"A gangster and a gentleman": how street life-oriented, U.S. -Born African men negotiate issues of survival in relation to their masculinity

Men and Masculinities

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 288-297

  Payne, Yasser Arafat ^a,b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Crime; Hip hop; Masculinity; Opportunity; Resiliency

Indexed keywords

EID: 30844468158     PISSN: 1097184X     EISSN: 15526828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1097184X05282072     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Akom, A. A, 2000. The house that race built: Some observations on the use of the word nigga, popular culture, and urban adolescent behavior. In Excavating race, class and gender among urban youth, edited by Lois Weis and Michelle Fine, 141-57. New York: Teachers College Press.
2. Bennett, L. Jr. [1961] 1993. Before the Mayflower: A history of black America 6th ed. New York: Penguin Books.
3. Blassingame, John. W. 1979. The slave community: Plantation life in the antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Bourgois, Philippe. 1995. In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bowman. J. Phillip. 1989. Research perspectives on black men: role strain and adaptation across the adult life cycle, In Black adult development and aging, edited by Reginald L. Jones. 117-49. Berkeley. CA: Cobbs & Henry.
6. Boyd-Franklin. Nancy, and Anderson J. Franklin. 2000. Boys into men: Raising our African-American teenage sons. New York: Penguin Books.
7. Brown. Claude. [1965] 1999. Manchild in the promised land. New York: Touchstone.
8. Brown, Eleanor. 2000. Black like me? "Gangsta" culture, Clarence Thomas, and Afrocentric academies. New York University Law Review 75:308-53.
9. Burton, M. Linda, Dawn A. Obeidallah, and Kevin Allison. 1996. Ethnographic insights on social context and adolescent development among inner-city African-American teens. In Ethnography and human development: Context and meaning in social inquiry, edited by R. Jessor, A. Colby. and R. A. Shewder, 394-417. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. Caplan, Nathan. 1970. The new ghetto man: A review of recent empirical studies. Journal of Social Issues 26(1): 59-73.
11. Clark, K.B. [1965] 1989. Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power 2d ed. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.
12. Franklin, A. J. 1999. Invisibility syndrome and racial identity development in psychotherapy and counseling African-American men. Counseling Psychologist 21 (6): 761-93.
13. Franklin, A. J. 2000. Invisibility syndrome: A clinical model of the effects of racism on African-American males. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70 (1): 33-41.
14. Gibbs. Jewelle Taylor. 1988. Young, black, and male in America: An endangered species. Westport. CT: Auburn House.
15. Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss. 1967. Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Hawthorne, NY: Walter De Gruyter.
16. Gooden, E. Winston. 1989. Development of black men in early adulthood. In Black adult development and aging, edited by Reginald L. Jones, 63-89. Berkeley, CA: Cobbs & Henry.
17. Hare, Bruce Robert, and Louis A. Castenell Jr. 1985. No place to run, no place to hide: Comparative status and future prospects of black boys. In Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children, edited by Margaret Beale Spencer, G. K. Brookins, and W. R. Allen, 201-214. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Harris, Shanette. M. 1992. Black male socialization theory and concepts. Western Journal of Black Studies 16 (2): 74-81.
19. Hill Jr., Paul. 1992. Coming of age: African-American male rites-of-passage. Chicago: African American Images.
20. Hutchinson, Earl Ofari. 1994. The assassination of the black male image. New York: Simon & Schuster.
21. Kardiner, A., and L. Ovesey. 1951. The mark of oppression. New York: Norton.
22. Kelley, Robin D. G. 1994. Race rebels: Culture, politics, and the black working class. New York: Free Press.
23. Kelley, R. D. G. 1997. Yo 'mama's disfunktional!: Fighting the culture wars in urban America. Boston: Beacon Press.
24. Lemann, N. 1991. The promised land: The great black migration and how it changed America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
25. Liebow, Elliot. 1967. Tally's Corner: A study of Negro streetcorner men. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
26. Majors, Richard, and Janet Manici Billson. 1992. Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. New York: Touchstone Books/Simon and Schuster.
27. Miller, Walter B. 1958. Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues 14:5-19.
28. Nobles, Wade W. [1976] 1991. African philosophy: Foundations for black psychology. In Black psychology. 3d ed. Edited by Reginald. L. Jones, 15-24. Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry.
29. Obasi, Ezemenari M. 2002. Reconceptualizing the notion of self from the African deep structure. In Counseling persons of African descent: Raising the bar of practitioner competence, edited by Thomas A. Parham. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Oliver, William. 1989. Sexual conquest and patterns of black-on-black violence: A structural-cultural perspective. Violence and Victims 4:257-73.
31. Parham, Thomas. 1999. Invisibility syndrome in African descent people: Understanding the cultural manifestations of the struggle for self-affirmation. The Counseling Psychologist 27 (6): 794-801.
32. Patterson, Orlando. 1998. Rituals of blood. Consequences of slavery in two American centuries. New York: Basic Civita.
33. Payne, Yasser Arafat. 2001. Black men and street life as a site of resiliency: A counter story for black scholars. Special Issues - Under covers: Theorising the politics of counter stories. International Journal of Critical Psychology 4:109-122.
34. Payne, Yasser Arafat, and Andraé Brown, in press. Sites of resiliency: A reconceptualization of resiliency for low-income U. S. born African men. In A new psychology for African-American men, edited by Martin Pierre. Westport, CT: Information Age Publishing.
35. Poussaint, Alvin. F. 1983. Black-on-black homicide: A psychological-political perspective. Victimology 8:161-69.
36. Rainwater, Lee. 1966. Crucible of identity: The Negro lower-class family. Daedalus 95:172-216.
37. Styles P. 2002. A gangster and a gentleman. A Gangster and a Gentleman. Ruff Ryders/Def Jam Recordings.
38. Tolleson, J. 1997. Death and transformation: The reparative power of violence in the lives of young black inner-city gang members. Smith College Studies in Social Work 67(3):415-31.
39. Valentine, Bettylou. 1978. Hustling and other hard work. New York: Free Press.
40. Watts, Roderick J., and Robert J. Jagers. 1997. Manhood development: Concepts and strategies. In Manhood development in urban African-American communities, edited by Roderick J. Watts and Robert J. Jagers, 1-5. Haworth Press.
41. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When work disappears: The World of the new urban poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
42. Young, Alfred A. 2004. The minds of marginalized black men: Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.