High sodium intake is associated with increased glucocorticoid production, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 80, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 677-684

  Baudrand, R ^a,b   Campino, C ^a,b   Carvajal, C A ^a,b   Olivieri, O ^c   Guidi, G ^c   Faccini, G ^c   Vohringer P A ^d   Cerda, J ^a   Owen, G ^a   Kalergis, A M ^a,b   Fardella, C E ^a,b  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^b Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile   (Chile)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^d HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ALDOSTERONE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HYDROCORTISONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; SODIUM INTAKE;

ADULT; AGED; ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HIGH SODIUM INTAKE; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE URINE LEVEL; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS; BLOOD; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; RISK; SODIUM INTAKE; URINE; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADIPONECTIN; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALDOSTERONE; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY MASS INDEX; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; ODDS RATIO; SODIUM, DIETARY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84898544184     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: 13652265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cen.12225     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. McCullough, A.J., (2011) Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in the USA. Journal of Digestive Diseases 12, 333-340.
2. Bentley-Lewis, R., Adler, G.K., Perlstein, T., et al,. (2007) Body mass index predicts aldosterone production in normotensive adults on a high-salt diet. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 4472-4475.
3. Baudrand, R., Campino, C., Carvajal, C.A., et al,. (2011) Increased urinary glucocorticoid metabolites are associated with metabolic syndrome, hypoadiponectinemia, insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Steroids, 76, 1575-1581.
4. Bibbins-Domingo, K., Chertow, G.M., Coxson, P.G., et al,. (2010) Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 590-599.
5. Chen, J., Gu, D., Huang, J., et al,. (2009) Metabolic syndrome and salt sensitivity of blood pressure in non-diabetic people in China: a dietary intervention study. Lancet, 373, 829-835.
6. Vedovato, M., Lepore, G., Coracina, A., et al,. (2004) Effect of sodium intake on blood pressure and albuminuria in Type 2 diabetic patients: the role of insulin resistance. Diabetologia, 47, 300-303.
7. Rossi, G.P., Belfiore, A., Bernini, G., et al,. (2008) Body mass index predicts plasma aldosterone concentrations in overweight-obese primary hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93, 2566-2571.
8. Shibata, S., Nagase, M., Yoshida, S., et al,. (2008) Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by Rac1 GTPase: implication in proteinuric kidney disease. Nature Medicine, 14, 1370-1376.
9. Seckl, J.R., &, Walker, B.R., (2004) 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as a modulator of glucocorticoid action: from metabolism to memory. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 15, 418-424.
10. Andrew, R., Phillips, D.I., &, Walker, B.R., (1998) Obesity and gender influence cortisol secretion and metabolism in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83, 1806-1809.
11. Usukura, M., Zhu, A., Yoneda, T., et al,. (2009) Effects of a high-salt diet on adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor and 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Steroids, 74, 978-982.
12. Lewicka, S., Nowicki, M., &, Vecsei, P., (1998) Effect of sodium restriction on urinary excretion of cortisol and its metabolites in humans. Steroids, 63, 401-405.
13. Chamarthi, B., Kolatkar, N.S., Hunt, S.C., et al,. (2007) Urinary free cortisol: an intermediate phenotype and a potential genetic marker for a salt-resistant subset of essential hypertension. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 1340-1346.
14. Brown, I.J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., et al,. (2009) Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, 791-813.
15. Titze, J., &, Ritz, E., (2009) Salt and its effect on blood pressure and target organ damage: new pieces in an old puzzle. Journal of Nephrology, 22, 177-189.
16. O'Donnell, M.J., Yusuf, S., Mente, A., et al,. (2011) Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events. JAMA, 306, 2229-2238.
17. Alberti, K.G., Eckel, R.H., Grundy, S.M., et al,. (2009) Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 120, 1640-1645.
18. Nieman, L.K., Biller, B.M., Findling, J.W., et al,. (2008) The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93, 1526-1540.
19. Funder, J.W., Carey, R.M., Fardella, C., et al,. (2008) Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93, 3266-3281.
20. Campino, C., Carvajal, C.A., Cornejo, J., et al,. (2010) 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-2 and type-1 (11beta-HSD2 and 11beta-HSD1) and 5beta-reductase activities in the pathogenia of essential hypertension. Endocrine, 37, 106-114.
21. Bose, M., Olivan, B., &, Laferrere, B., (2009) Stress and obesity: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolic disease. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 16, 340-346.
22. Rask, E., Simonyte, K., Lonn, L., et al,. (2013) Cortisol metabolism after weight loss- associations with 11 beta-HSD type 1 and markers of obesity in women. Clinical endocrinology, 78, 700-705.
23. Baudrand, R., Dominguez, J.M., Carvajal, C.A., et al,. (2011) Overexpression of hepatic 5alpha-reductase and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in visceral adipose tissue is associated with hyperinsulinemia in morbidly obese patients. Metabolism, 60, 1775-1780.
24. Fuenmayor, N., Moreira, E., &, Cubeddu, L.X., (1998) Salt sensitivity is associated with insulin resistance in essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension, 11, 397-402.
25. Shi, J.H., Du, W.H., Liu, X.Y., et al,. (2010) Glucocorticoids decrease serum adiponectin level and WAT adiponectin mRNA expression in rats. Steroids, 75, 853-858.
26. Graudal, N.A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., &, Jurgens, G., (2011) Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, CD004022.
27. Sarno, F., Jaime, P.C., Ferreira, S.R., et al,. (2009) Sodium intake and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia, 53, 608-616.
28. Garg, R., Williams, G.H., Hurwitz, S., et al,. (2011) Low-salt diet increases insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Metabolism, 60, 965-968.
29. Shibata, S., &, Fujita, T., (2012) Mineralocorticoid receptors in the pathophysiology of chronic kidney diseases and the metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 350, 273-280.
30. Pojoga, L.H., Williams, J.S., Yao, T.M., et al,. (2011) Histone demethylase LSD1 deficiency during high-salt diet is associated with enhanced vascular contraction, altered NO-cGMP relaxation pathway, and hypertension. American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 301, H1862-H1871.
31. Martinez, D.V., Rocha, R., Matsumura, M., et al,. (2002) Cardiac damage prevention by eplerenone: comparison with low sodium diet or potassium loading. Hypertension, 39, 614-618.
32. Ricchiuti, V., Lapointe, N., Pojoga, L., et al,. (2011) Dietary sodium intake regulates angiotensin II type 1, mineralocorticoid receptor, and associated signaling proteins in heart. Journal of Endocrinology, 211, 47-54.
33. Hoffmann, I.S., &, Cubeddu, L.X., (2009) Salt and the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 19, 123-128.
34. Morrison, J.A., Glueck, C.J., Horn, P.S., et al,. (2009) Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, body mass index interactions at ages 9 to 10 years predict metabolic syndrome risk factor aggregate score at ages 18 to 19 years: a 10-year prospective study of black and white girls. Metabolism, 58, 290-295.
35. Ahonen, T.M., Saltevo, J.T., Kautiainen, H.J., et al,. (2012) The association of adiponectin and low-grade inflammation with the course of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 22, 285-291.