Preparing for prison?: The criminalization of school discipline in the USA

Theoretical Criminology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 79-101

  Hirschfield, Paul J ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

criminalization; school discipline; school security; social exclusion; urban education

Indexed keywords

EID: 38349062620     PISSN: 13624806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1362480607085795     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Applied Research Center (2002) Profiled and Punished: How San Diego Schools Undermine Latino & African American Student Achievement. Oakland, CA: Applied Research Center.
2. Arum, Richard (2003) Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Arum, Richard and Irenee R. Beattie (1999) ‘High School Experience and the Risk of Adult Incarceration’, Criminology, 37(3): 515—40.
4. Becker, Howard S. (1984) ‘Moral Entrepreneurs: The Creation and Enforcement of Deviant Categories’, in Delos Kelly (ed.) Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance, pp. 21—8. New York: St Martin's Press.
5. Beckett, Katherine (1997) Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Beger, Randall R. (2002) ‘Expansion of Police Power in Public Schools and the Vanishing Rights of Students’, Social Justice, 29(1—2): 119—30.
7. Bickerstaff, Steve, Sara H. Leon and J. Greg Hudson (1997) ‘Preserving the Opportunity for Education: Texas’ Alternative Education Programs for Disruptive Youth’, Journal of Law and Education, 26(4): 1—39.
8. Blum, Justin and Yolanda Woodlee (2001) ‘Tour Was for Youths “Beyond Control”: Teacher Requested Prison “Experience”’, Washington Post, 31 May, p. B1.
9. Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean-Claude Passeron (1977) Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture. London: Sage Publications.
10. Bowditch, Christine (1993) ‘Getting Rid of Troublemakers: High School Disciplinary Procedures and the Production of Dropouts’, Social Problems, 40(4): 493—509.
11. Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis (1976) Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. New York: Basic Books.
12. Boylan, Ellen M. and Jennifer Weiser (2002) Survey of Key Education Stakeholders on Zero Tolerance Student Discipline Policies. Newark, NJ: Education Law Center.
13. Brooks, Kim, Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Ziedenberg (1999) School House Hype: Two Years Later. San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
14. Brotherton, David C. (1996) ‘The Contradictions of Suppression: Notes from a Study of Approaches to Gangs in Three Public High Schools’, Urban Review, 28(2): 95—117.
15. Bryk, Anthony, Penny Bender Sebring, David Kerbow, Sharon Rollow and John Q. Easton (1998) Charting Chicago School Reform: Democratic Localism as a Lever for Social Change. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
16. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000) Local Police Departments 1997. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.
17. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006) Local Police Departments 2003. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.
18. Burns, Ronald and Charles Crawford (1999) ‘School Shootings, the Media, and Public Fear: Ingredients for a Moral Panic’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(2): 147—68.
19. Cantor, David, Scott Crosse, Carol A. Hagen, Michael J. Mason, Amy J. Siler and Adrienne von Glatz (2002) A Closer Look at Drug and Violence Prevention Efforts in American Schools: Report on the Study on School Violence and Prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Planning and Evaluation Service.
20. Casella, Ronnie (2003) ‘Security, Schooling, and the Consumer's Choice to Segregate’, The Urban Review, 35(2): 129—48.
21. Civil Rights Project (2000) Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline Policies. Washington, DC: Civil Rights Project.
22. Cohen, Stanley (1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
23. DeMitchell, Todd A. and Casey D. Cobb (2003) ‘Policy Responses to Violence in Our Schools: An Exploration of Security as a Fundamental Value’, Education & Law Journal, 2: 459—84.
24. Devine, John (1996) Maximum Security: The Culture of Violence in Inner-City Schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
25. DeVoe, Jill F., Katharin Peter, Margaret Noonan, Thomas D. Snyder and Katrina Baum (2005) Indicators of School Crime and Safety 2005. Washington, DC: US Departments of Education and Justice.
26. DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter Powell (1983) ‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’, American Sociological Review, 48(2): 147—60.
27. Duncan, Garrett A. (2000) ‘Urban Pedagogies and the Celling of Adolescents of Color’, Social Justice, 27(3): 29—42.
28. Durkheim, Emile (1973) Moral Education: A Study in the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education. New York: Macmillan.
29. Feld, Barry C. (1999) Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford.
30. Ferguson, Ann A. (2000) Bad Boys: Public Schools in the Making of Black Masculinity. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
31. Fine, Michelle, April Burns, Yasser A. Payne and Maria E. Torre (2004) ‘Civics Lessons: The Color and Class of Betrayal’, Teachers College Record, 106(11): 2193—223.
32. Foucault, Michel (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books.
33. Fuentes, Annette (2003) ‘Discipline and Punish: Zero Tolerance Policies Have Created a “Lockdown Environment ” in Schools ’, The Nation, 277: 17—20.
34. Garland, David (2001) Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
35. Gintis, Herbert and Samuel Bowles (1988) ‘Contradiction and Reproduction in Educational Theory’, in M. Cole (ed.) Bowles and Gintis Revisited: Correspondence and Contradiction in Educational Theory, pp. 16—32. London: The Falmer Press.
36. Giroux, Henry A. (2003) ‘Racial Injustice and Disposable Youth in the Age of Zero Tolerance’, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(4): 553—65.
37. Gottfredson, Gary D., Denise C. Gottfredson, Ellen R. Czeh, David Cantor, Scott B. Crosse and Irene Hantman (2000) A National Study of Delinquency Prevention in School: Final Report. Ellicott City, MD: Gottfredson Associates.
38. Graves, Rachel (2004) ‘Zero Tolerance Raises Alarms: Parents Say Katy ISD Overdisciplining Students for Minor Offenses’, Houston Chronicle, 18 April, p. A1.
39. Hagan, John, Paul J. Hirschfield and Carla Shedd (2002) ‘Shooting at Tilden High: Causes and Consequences ’, in Mark H. Moore, Carol V. Petrie, Anthony A. Braga and Breanda L. McLaughlin (eds) Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence, pp. 143—74. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
40. Huling, Tracy (2002) ‘Building a Prison Economy in Rural America’, in M. Mauer and M. Chesney-Lind (eds) Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, pp. 197—213. New York : New Press.
41. Jacobson, Michael (2005) Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. New York: New York University Press.
42. Jenness, Valerie (2004) ‘Explaining Criminalization: From Demography and Status Politics to Globalization and Modernization’, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 141—71.
43. Johnson, W. Wesley (1996) ‘Transcarceration and Social Control Policy: The 1980s and Beyond’, Crime and Delinquency, 42(1): 114—26.
44. Katznelson, Ira and Margaret Weir (1985) Schooling for All: Class, Race, and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal. New York: Basic Books.
45. Kozol, Jonathan (2005) The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America. New York: Crown.
46. Kupchik, Aaron and Torin Monahan (2006) ‘The New American School: Preparation for Post-industrial Discipline’, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(5): 617—31.
47. Leiber, Michael J., Kimberly Schwarze and Kristin Y. Mack (2002) ‘The Effects of Occupation and Education on Punitive Orientations among Juvenile Justice Personnel’, Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(4): 303—16.
48. MacLeod, Jay (1987) Ain’t No Makin’ It: Leveled Aspirations in a Low-Income Neighborhood. Colorado: Westview Press.
49. Muncie, John and Gordon Hughes (2002) ‘Modes of Youth Governance: Political Rationalities, Criminalization, and Resistance’, in John Muncie, Gordon Hughes and Eugene McLaughlin (eds) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, pp. 1—18. London: Sage Publications.
50. New York Times (2003) Editorial: ‘Fighting for Fairness at School’, New York Times, 27 June, p. A26.
51. Noguera, Pedro A. (2003) ‘The Trouble with Black Boys: The Role and Influence of Environmental and Cultural Factors on the Academic Performance of African American Males’, Urban Education 38(4): 431—59.
52. Nolan, Kathleen and Jean Anyon (2004) ‘Learning to Do Time: Willis’ Cultural Reproduction Model in an Era of Deindustrialization, Globalization, and the Mass Incarceration of People of Color’, in Nadine Dolby, Greg Dimitriadis and Paul Willis (eds) Learning to Labor in New Times, pp. 133—49. New York: Routledge.
53. Parenti, Christian (2000) Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis. London & New York : Verso.
54. Pascopella, Angela (2005) ‘Money Makes Security Go Around’, District Administration, 41(7): 47—53. Available at http://www.districtadministration.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=414
55. Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western (2004) ‘Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration’, American Sociological Review, 69(2): 151—69.
56. Porteus, Liza (2003) ‘Safety Experts: Schools Are Unprepared for Terror ’, Fox News on-line, 18 September. Available at www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,97620,00.html
57. Public Agenda (2004) Teaching Interrupted: Do Discipline Policies in Today's Public Schools Foster the Common Good? New York: Public Agenda.
58. Reiman, Jeffrey H. (1979) The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class and Criminal Justice. New York: Wiley.
59. Rimer, Sara (2004) ‘Unruly Students Facing Arrest, Not Detention’, New York Times, 4 January, p. A1.
60. Santos, Fernanda (2005) ‘Protest over Metal Detectors Gains Legs: Students Walk Out’, New York Times, 2 September, p. B1.
61. Schwartz, Robert and Len Rieser (2001) ‘Zero Tolerance as Mandatory Sentencing’, in W. Ayers, B. Dohrn and R. Ayers (eds) Zero Tolerance: Resisting the Drive for Punishment in our Schools, pp. 126—35. New York: The New Press.
62. Simon, Jonathan (2006) Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York : Oxford University Press.
63. Skiba, Russell J., Robert S. Michael, Abra Carroll Nardo and Reece L. Peterson (2002) ‘The Color of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality in School Punishment’, The Urban Review, 34(4): 317—42.
64. Skiba, Russell, Ada Simmons, Lori Staudinger, Marcus Rausch, Gayle Dow and Renae Feggins (2003) ‘Consistent Removal: Contributions of School Discipline to the School—Prison Pipeline’, paper presented at the School to Prison Pipeline Conference, Cambridge, MA, May.
65. Spielman, Fran and Rosalind Rossi (1997) ‘Off-Campus Arrest Could Boot Kids: Expulsion Policy to Stiffen’, Chicago Sun-Times, 11 March, p. 3.
66. Staples, William G. (2000) Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
67. Toby, Jackson (1998) ‘Getting Serious about School Discipline’, The Public Interest, 133: 68—84.
68. Trump, Kenneth S. and Curtis Lavarello (2001) ‘Buyer Beware: What to Look for When You Hire a School Security Consultant and to Arm or Not to Arm?’, American School Board Journal, 188(3): 30—4.
69. Wacquant, Loïc (2001) ‘Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh’, in D. Garland (ed.) Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences, pp. 82—120. London: Sage Publications.
70. Weis, Lois (1990) Working Class without Work: High-School Students in a De-industrializing Economy. New York: Routledge.
71. Western, Bruce and Katherine Beckett (1999) ‘How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution’, American Journal of Sociology, 104(4): 1030—60.
72. Western, Bruce, Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Zeidenberg (2003) Education & Incarceration. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute.
73. Willis, Paul (1977) Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
74. Willis, Paul (2004) ‘Twenty-Five Years On: Old Books, New Times’, in Nadine Dolby, Greg Dimitriadis and Paul Willis (eds) Learning to Labor in New Times, pp. 167—96. New York: Routledge.
75. Wilson, William. J. (1996) When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.