qualitative Research, ed. Michéle Lamont and Patricia White, 165-171. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
169. Smith, Dorothy. 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
170. Staples, William G. 2000. Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
171. Stewart, Eric A., Christopher J. Schreck, and Ronald L. Simons. 2006. "'I Ain't Gonna Let No One Disrespect Me': Does the Code of the Street Reduce or Increase Violent Victimization among African American Adolescents?" Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 43:427-458.
172. Sullivan, Mercer. 1990. "Getting Paid": Youth, Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
173. Sutherland, Edwin, and Donald R. Cressey. 1955. Principles of Criminology. 5th ed., Philadelphia: Lippincott.
174. Swidler, Ann. 1986. "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies." American Sociological Review 51 (2): 273-286.
175. Takaki, Ronald. 1993. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston:Little, Brown.
176. Thomas, William I., and Dorothy Swaine Thomas. 1928. The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs. New York: Knopf.
177. Urbina, Ian. 2010. "Mobs Are Born as Word Grows by Text Message." New York Times, March 24.
178. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Census 2000, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2006, from www.census.gov.
179. U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. "Figure 1: Percent below Poverty Line Near East 14th Street, Oakland, California 94606." Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/mso/www/casestudies/resources/oakf1.jpg.
180. U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. "Population Estimates." Retrieved January 4, 2009, from www.census.gov/popest/metro.html.
181. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. "Corrections Facts at a Glance." May 31. Retrieved June 15, 2006, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/gcorpop.htm#JailRace.
182. Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. 1998. "Gender and Outlaw Capitalism: A Historical Account of the Black Sisters United 'Girl Gang.'" Signs 23.
183. Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. 2006. Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
184. Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. 2008. Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets. New York: Penguin.
185. Vigil, James Diego. 1988. Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
186. Vigil, James Diego. 2002. A Rainbow of Gangs. Austin: University of Texas Press.
187. Wacquant, Loïc. 2002a. "From Slavery to Mass Incarceration: Rethinking the 'Race Question' in the US." New Left Review 13 ( January-February): 41-60.
188. Wacquant, Loïc. 2002b. "Scrutinizing the Street: Poverty, Morality, and the Pitfalls of Urban Ethnography." American Journal of Sociology 107 (6): 1468-1532.
189. Wacquant, Loïc. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
190. Ward, Geoff. 2009. "The 'Other' Child-Savers: Racial Politics of the Parental State." In The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency, ed. Anthony M. Platt. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
191. Warren, Jenifer. 2008. One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008. Washington, DC:Pew Center on the States.
192. Weiss, Robert. 1994. Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press.
193. Werner, O., and G. M. Schoepfle. 1987. Systematic Fieldwork. Vol. 1. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
194. West, Candace, and Sarah Fenstermaker. 1995. "Doing Difference." Gender and Society 9 (1): 8-37.
195. Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
196. Western, Bruce. 2007. "The Prison Boom and the Decline of American Citizenship." Society 44:30-37.
197. Western, Bruce, and Christopher Wildeman. 2009. "Punishment, Inequality, and the Future of Mass Incarceration." Kansas Law Review 57:851-877.
198. Whitlock, Jason. 2007. "Jena 6 Case Caught Up in Whirlwind of Distortion, Opportunism." Kansas City Star, September 29.
199. Willis, Paul E. 1977. Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Farnborough, UK: Saxon House.
200. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
201. Witt, Howard. 2007. "Racial Demons Rear Heads: After Months of Unrest between Blacks and Whites in Louisiana Town, Some See Racism and Uneven Justice." Chicago Tribune, May 20. Retrieved August 26, 2007, from www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-elf2u1mmay20,0,5086697.story.
202. Yin, Robert K. 1981. "The Case Study as a Serious Research Strategy." Science Communication 3:97-114.
203. Yin, Robert K. 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
204. Yin, Robert K. 1993. Applications of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
205. Yosso, Tara Joy. 2006. Critical Race Counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano Educational Pipeline. New York: Routledge.
206. Young, Alford, Jr. 2004. The Minds of Marginalized Black Men: Making Sense of Mobility, Opportunity, and Future Life Chances. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
207. Young, Alford, Jr. 2008. "White Ethnographers on the Experience of African American Men." In White Logic, White Methods, ed. Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
208. Young, Alford, Jr. Forthcoming. "Rethinking the Relationship of African American Men to the Street." In The Oxford Handbook of Cultural Sociology, ed. Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald Jacobs, and Philip Smith. New York: Oxford University Press.
209. Young, Jock. 1999. The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London: Sage.