메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 250-273

“One Question Before You Get Gone..”: Consent Search Requests as a Threat to Perceived Stop Legitimacy

Author keywords

citizen satisfaction; criminological theories; driving while Black (DWB); race and policing; race and public opinion; racial profiling; traffic stops; treatment by the police; war on drugs; White privilege

Indexed keywords


EID: 84899625696     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21533687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2153368712459273     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 84857290686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbolic representation in police traffic stops
    • Beverlin M., (2012). Symbolic representation in police traffic stops. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 10, 41–70.
    • (2012) Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice , vol.10 , pp. 41-70
    • Beverlin, M.1
  • 2
    • 0001471239 scopus 로고
    • Global and specific attitudes toward the police: Disentangling the relationship
    • Brandl S. G., Frank J., Worden R. E., Bynum T. S., (1994). Global and specific attitudes toward the police: Disentangling the relationship. Justice Quarterly, 11, 119–134.
    • (1994) Justice Quarterly , vol.11 , pp. 119-134
    • Brandl, S.G.1    Frank, J.2    Worden, R.E.3    Bynum, T.S.4
  • 3
    • 85009952977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police don’t like black people”: African-American young men’s accumulated police experiences
    • Brunson R. K., (2007). “Police don’t like black people”: African-American young men’s accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6, 71–102.
    • (2007) Criminology & Public Policy , vol.6 , pp. 71-102
    • Brunson, R.K.1
  • 4
    • 33745447407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young black men and urban policing in the United States
    • Brunson R. K., Miller J., (2006a). Young black men and urban policing in the United States. British Journal of Criminology, 46, 613–640.
    • (2006) British Journal of Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 613-640
    • Brunson, R.K.1    Miller, J.2
  • 5
    • 33745630322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and urban policing: The experience of African American youths
    • Brunson R. K., Miller J., (2006b). Gender, race, and urban policing: The experience of African American youths. Gender & Society, 20, 531–552.
    • (2006) Gender & Society , vol.20 , pp. 531-552
    • Brunson, R.K.1    Miller, J.2
  • 6
    • 79959687797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negotiating unwelcome police encounters: The intergenerational transmission of conduct norms
    • Brunson R. K., Weitzer R., (2011). Negotiating unwelcome police encounters: The intergenerational transmission of conduct norms. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 40, 425–456.
    • (2011) Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , vol.40 , pp. 425-456
    • Brunson, R.K.1    Weitzer, R.2
  • 7
    • 34249747371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We never call the cops and here is why: A qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods
    • Carr P. J., Napolitano L., Keating J., (2007). We never call the cops and here is why: A qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology, 45, 445–480.
    • (2007) Criminology , vol.45 , pp. 445-480
    • Carr, P.J.1    Napolitano, L.2    Keating, J.3
  • 9
    • 75749084410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of attitudes toward police of Latino immigrants and non-immigrants
    • Correia M. E., (2010). Determinants of attitudes toward police of Latino immigrants and non-immigrants. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 99–107.
    • (2010) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.38 , pp. 99-107
    • Correia, M.E.1
  • 10
    • 0030524551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public perceptions of state police: An analysis of individual-level and contextual variables
    • Correia M. E., Reisig M. D., Lovrich N. P., (1996). Public perceptions of state police: An analysis of individual-level and contextual variables. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 17–28.
    • (1996) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.24 , pp. 17-28
    • Correia, M.E.1    Reisig, M.D.2    Lovrich, N.P.3
  • 12
    • 26844527634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens’ perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police
    • Engel R. S., (2005). Citizens’ perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 445–481.
    • (2005) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.42 , pp. 445-481
    • Engel, R.S.1
  • 13
    • 84993804604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing benchmark methodologies for police-citizen contacts: Traffic stop data collection for the Pennsylvania state police
    • Engel R. S., Calnon J. M., (2004a). Comparing benchmark methodologies for police-citizen contacts: Traffic stop data collection for the Pennsylvania state police. Police Quarterly, 7, 97–125.
    • (2004) Police Quarterly , vol.7 , pp. 97-125
    • Engel, R.S.1    Calnon, J.M.2
  • 14
    • 18344377057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the influence of drivers’ characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey
    • Engel R. S., Calnon J. M., (2004b). Examining the influence of drivers’ characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey. Justice Quarterly, 21, 49–90.
    • (2004) Justice Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 49-90
    • Engel, R.S.1    Calnon, J.M.2
  • 15
    • 33751110450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates
    • Engel R. S., Johnson R., (2006). Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 605–617.
    • (2006) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.34 , pp. 605-617
    • Engel, R.S.1    Johnson, R.2
  • 17
    • 84990348168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of traffic stop data in Riverside, California
    • Gaines L. K., (2006). An analysis of traffic stop data in Riverside, California. Police Quarterly, 9, 210–233.
    • (2006) Police Quarterly , vol.9 , pp. 210-233
    • Gaines, L.K.1
  • 18
    • 11244338208 scopus 로고
    • Consent to search in response to police threats to seek or obtain a search warrant: Some alternatives
    • Gardiner T. G., (1980). Consent to search in response to police threats to seek or obtain a search warrant: Some alternatives. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 71, 163–172.
    • (1980) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.71 , pp. 163-172
    • Gardiner, T.G.1
  • 20
    • 84855939021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The convergent and discriminant validity of procedural justice and police legitimacy: An empirical test of core theoretical propositions
    • Gau J. M., (2011). The convergent and discriminant validity of procedural justice and police legitimacy: An empirical test of core theoretical propositions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 489–498.
    • (2011) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.39 , pp. 489-498
    • Gau, J.M.1
  • 21
    • 76949095518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy
    • Gau J. M., Brunson R. K., (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 27, 255–279.
    • (2010) Justice Quarterly , vol.27 , pp. 255-279
    • Gau, J.M.1    Brunson, R.K.2
  • 22
    • 84862539558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining macro-level impacts on procedural justice and police legitimacy
    • Gau J. M., Corsaro N., Stewart E. A., Brunson R. K., (2012). Examining macro-level impacts on procedural justice and police legitimacy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 333–343.
    • (2012) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.40 , pp. 333-343
    • Gau, J.M.1    Corsaro, N.2    Stewart, E.A.3    Brunson, R.K.4
  • 24
    • 79955897745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the influence of race relations and public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops
    • Higgins G., Gabbidon S., Vito G., (2010). Exploring the influence of race relations and public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 12, 12–22.
    • (2010) International Journal of Police Science and Management , vol.12 , pp. 12-22
    • Higgins, G.1    Gabbidon, S.2    Vito, G.3
  • 25
    • 85048901909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When is consent really consent? An analysis of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte and its progeny
    • Jones D., (2003). When is consent really consent? An analysis of Schneckloth v. Bustamonte and its progeny. Criminal Justice Studies, 16, 205–216.
    • (2003) Criminal Justice Studies , vol.16 , pp. 205-216
    • Jones, D.1
  • 26
    • 0347764960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eliminating consent from the lexicon of traffic stop interrogations
    • Lassiter C., (1998). Eliminating consent from the lexicon of traffic stop interrogations. Capital University Law Review, 27, 79–134.
    • (1998) Capital University Law Review , vol.27 , pp. 79-134
    • Lassiter, C.1
  • 27
    • 77951072805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The good and bad news about consent searches in the Supreme Court
    • Maclin T., (2008). The good and bad news about consent searches in the Supreme Court. McGeorge Law Review, 39, 27–82.
    • (2008) McGeorge Law Review , vol.39 , pp. 27-82
    • Maclin, T.1
  • 28
    • 84993725440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists
    • Meehan A. J., Ponder M. C., (2002). Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly, 19, 399–430.
    • (2002) Justice Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 399-430
    • Meehan, A.J.1    Ponder, M.C.2
  • 29
    • 3042656388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Just one question before we get to Ohio v. Robinette: “Are you carrying any contraband.. weapons, drugs, constitutional protections.. anything like that?
    • Midgley I. D., (1997). Just one question before we get to Ohio v. Robinette: “Are you carrying any contraband.. weapons, drugs, constitutional protections.. anything like that?” Case Western Reserve Law Review, 48, 173–215.
    • (1997) Case Western Reserve Law Review , vol.48 , pp. 173-215
    • Midgley, I.D.1
  • 30
    • 69949110674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public satisfaction with police: The importance of procedural justice and police performance in police-citizen encounters
    • Murphy K., (2009). Public satisfaction with police: The importance of procedural justice and police performance in police-citizen encounters. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42, 159–178.
    • (2009) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 159-178
    • Murphy, K.1
  • 31
    • 80355132179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of respect: Examining arrestee satisfaction with police
    • Online publication
    • Myrstol B. A., Hawk-Tourtelot S. R., (2011). In search of respect: Examining arrestee satisfaction with police. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Online publication. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9111-9.
    • (2011) American Journal of Criminal Justice
    • Myrstol, B.A.1    Hawk-Tourtelot, S.R.2
  • 33
    • 59749088512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Search and seizure, racial profiling, and traffic stops: A disparate impact framework
    • Pickerill J. M., Mosher C., Pratt T., (2009). Search and seizure, racial profiling, and traffic stops: A disparate impact framework. Law & Policy, 31, 1–30.
    • (2009) Law & Policy , vol.31 , pp. 1-30
    • Pickerill, J.M.1    Mosher, C.2    Pratt, T.3
  • 34
    • 34547169920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The construct validity and refinement of process-based policing measures
    • Reisig M. D., Bratton J., Gertz M. G., (2007). The construct validity and refinement of process-based policing measures. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1005–1028.
    • (2007) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.34 , pp. 1005-1028
    • Reisig, M.D.1    Bratton, J.2    Gertz, M.G.3
  • 36
    • 60249097788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedural justice, police legitimacy, and helping the police fight crime
    • Reisig M. D., Lloyd C., (2009). Procedural justice, police legitimacy, and helping the police fight crime. Police Quarterly, 12, 42–62.
    • (2009) Police Quarterly , vol.12 , pp. 42-62
    • Reisig, M.D.1    Lloyd, C.2
  • 37
    • 18844414895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lines and shadows: Perceptions of racial profiling and the Hispanic experience
    • Reitzel J. D., Rice S. K., Piquero A. R., (2004). Lines and shadows: Perceptions of racial profiling and the Hispanic experience. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 607–616.
    • (2004) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.32 , pp. 607-616
    • Reitzel, J.D.1    Rice, S.K.2    Piquero, A.R.3
  • 38
    • 33646409849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores
    • Ridgeway G., (2006). Assessing the effect of race bias in post-traffic stop outcomes using propensity scores. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22, 1–29.
    • (2006) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.22 , pp. 1-29
    • Ridgeway, G.1
  • 39
    • 84993711423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of driver’s race on traffic stops in Missouri
    • Rojek J., Rosenfeld R., Decker S., (2004). The influence of driver’s race on traffic stops in Missouri. Police Quarterly, 7, 126–147.
    • (2004) Police Quarterly , vol.7 , pp. 126-147
    • Rojek, J.1    Rosenfeld, R.2    Decker, S.3
  • 41
    • 84856767779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age matters: Race differences in police searches of young and older male drivers
    • Rosenfeld R., Rojek J., Decker S., (2012). Age matters: Race differences in police searches of young and older male drivers. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49, 31–55.
    • (2012) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.49 , pp. 31-55
    • Rosenfeld, R.1    Rojek, J.2    Decker, S.3
  • 42
    • 79960544116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sacrificed on the altar of public safety: The policing of Latino and African American youth
    • Sanchez C. V., Adams E., (2011). Sacrificed on the altar of public safety: The policing of Latino and African American youth. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27, 322–341.
    • (2011) Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , vol.27 , pp. 322-341
    • Sanchez, C.V.1    Adams, E.2
  • 43
    • 84990317004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision making in traffic stop encounters: A multivariate analysis of police behavior
    • Schafer J. A., Carter D. L., Katz-Bannister A. J., Wells W. M., (2006). Decision making in traffic stop encounters: A multivariate analysis of police behavior. Police Quarterly, 9, 184–209.
    • (2006) Police Quarterly , vol.9 , pp. 184-209
    • Schafer, J.A.1    Carter, D.L.2    Katz-Bannister, A.J.3    Wells, W.M.4
  • 44
    • 68149108369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, gender, and age discrepancies in police motor vehicle stops in Knoxville, Tennessee: Evidenced of racially biased policing?
    • Scheb J. M., Lyons W., Wagers K. A., (2009). Race, gender, and age discrepancies in police motor vehicle stops in Knoxville, Tennessee: Evidenced of racially biased policing? Police Practice and Research, 10, 75–87.
    • (2009) Police Practice and Research , vol.10 , pp. 75-87
    • Scheb, J.M.1    Lyons, W.2    Wagers, K.A.3
  • 45
    • 84993723148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizen satisfaction with police encounters
    • Skogan W. G., (2005). Citizen satisfaction with police encounters. Police Quarterly, 8, 298–321.
    • (2005) Police Quarterly , vol.8 , pp. 298-321
    • Skogan, W.G.1
  • 46
    • 34748819957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining police bias: A theory of social conditioning and illusory correlation
    • Smith M. R., Alpert G. P., (2007). Explaining police bias: A theory of social conditioning and illusory correlation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1262–1283.
    • (2007) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.34 , pp. 1262-1283
    • Smith, M.R.1    Alpert, G.P.2
  • 47
    • 84993730669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial profiling? A multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data
    • Smith M. R., Petrocelli M., (2001). Racial profiling? A multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data. Police Quarterly, 4, 4–27.
    • (2001) Police Quarterly , vol.4 , pp. 4-27
    • Smith, M.R.1    Petrocelli, M.2
  • 49
    • 69649100509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police-based racial discrimination among black youth
    • Stewart E. A., Baumer E. P., Brunson R. K., Simons R. L., (2009). Neighborhood racial context and perceptions of police-based racial discrimination among black youth. Criminology, 47, 847–887.
    • (2009) Criminology , vol.47 , pp. 847-887
    • Stewart, E.A.1    Baumer, E.P.2    Brunson, R.K.3    Simons, R.L.4
  • 51
    • 0042415427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing
    • Sunshine J., Tyler T. R., (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37, 513–547.
    • (2003) Law & Society Review , vol.37 , pp. 513-547
    • Sunshine, J.1    Tyler, T.R.2
  • 52
    • 35348898108 scopus 로고
    • A theory of deference exchange in police-civilian encounters
    • Sykes R. E., Clark J. P., (1975). A theory of deference exchange in police-civilian encounters. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 584–600.
    • (1975) American Journal of Sociology , vol.81 , pp. 584-600
    • Sykes, R.E.1    Clark, J.P.2
  • 53
    • 84862229010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in speeding patterns: Exploring the differential offending hypothesis
    • Tillyer R., Engel R. S., (2012). Racial differences in speeding patterns: Exploring the differential offending hypothesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 285–295.
    • (2012) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.40 , pp. 285-295
    • Tillyer, R.1    Engel, R.S.2
  • 54
    • 79955805689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for contraband: Assessing the use of discretion by police officers
    • Tillyer R., Klahm C., IV. (2011). Searching for contraband: Assessing the use of discretion by police officers. Police Quarterly, 14, 166–185.
    • (2011) Police Quarterly , vol.14 , pp. 166-185
    • Tillyer, R.1    Klahm, C.2
  • 55
    • 84859810623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The discretion to search: A multilevel examination of driver demographics and officer characteristics
    • Tillyer R., Klahm C. F., IVEngel R. S., (2012). The discretion to search: A multilevel examination of driver demographics and officer characteristics. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 28, 184–205.
    • (2012) Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , vol.28 , pp. 184-205
    • Tillyer, R.1    Klahm, C.F.2    Engel, R.S.3
  • 56
    • 27844466773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functions of sentencing and sentencing reform
    • Tonry M., (2005). The functions of sentencing and sentencing reform. Stanford Law Review, 58, 37–66.
    • (2005) Stanford Law Review , vol.58 , pp. 37-66
    • Tonry, M.1
  • 57
    • 77956347286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mostly unintended effects of mandatory penalties: Two centuries of consistent findings
    • Tonry, (ed), Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press,. In, (Ed.), (
    • Tonry M., (2009). The mostly unintended effects of mandatory penalties: Two centuries of consistent findings. In Tonry M., (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 38, pp. 65–114). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (2009) Crime and justice , vol.38 , pp. 65-114
    • Tonry, M.1
  • 58
    • 79251629842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social, psychological, and political causes of racial disparities in the American criminal justice system
    • Tonry, (ed), Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press,. In, (Ed.), (
    • Tonry M., (2010). The social, psychological, and political causes of racial disparities in the American criminal justice system. In Tonry M., (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 39, pp. 273–312). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (2010) Crime and justice , vol.39 , pp. 273-312
    • Tonry, M.1
  • 59
    • 52949092758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The malign effects of drug and crime control policies on black Americans
    • Tonry, (ed), Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press,. In, (Ed.), (
    • Tonry M., Melewski M., (2008). The malign effects of drug and crime control policies on black Americans. In Tonry M., (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 37, pp. 1–44). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
    • (2008) Crime and justice , vol.37 , pp. 1-44
    • Tonry, M.1    Melewski, M.2
  • 60
    • 0034963434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions?
    • Tyler T. R., (2001). Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 215–235.
    • (2001) Behavioral Sciences and the Law , vol.19 , pp. 215-235
    • Tyler, T.R.1
  • 61
    • 84993708242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police
    • Tyler T. R., (2005). Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police. Police Quarterly, 8, 322–342.
    • (2005) Police Quarterly , vol.8 , pp. 322-342
    • Tyler, T.R.1
  • 62
    • 85195981030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
    • Tyler T. R., (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (2006) Why people obey the law
    • Tyler, T.R.1
  • 64
    • 3142752621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiling and police legitimacy: Procedural justice, attributions of motive, and acceptance of police authority
    • Tyler T. R., Wakslak C. J., (2004). Profiling and police legitimacy: Procedural justice, attributions of motive, and acceptance of police authority. Criminology, 42, 253–281.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 253-281
    • Tyler, T.R.1    Wakslak, C.J.2
  • 65
    • 84863455006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2010 Codebook, Ann Arbor, MI, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2010). National Crime Victimization Survey, 2010 Codebook. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
    • (2010) National Crime Victimization Survey
  • 66
    • 84887413090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [computer file], Ann Arbor, MI, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2011a). Police-public contact survey, 2008 [computer file]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
    • (2011) Police-public contact survey, 2008
  • 67
    • 84887413090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Codebook. Ann Arbor, MI, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 2008
    • U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2011b). Police-public contact survey, 2008 Codebook. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
    • (2011) Police-public contact survey
  • 68
    • 34948838967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durham, UK, Duke University Press
    • Wacquant L., (2009). Punishing the poor. Durham, UK: Duke University Press.
    • (2009) Punishing the poor
    • Wacquant, L.1
  • 69
    • 0004309937 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY, Oxford University Press
    • Walker S., (1993). Taming the system. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (1993) Taming the system
    • Walker, S.1
  • 70
    • 85050839035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?
    • Warren P., Tomaskovic-Devey D., (2009). Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior? Criminology & Public Policy, 8, 343–369.
    • (2009) Criminology & Public Policy , vol.8 , pp. 343-369
    • Warren, P.1    Tomaskovic-Devey, D.2
  • 71
    • 64549128775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic responses to the police among inner-city youth
    • Weitzer R., Brunson R. K., (2009). Strategic responses to the police among inner-city youth. The Sociological Quarterly, 50, 235–256.
    • (2009) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.50 , pp. 235-256
    • Weitzer, R.1    Brunson, R.K.2
  • 72
    • 0036563041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience
    • Weitzer R., Tuch S. A., (2002). Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. Criminology, 40, 435–456.
    • (2002) Criminology , vol.40 , pp. 435-456
    • Weitzer, R.1    Tuch, S.A.2
  • 73
    • 0002329067 scopus 로고
    • Gang members and the police
    • Bordua David J., (ed), New York, NY, John Wiley,. In, (Ed.), (
    • Werthman C., Piliavin I., (1967). Gang members and the police. In Bordua David J., (Ed.), The police: Six sociological essays (pp. 56–98). New York, NY: John Wiley.
    • (1967) The police: Six sociological essays , pp. 56-98
    • Werthman, C.1    Piliavin, I.2
  • 74
    • 0346430075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consent searches following routine traffic stops: The troubled jurisprudence of a doomed drug interdiction technique
    • Whorf R. H., (2001). Consent searches following routine traffic stops: The troubled jurisprudence of a doomed drug interdiction technique. Ohio Northern University Law Review, 28, 1–66.
    • (2001) Ohio Northern University Law Review , vol.28 , pp. 1-66
    • Whorf, R.H.1
  • 75
    • 84937189863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public perceptions of police efficacy and image: The “fuzziness” of support for the police
    • Worrall J. L., (1999). Public perceptions of police efficacy and image: The “fuzziness” of support for the police. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 47–66.
    • (1999) American Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.24 , pp. 47-66
    • Worrall, J.L.1
  • 76
    • 85030861239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinette, 519 U.S. 33
    • Ohio v., Robinette, 519 U.S. 33 (1996).
    • (1996)
    • Ohio, V.1
  • 77
    • 85030867907 scopus 로고
    • Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218
    • Schneckloth v., Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
    • (1973)
    • Schneckloth, V.1
  • 78
    • 85030856776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 517 U.S. 806
    • Whren v. U.S., 517 U.S. 806 (1996).
    • (1996)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.