Fibrinogen as a therapeutic target for bleeding: A review of critical levels and replacement therapy

Transfusion

Volumn 54, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 1389-1405

  Levy, Jerrold H ^a   Welsby, Ian ^a   Goodnough, Lawrence T ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATE; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX;

BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD SUBSTITUTION; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY; CRYOPRECIPITATE; CYSTECTOMY; DRUG EFFICACY; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; FIBRINOGEN SYNTHESIS; HEMODILUTION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA; INJURY; OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; SUPPLEMENTATION; SURVIVAL RATE; VASCULAR SURGERY;

FACTOR VIII; FIBRINOGEN; HEMORRHAGE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; PLASMA; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 84900462907     PISSN: 00411132     EISSN: 15372995     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/trf.12431     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Lowe GD, Rumley A, Mackie IJ,. Plasma fibrinogen. Ann Clin Biochem 2004; 41: 430-440. (Pubitemid 39573999)
2. Hiippala ST, Myllyla GJ, Vahtera EM,. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 360-365.
3. Rahe-Meyer N, Solomon C, Hanke A, et al. Effects of fibrinogen concentrate as first-line therapy during major aortic replacement surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 40-50.
4. Fenger-Eriksen C, Lindberg-Larsen M, Christensen AQ, et al. Fibrinogen concentrate substitution therapy in patients with massive haemorrhage and low plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 769-773.
5. Schochl H, Cotton B, Inaba K, et al. FIBTEM provides early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma. Crit Care 2011; 15: R265.
6. Stainsby D, MacLennan S, Thomas D, et al. Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 634-641. (Pubitemid 44674073)
7. Velik-Salchner C, Haas T, Innerhofer P, et al. The effect of fibrinogen concentrate on thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1019-1025. (Pubitemid 46691732)
8. Schöchl H, Nienaber U, Hofer G, et al. Goal-directed coagulation management of major trauma patients using thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-guided administration of fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate. Crit Care 2010; 14: R55.
9. Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma 2008; 64: S79-85.
10. Franchini M, Lippi G,. Fibrinogen replacement therapy: A critical review of the literature. Blood Transfus 2012; 10: 23-27.
11. Kreuz W, Meili E, Peter-Salonen K, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of a pasteurised fibrinogen concentrate. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32: 239-246. (Pubitemid 40804614)
12. Martinez J, Holburn RR, Shapiro SS, et al. Fibrinogen Philadelphia. A hereditary hypodysfibrinogenemia characterized by fibrinogen hypercatabolism. J Clin Invest 1974; 53: 600-611.
13. Martini WZ, Chinkes DL, Pusateri AE, et al. Acute changes in fibrinogen metabolism and coagulation after hemorrhage in pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289: E930-934. (Pubitemid 41504395)
14. McLoughlin TM, Fontana JL, Alving B, et al. Profound normovolemic hemodilution: hemostatic effects in patients and in a porcine model. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 459-465. (Pubitemid 26296348)
15. De Lorenzo C, Calatzis A, Welsch U, et al. Fibrinogen concentrate reverses dilutional coagulopathy induced in vitro by saline but not by hydroxyethyl starch 6%. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 1194-1200.
16. Fenger-Eriksen C, Anker-Moller E, Heslop J, et al. Thrombelastographic whole blood clot formation after ex vivo addition of plasma substitutes: improvements of the induced coagulopathy with fibrinogen concentrate. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94: 324-329. (Pubitemid 40352852)
17. Fries D, Krismer A, Klingler A, et al. Effect of fibrinogen on reversal of dilutional coagulopathy: A porcine model. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 172-177. (Pubitemid 41487140)
18. Martini J, Maisch S, Pilshofer L, et al. Fibrinogen concentrate in dilutional coagulopathy: A dose study in pigs. Transfusion 2014; 54: 149-157.
19. Fries D,. The early use of fibrinogen, prothrombin complex concentrate, and recombinant-Activated factor VIIa in massive bleeding. Transfusion 2013; 53 (Suppl 1): 91S-95.
20. Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway? Ann Surg 2007; 245: 812-818. (Pubitemid 46684113)
21. Spahn DR, Rossaint R,. Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 130-139. (Pubitemid 41487135)
22. Fenger-Eriksen C, Ingerslev J, Sorensen B,. Fibrinogen concentrate-A potential universal hemostatic agent. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9: 1325-1333.
23. Ucar HI, Oc M, Tok M, et al. Preoperative fibrinogen levels as a predictor of postoperative bleeding after open heart surgery. Heart Surg Forum 2007; 10: E392-396.
24. Parasnis H, Raje B, Hinduja IN,. Relevance of plasma fibrinogen estimation in obstetric complications. J Postgrad Med 1992; 38: 183-185.
25. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on core SPC for human plasma fibrinogen products (EMEA/CHMP/BPWP/122007/2005). 2007. [cited 2013 Mar 11]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Scientific- guideline/2009/09/WC500003296.pdf
26. Dempfle CE, Kalsch T, Elmas E, et al. Impact of fibrinogen concentration in severely ill patients on mechanical properties of whole blood clots. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19: 765-770.
27. Spahn DR, Cerny V, Coats TJ, et al.; Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma. Management of bleeding following major trauma: A European guideline. Crit Care 2007; 11: R17.
28. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: An updated report. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 198-208.
29. Bolliger D, Szlam F, Molinaro RJ, et al. Finding the optimal concentration range for fibrinogen replacement after severe haemodilution: An in vitro model. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 793-799.
30. Karkouti K, Callum J, Crowther MA, et al. The relationship between fibrinogen levels after cardiopulmonary bypass and large volume red cell transfusion in cardiac surgery: An observational study. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 14-22.
31. Bolliger D, Gonsahn M, Levy JH, et al. Is preoperative fibrinogen predictive for postoperative bleeding after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery? Transfusion 2009; 49: 2006-2007; author reply 2007-8.
32. Lang T, Johanning K, Metzler H, et al. The effects of fibrinogen levels on thromboelastometric variables in the presence of thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 751-758.
33. Lang T, Bauters A, Braun SL, et al. Multi-centre investigation on reference ranges for ROTEM thromboelastometry. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16: 301-310. (Pubitemid 40705054)
34. Rugeri L, Levrat A, David JS, et al. Diagnosis of early coagulation abnormalities in trauma patients by rotation thrombelastography. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 289-295. (Pubitemid 46139453)
35. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: An updated European guideline. Crit Care 2013; 17: R76.
36. UK Blood Transfusion & Tissue Transplantation Services. The handbook for transfusion medicine. 2007. [cited 2013 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.transfusionguidelines.org.uk/docs/pdfs/htm-edition-4-All-pages.pdf
37. Gaarder C, Naess PA, Frischknecht Christensen E, et al. Scandinavian guidelines-"The massively bleeding patient." Scand J Surg 2008; 97: 15-36. (Pubitemid 351449961)
38. German Medical Association. Cross-sectional guidelines for therapy with blood components and plasma derivatives. 2009. [cited 2013 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.iakh.de/tl-files/iakh/public/richtlinien/Querschnittsleitlinie- 4.-Auflage-englisch-05.01.2011%20copy.pdf
39. Fries D, Innerhofer P, Perger P, et al. [Coagulation management in trauma-related massive bleeding-recommendations of the Task Force for Coagulation (AGPG) of the Austrian Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine (OGARI)]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2010; 45: 552-561.
40. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Thomas D, Wee M, Clyburn P, et al. Blood transfusion and the anaesthetist: management of massive haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1153-1161.
41. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al.; Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology (SIMTI) Working Party. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period. II. The intra-operative period. Blood Transfus 2011; 9: 189-217.
42. Kozek-Langenecker SA, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, et al. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30: 270-382.
43. Huissoud C, Carrabin N, Audibert F, et al. Bedside assessment of fibrinogen level in postpartum haemorrhage by thrombelastometry. BJOG 2009; 116: 1097-1102.
44. Hansen AT, Andreasen BH, Salvig JD, et al. Changes in fibrin d-dimer, fibrinogen, and protein S during pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2011; 71: 173-176.
45. Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, et al. The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 266-273. (Pubitemid 46139450)
46. Coppola L, Caserta F, De Lucia D, et al. Blood viscosity and aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2000; 31: 35-42.
47. Theusinger OM, Baulig W, Seifert B, et al. Relative concentrations of haemostatic factors and cytokines in solvent/detergent-treated and fresh-frozen plasma. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 505-511.
48. Wehrli G, Taylor NE, Haines AL, et al. Instituting a thawed plasma procedure: it just makes sense and saves cents. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2625-2630.
49. Nascimento B, Callum J, Rubenfeld G, et al. Clinical review: fresh frozen plasma in massive bleedings-more questions than answers. Crit Care 2010; 14: 202.
50. Young PP, Cotton BA, Goodnough LT,. Massive transfusion protocols for patients with substantial hemorrhage. Transfus Med Rev 2011; 25: 293-303.
51. Radwan ZA, Bai Y, Matijevic N, et al. An emergency department thawed plasma protocol for severely injured patients. JAMA Surg 2013; 148: 170-175.
52. Mehr CR, Gupta R, von Recklinghausen FM, et al. Balancing risk and benefit: maintenance of a thawed Group A plasma inventory for trauma patients requiring massive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74: 1425-1431.
53. Sailliol A, Martinaud C, Cap AP, et al. The evolving role of lyophilized plasma in remote damage control resuscitation in the French Armed Forces Health Service. Transfusion 2013; 53 (Suppl 1): 65S-71S.
54. Inaba K,. Freeze-dried plasma. J Trauma 2011; 70: S57-58.
55. Bux J, Dickhorner D, Scheel E,. Quality of freeze-dried (lyophilized) quarantined single-donor plasma. Transfusion 2013; 53: 3203-3209.
56. Rock G,. A comparison of methods of pathogen inactivation of FFP. Vox Sang 2011; 100: 169-178.
57. Nascimento B, Rizoli S, Rubenfeld G, et al. Cryoprecipitate transfusion: Assessing appropriateness and dosing in trauma. Transfus Med 2011; 21: 394-401.
58. World Federation of Hemophilia. Registry of clotting factor concentrates. Ninth edition, 2012. [cited 2013 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www1.wfh.org/ publications/files/pdf-1227.pdf
59. CSL Behring. RiaSTAP prescribing information. 2009. [cited 2013 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/ FractionatedPlasmaProducts/ucm094006.pdf
60. LFB Biomedicaments. Clottafact/Clottagen prescribing information. 2012. [cited 2013 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/ application/pdf/2012-11/clottafact-ct-6697.pdf
61. Goodnough L,. Does plasma transfusion therapy have a role in clinical medicine? Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 2041-2042.
62. Yang L, Stanworth S, Hopewell S, et al. Is fresh-frozen plasma clinically effective? An update of a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Transfusion 2012; 52: 1673-1686.
63. Roback JD, Caldwell S, Carson J, et al. Evidence-based practice guidelines for plasma transfusion. Transfusion 2010; 50: 1227-1239.
64. Goodnough LT, Levy JH, Murphy MF,. Concepts of blood transfusion in adults. Lancet 2013; 381: 1845-1854.
65. Murad MH, Stubbs JR, Gandhi MJ, et al. The effect of plasma transfusion on morbidity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Transfusion 2010; 50: 1370-1383.
66. Inaba K, Branco BC, Rhee P, et al. Impact of plasma transfusion in trauma patients who do not require massive transfusion. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 210: 957-965.
67. Riedler GF, Haycox AR, Duggan AK, et al. Cost-effectiveness of solvent/detergent-treated fresh-frozen plasma. Vox Sang 2003; 85: 88-95. (Pubitemid 37092775)
68. Cardigan R, Philpot K, Cookson P, et al. Thrombin generation and clot formation in methylene blue-treated plasma and cryoprecipitate. Transfusion 2009; 49: 696-703.
69. Suontaka AM, Blomback M, Chapman J,. Changes in functional activities of plasma fibrinogen after treatment with methylene blue and red light. Transfusion 2003; 43: 568-575. (Pubitemid 36506351)
70. US Department of Health and Human Services. The 2009 national blood collection and utilization survey report. 2011. [cited 2013 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/ash/bloodsafety/2009nbcus.pdf
71. Eder AF, Sebok MA,. Plasma components: FFP, FP24, and thawed plasma. Immunohematology 2007; 23: 150-157. (Pubitemid 351158437)
72. Rahe-Meyer N, Sorensen B,. For: fibrinogen concentrate for management of bleeding. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9: 1-5.
73. Rahe-Meyer N, Pichlmaier M, Haverich A, et al. Bleeding management with fibrinogen concentrate targeting a high-normal plasma fibrinogen level: A pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 785-792.
74. Chowdhury P, Saayman AG, Paulus U, et al. Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients. Br J Haematol 2004; 125: 69-73. (Pubitemid 38453280)
75. Li G, Rachmale S, Kojicic M, et al. Incidence and transfusion risk factors for transfusion-Associated circulatory overload among medical intensive care unit patients. Transfusion 2011; 51: 338-343.
76. Holness L, Knippen MA, Simmons L, et al. Fatalities caused by TRALI. Transfus Med Rev 2004; 18: 184-188. (Pubitemid 38962487)
77. Triulzi DJ,. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 770-776.
78. Eder AF, Herron RM Jr, Strupp A, et al. Effective reduction of transfusion-related acute lung injury risk with male-predominant plasma strategy in the American Red Cross (2006-2008). Transfusion 2010; 50: 1732-1742.
79. Snyder CW, Weinberg JA, McGwin G Jr, et al. The relationship of blood product ratio to mortality: survival benefit or survival bias? J Trauma 2009; 66: 358-362.
80. Goodnough LT, Spain DA, Maggio P,. Logistics of transfusion support for patients with massive hemorrhage. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26: 208-214.
81. Goodnough LT, Shander A,. How I treat warfarin-Associated coagulopathy in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Blood 2011; 117: 6091-6099.
82. Shehata N, Blajchman M, Heddle N,. Coagulation factors in FFP and cryosupernatant. Transfus Med 2001; 11: 391-401.
83. Callum JL, Karkouti K, Lin Y,. Cryoprecipitate: the current state of knowledge. Transfus Med Rev 2009; 23: 177-188.
84. Bevan DH,. Cardiac bypass haemostasis: putting blood through the mill. Br J Haematol 1999; 104: 208-219. (Pubitemid 29083326)
85. Sorensen B, Bevan D,. A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of fibrinogen. Br J Haematol 2010; 149: 834-843.
86. Stanworth SJ,. The evidence-based use of FFP and cryoprecipitate for abnormalities of coagulation tests and clinical coagulopathy. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007: 179-186.
87. American Association of Blood Banks. Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components. 2013. [cited 2013 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.aabb.org/resources/bct/Documents/coi0413.pdf
88. Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood Tissues and Organs. (SaBTO). Summary of the Third Meeting. 2008. [cited 2013 Mar 11]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/ prod-consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh-128084. pdf
89. Yang L, Stanworth S, Baglin T,. Cryoprecipitate: An outmoded treatment? Transfus Med 2012; 22: 315-320.
90. O'Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, et al. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004; 126: 11-28. (Pubitemid 38859478)
91. Groner A,. Reply. Pereira A. Cryoprecipitate versus commercial fibrinogen concentrate in patients who occasionally require a therapeutic supply of fibrinogen: risk comparison in the case of an emerging transfusion-transmitted infection. Haematologica 2007;92:846-9. Haematologica 2008; 93: e24-26; author reply e27. (Pubitemid 351397730)
92. Levy JH, Szlam F, Tanaka KA, et al. Fibrinogen and hemostasis: A primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding. Anesth Analg 2012; 114: 261-274.
93. Solomon C, Pichlmaier U, Schoechl H, et al. Recovery of fibrinogen after administration of fibrinogen concentrate to patients with severe bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 555-562.
94. Solomon C, Hagl C, Rahe-Meyer N,. Time course of haemostatic effects of fibrinogen concentrate administration in aortic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 947-956.
95. Kozek-Langenecker S, Sorensen B, Hess J, et al. Emotional or evidence-based medicine-is there a moral tragedy in haemostatic therapy? Crit Care 2011; 15: 462.
96. Dickneite G, Pragst I, Joch C, et al. Animal model and clinical evidence indicating low thrombogenic potential of fibrinogen concentrate (Haemocomplettan P). Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20: 535-540.
97. Weinkove R, Rangarajan S,. Fibrinogen concentrate for acquired hypofibrinogenaemic states. Transfus Med 2008; 18: 151-157. (Pubitemid 351847329)
98. Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Hanke AA, et al. First-line therapy with coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care coagulation testing is associated with decreased allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiovascular surgery: A retrospective, single-center cohort study. Anesthesiology 2011; 115: 1179-1191.
99. Danes AF, Cuenca LG, Bueno SR, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of human fibrinogen concentrate administration to patients with acquired fibrinogen deficiency and active or in high-risk severe bleeding. Vox Sang 2008; 94: 221-226. (Pubitemid 351379659)
100. Ranucci M, Solomon C,. Supplementation of fibrinogen in acquired bleeding disorders: experience, evidence, guidelines, and licences. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 135-137.
101. CSL Behring. Haemocomplettan P Company Core Data Sheet. 2008. [cited 2013 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.lio.se/pages/122848/HaemocomplettanR%20P.pdf
102. Negrier C, Rothschild C, Goudemand J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly secured fibrinogen concentrate. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 1494-1499.
103. Shanghai RAAS. FibroRAAS Prescribing Information. 2002. [cited 2013 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.raascorp.com/pdf/FibroRAAS.pdf
104. Rahe-Meyer N, Solomon C, Winterhalter M, et al. Thromboelastometry-guided administration of fibrinogen concentrate for the treatment of excessive intraoperative bleeding in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138: 694-702.
105. Kreuz W, Meili E, Peter-Salonen K, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a pasteurised human fibrinogen concentrate in patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32: 247-253. (Pubitemid 40804615)
106. Solomon C, Schochl H, Hanke A, et al. Haemostatic therapy in coronary artery bypass graft patients with decreased platelet function: comparison of fibrinogen concentrate with allogeneic blood products. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2012; 72: 121-128.
107. Karlsson M, Ternstrom L, Hyllner M, et al. Prophylactic fibrinogen infusion reduces bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery. A prospective randomised pilot study. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102: 137-144.
108. Bell SF, Rayment R, Collins PW, et al. The use of fibrinogen concentrate to correct hypofibrinogenaemia rapidly during obstetric haemorrhage. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19: 218-223.
109. Innerhofer P, Westermann I, Tauber H, et al. The exclusive use of coagulation factor concentrates enables reversal of coagulopathy and decreases transfusion rates in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury 2013; 44: 209-216.
110. Schöchl H, Nienaber U, Maegele M, et al. Transfusion in trauma: thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy. Crit Care 2011; 15: R83.
111. Fenger-Eriksen C, Jensen TM, Kristensen BS, et al. Fibrinogen substitution improves whole blood clot firmness after dilution with hydroxyethyl starch in bleeding patients undergoing radical cystectomy: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 795-802.
112. Haas T, Fries D, Velik-Salchner C, et al. Fibrinogen in craniosynostosis surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 725-731. (Pubitemid 351301385)
113. Mittermayr M, Streif W, Haas T, et al. Hemostatic changes after crystalloid or colloid fluid administration during major orthopedic surgery: the role of fibrinogen administration. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 905-917. (Pubitemid 47479300)
114. Glover NJ, Collis RE, Collins P,. Fibrinogen concentrate use during major obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1229-1230.
115. Schöchl H, Forster L, Woidke R, et al. Use of rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to achieve successful treatment of polytrauma with fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 199-203.
116. Gorlinger K,. [Coagulation management during liver transplantation]. Hamostaseologie 2006; 26: S64-76.
117. Solomon C, Sorensen B, Hochleitner G, et al. Comparison of whole blood fibrin-based clot tests in thrombelastography and thromboelastometry. Anesth Analg 2012; 114: 721-730.
118. Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al.; Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma. Management of bleeding following major trauma: An updated European guideline. Crit Care 2010; 14: R52.
119. He S, Johnsson H, Zabczyk M, et al. A fibrinogen concentrate Haemocomplettan (Riastap) or a Factor XIII concentrate Fibrogammin combined with a mini dose of tranexamic acid can reverse the fibrin instability to fibrinolysis induced by thrombin- or FXa-inhibitor. Br J Haematol 2013; 160: 806-816.
120. Blome M, Isgro F, Kiessling AH, et al. Relationship between factor XIII activity, fibrinogen, haemostasis screening tests and postoperative bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 1101-1107. (Pubitemid 40823515)
121. Karlsson M, Ternstrom L, Hyllner M, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level, bleeding, and transfusion after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: A prospective observational study. Transfusion 2008; 48: 2152-2158.
122. Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 1342-1351.
123. Carling MS, Jeppsson A, Wessberg P, et al. Preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration is associated with perioperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36: 549-555.
124. Murray CJ, Lopez AD,. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1269-1276. (Pubitemid 27192468)
125. Krug EG, Sharma GK, Lozano R,. The global burden of injuries. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 523-526. (Pubitemid 30167408)
126. Brenni M, Worn M, Bruesch M, et al. Successful rotational thromboelastometry-guided treatment of traumatic haemorrhage, hyperfibrinolysis and coagulopathy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 111-117.
127. Wafaisade A, Lefering R, Maegele M, et al. Administration of fibrinogen concentrate in exsanguinating trauma patients is associated with improved survival at 6 hours but not at discharge. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74: 387-395.
128. Schochl H, Maegele M, Solomon C, et al. Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 15.
129. Nuttall GA, Oliver WC, Santrach PJ, et al. Efficacy of a simple intraoperative transfusion algorithm for nonerythrocyte component utilization after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 773-781. (Pubitemid 32429746)
130. Levi M, Cromheecke ME, de Jonge E, et al. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: A meta-Analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet 1999; 354: 1940-1947.
131. Hazra S, Chilaka VN, Rajendran S, et al. Massive postpartum haemorrhage as a cause of maternal morbidity in a large tertiary hospital. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 24: 519-520. (Pubitemid 39233727)
132. Zhang WH, Alexander S, Bouvier-Colle MH, et al. Incidence of severe pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis as a surrogate marker for severe maternal morbidity in a European population-based study: the MOMS-B survey. BJOG 2005; 112: 89-96. (Pubitemid 40095087)
133. Wikkelsoe AJ, Afshari A, Stensballe J, et al. The FIB-PPH trial: fibrinogen concentrate as initial treatment for postpartum haemorrhage: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2012; 13: 110.
134. Innerhofer P, Fries D, Margreiter J, et al. The effects of perioperatively administered colloids and crystalloids on primary platelet-mediated hemostasis and clot formation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 858-865.
135. Liu FC, Liao CH, Chang YW, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch interferes with human blood ex vivo coagulation, platelet function and sedimentation. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2009; 47: 71-78.
136. Nielsen VG,. Colloids decrease clot propagation and strength: role of factor XIII-fibrin polymer and thrombin-fibrinogen interactions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1163-1171. (Pubitemid 41192465)
137. Chambers LA, Chow SJ, Shaffer LE,. Frequency and characteristics of coagulopathy in trauma patients treated with a low- or high-plasma-content massive transfusion protocol. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 136: 364-370.
138. Nascimento AB, Callum J, Tien H, et al. Effect of a fixed ratio (1:1:1) transfusion protocol versus laboratory-results-guided transfusion in patients with severe trauma: A randomized feasibility trial. CMAJ 2013; 185: E583-589.
139. Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, et al. Estimating the cost of blood: past, present, and future directions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2007; 21: 271-289. (Pubitemid 46893970)
140. Toner RW, Pizzi L, Leas B, et al. Costs to hospitals of acquiring and processing blood in the US: A survey of hospital-based blood banks and transfusion services. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2011; 9: 29-37.