Searching for contraband: Assessing the use of discretion by police officers

Police Quarterly

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 166-185

  Tillyer, Rob ^a   Klahm IV, Charles ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Contraband Discovery; Discretion; Police Decision making; Searches

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955805689     PISSN: 10986111     EISSN: 1552745X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1098611111404178     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Alpert, G.P., Becker, E., Gustafson, M.A., Meister, A.P., Smith, M.R., & Strombom, B.A. (2006). Pedestrian and motor vehicle post-stop data analysis report. Retrieved fromwww.lapdonline.org/home/pdf_view/32911.
2. Alpert, G.P., Dunham, R.G., & Smith, M.R. (2007). Investigating racial profiling by the Miami-Dade police department: A multimethod approach. Criminology and Public Policy, 6, 25-55.
3. Alpert, G.P., & Smith, M.R. (1999). Police use-of-force data: Where we are and where we should be going. Police Quarterly, 2, 57-78.
4. Anwar, S., & Fang, H. (2006). An alternative test of racial prejudice in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. American Economic Review, 96, 127-151.
5. Becker, G.S. (1957). The economics of discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
6. Becker, S. (2004). Assessing the use of profiling in searches by law enforcement personnel. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23, 183-193.
7. Brown, R., & Frank. J. (2006). Race and officer decision-making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officer. Justice Quarterly, 23, 96-126.
8. Carroll, J., Wiener, R., Coates, D., Galegher, J., & Alibrio, J. (1982). Evaluation, diagnosis, and prediction in parole decision making. Law & Society Review, 17, 199-228.
9. Cole, D. (1999). Discretion and discrimination reconsidered: A response to the new criminal justice scholarship. Georgetown Law Journal, 87, 1059-1093.
10. Ellickson, R. (1996). Controlling chronic misconduct in city spaces: Of panhandlers, skid rows, and public-space zoning. Yale Law Journal, 105, 1165-1248.
11. Engel, R.S. (2008). A critique of the "outcome test" in racial profiling research. Justice Quarterly, 36, 1-36.
12. Engel, R.S., & Calnon, J.M. (2004). Examining the influence of drivers' characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey. Justice Quarterly, 21, 49-90.
13. Engel, R.S., Cherkauskas, J.M., & Smith, M.R. (2008). Utilizing focus groups to evaluate criminal interdiction practices for the Arizona Department of Public Safety: Final report. Report submitted to the Arizona Department of Public Safety, Office of the Colonel, Phoenix, AZ.
14. Engel, R.S., Frank, J., Tillyer, R., & Klahm, C. (2006). Cleveland Division of Police traffic stop study: Final report. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.
15. Engel, R.S., & Johnson, R. (2006). Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 605-617.
16. Engel, R.S., Klahm, C.F. & Tillyer, R. (2010). Citizens' demeanor, race, and traffic stops. In Race, Ethnicity & Policing: The issues, methods, research and future. Stephen K. Rice and.
17. Michael White, eds. New York, NY: New York University Press (pp. 287-308).
18. Engel, R.S., & Silver, E. (2001). Policing mentally disordered subjects: A reexamination of the criminalization hypothesis. Criminology, 39, 225-252.
19. Engel, R.S., & Tillyer, R. (2008). Searching for equilibrium: The tenuous nature of the outcome test. Justice Quarterly, 36, 54-71.
20. Engel, R.S., Tillyer, R., Stoddard, C., & Klahm, C. (2007). Understanding best search and seizure practices: Interim report. Report submitted to the Office of the Superintendent, Ohio State Highway Patrol, Columbus, OH.
21. Feeley, M. (1983). Court reform on trial. New York, NY: Basic Books.
22. Felson, R., Messner, S., & Hoskin, A. (1999). The victim-offender relationship and calling the police in assaults. Criminology, 37, 931-947.
23. Gottfredson, M. (1979). Parole board decision making: A study of disparity reduction and the impact of institutional behavior. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 70, 77-88.
24. Gottfredson, M., & Gottfredson, D. (1988). Decision making in criminal justice: Toward the rational exercise of discretion (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
25. Gottfredson, M., & Hindelang, M. (1979). Theory and research in the sociology of law. American Sociological Review, 44, 27-37.
26. Hagan, J. (1974). Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing: An assessment of a sociological viewpoint. Law and Society Review, 8, 357-384.
27. Harris, D. (1997). "Driving while black" and all other traffic offenses: The Supreme Court and pretextual traffic stops. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 87, 544-582.
28. Hernandez-Murillo, R., & Knowles, J. (2004). Racial profiling or racist policing? Bounds tests in aggregate data. International Economic Review, 45, 959-987.
29. Huebner, B., & Bynum, T. (2006). An analysis of parole decision-making using a sample of sex offenders: A focal concerns perspective. Criminology, 44, 961-991.
30. Klinger, D. (1997). Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police response to deviance. Criminology, 35, 277-306.
31. Knowles, J., Persico, N., & Todd, P. (2001). Racial bias in motor vehicle searches: Theory and evidence. Journal of Political Economy, 109, 203-299.
32. Lersch, K., & Mieczkowski, T. (2004). Violent police behavior: Past, present, and future research directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 552-568.
33. Livingston, D. (1997). Police discretion and the quality of life in public places: Courts, communities, and the new policing. Columbia Law Review, 97, 551-672.
34. Lundman, R.J., & Kaufman, R.L. (2003). Driving while Black: Effects of race, ethnicity, and gender on citizen self-reports of traffic stops and police actions. Criminology, 41, 195-220.
35. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
36. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
37. Moon, B., & Corley, C.J. (2007). Driving across campus: Assessing the impact of drivers' race and gender on police traffic enforcement actions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 29-37.
38. Morgan, K., & Smith, B. (2008). The impact of race on parole decision-making. Justice Quarterly, 25, 411-435.
39. Muir, W. (1977). Police: Streetcorner politicians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
40. National Research Council. (2004). Fairness & effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
41. Novak, K.J. (2004). Disparity and racial profiling in traffic enforcement. Police Quarterly, 7, 65-96.
42. Persico, N., & Todd, P. (2004). Using hit rates to test for racial bias in law enforcement: Vehicle searches in Wichita (Working Paper No. 10947). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
43. Ridgeway, G. (2007). Analysis of racial disparities in the New York Police Department's stop, question, and frisk practices. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
44. Riksheim, E., & Chermak, S. (1993). Causes of police behavior revisited. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21, 353-382.
45. Rubinstein, J. (1973). City police. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
46. Sampson, R., & Raudenbush, S. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603-651.
47. Schafer, J.A., Carter, D.L., Katz-Bannister, A., & Wells, W.M. (2006). Decision-making in traffic stop encounters: A multivariate analysis of police behavior. Police Quarterly, 9, 184-209.
48. Sherman, L.W. (1980). Causes of police behavior: The current state of quantitative research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 17, 69-100.
49. Skolnick, J. (1994). Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillian. (Original work published 1966).
50. Smith, M.R., Makarios, M., & Alpert, G.P. (2006). Differential suspicion: Theory specification and gender effects in the traffic stop context. Justice Quarterly, 23, 271-295.
51. Smith, M.R., & Alpert, G.P. (2007). Explaining police bias: A theory of social conditioning and illusory correlation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1262-1283.
52. Spano, R. (2003). Observer behavior as a potential source of reactivity: Describing and quantifying observer effects in a large-scale observational study of police. Sociological Methods & Research, 30, 521-553.
53. Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. In J. Horney, R. Peterson, D. MacKenzie, J. Martin, & D. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system (pp. 427-501). Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice.
54. Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985).
55. Tillyer, R., & Engel, R. (2010). The impact of drivers' race, gender, and age during traffic stops: Assessing interaction terms and the social conditioning model. Crime and Delinquency.
56. Walker, S.E. (1993). Taming the system: The control of discretion in criminal justice, 1950-1990. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
57. Zatz, M. (1987). The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24, 69-92.